基于热示踪的饱和层状介质水热参数反演

多孔介质的水热运移参数是影响介质中水热运动过程的主要因素。本文基于热示踪方法,开展了稳定流场条件下饱和层状石英砂的热示踪实验,分别采用热电偶与热成像两种方法测定了砂箱内部和表面的温度,同时结合HYDRUS模型的反问题算法对层状石英砂的水热运移参数进行了反演。研究结果表明:当介质中存在细粒夹层时,热成像图像能反映非均匀流场中热流峰面在分层界面处出现的"收束"现象;层状介质中的细颗粒夹层可导致热流锋面沿水流方向迁移速率下降、热量沿垂直于水流方向运移范围加大、温度分布更均匀。同时对于热源持续输入的系统,热成像温度在前期能较好的反映层状介质对水流运动的影响。将热示踪与HYDRUS模型相结合可较好地用于反演介质水热运移参数,反演所得的饱和导水率估值随粒径的减小显著降低,纵向热弥散度随粒径的减小而增大,而横向热弥散度变化趋势与之相反;纵横弥散比变化范围在10~120之间,且纵横弥散比随粒径减小而逐渐增大。对细砂饱和导水率的估计不足及热量损失是造成水流通量估计误差的主要原因,在模拟模型中增加细砂层测点数量可显著降低水流通量的估计误差。本研究可为非均质介质中水热迁移过程模拟与参数反演提供相应的方法。     

Rain events and their effect on effluent quality studied at a full scale activated sludge treatment plant.

The effect of rain events on effluent quality dynamics was studied at a full scale activated sludge wastewater treatment plant which has a process solution incorporating pre-denitrification in activated sludge with post-nitrification in trickling filters. The incoming wastewater flow varies significantly due to a combined sewer system. Changed flow conditions have an impact on the whole treatment process since the recirculation to the trickling filters is set by the hydraulic limitations of the secondary settlers. Apart from causing different hydraulic conditions in the plant, increased flow due to rain or snow-melting, changes the properties of the incoming wastewater which affects process performance and effluent quality, especially the particle removal efficiency. A comprehensive set of on-line and laboratory data were collected and analysed to assess the impact of rain events on the plant performance.     

Nitrogen dynamics in a constructed wetland system treating landfill leachate.

A pilot scale treatment system was established in 2002 at the Laflèche Landfill in Eastern Ontario, Canada. The system consists of a series of treatment steps: a stabilisation basin (10,000 m3), a woodland peat trickling filter (5,200 m2), a subsurface flow constructed wetland planted in Phragmites sp. (2,600 m2), a surface flow constructed wetland planted in Typha sp. (3,600 m2) and a polishing pond (3,600 m2). The system operates from May to December with leachate being recycled within the landfill during the winter months. Hydraulic loading was increased three-fold over four operating seasons with nitrogen and organic mass loading increasing six-fold. Excellent removal efficiencies were observed with 93% BOD5, 90% TKN and 97% NH4-N removed under the highest loading conditions. Almost complete denitrification was observed throughout the treatment system with NO3-N concentrations never exceeding 5mg L(-1). The peat filter reached treatment capacity at a hydraulic loading of 4cm d(-1) and organic loading rate of 42 kg BOD ha(-1) d(-1), which is consistent with design criteria for vertical flow wetland systems and intermittent sand filters, The first order plug flow kinetic model was effective at describing TKN and ammonium removal in the SSF and FWS wetlands when background concentrations were taken into account. Ammonium removal k-values were consistent with the literature at 52.6 and 57.7 yr(-1) for the SSF and FWS wetlands, respectively, while TKN k-values at 6.9 and 7.7 yr(-1) were almost an order of magnitude lower than literature values, suggesting that leachate TKN could contain refractory organics not found in domestic wastewater.     

离散型流道结构叠片过滤器性能试验研究

在叠片过滤器中,叠片流道的结构决定着其工作性能。为提高叠片过滤器的水力性能和过滤性能,设计了一种离散型流道新型叠片过滤器,并与直线型流道传统叠片过滤器进行对比。通过室内模型试验,研究了两种叠片过滤器的水头损失、除沙率、拦沙量、拦截泥沙粒径分布等指标。结果表明：清水条件下离散型流道新型叠片过滤器最大水头损失为2.34 m,传统叠片过滤器为3.46 m,前者比后者小32.3%～50.0%;含沙水条件下,两种叠片过滤器拦沙量与流量呈负相关关系,随着流量的增加,过滤器拦截泥沙量逐渐减少,前者平均除沙率为18.94%,后者为15.15%;离散型流道新型叠片过滤器的有效过滤周期长、水头损失峰值低,且对细粒径泥沙的拦截效果较好。综上所述,离散型流道新型叠片过滤器与直线型流道传统叠片过滤器相比,具有较好的水力性能和过滤性能。     

Slag columns for upgrading phosphorus removal from constructed wetland effluents.

The current best option to upgrade constructed wetlands (CWs) for phosphorus (P) retention, in terms of efficiency, cost and simplicity, consists in using media having a strong P affinity. The media can be used either in the planted beds or in a filtration system downstream of the beds. The use of slag filters was shown to be efficient for removing P from wastewater as it represented a slow release source of calcium and hydroxide, favouring the formation of hydroxyapatite. Our study aimed at maximising the P retention capacity of slag filters located at the outlet of CWs since electric arc furnace slag has been shown to inhibit the growth of macrophytes when used in the filtration matrix. Bench-scale columns (Vtot = 6.2 L) filled with various combinations of filter media (slag, granite, limestone) of different sizes (2-5, 5-10, 10-20 mm) were fed on-site during four months with a CW effluent (in mg/L: 30 COD, 30 TSS, 10 Pt). Results showed that the best media combination enabling the maximum o-PO4 retention (more than 80% removal without clogging) consisted in a series of a ternary mix column (slag 5-10 mm, granite 2-5 mm, limestone 5-10 mm) followed by a slag column (slag 5-10 mm). Pilot scale columns (Vtot = 300 L), filled with the best media combination, were installed at the outlet of a 28 m2 CW. These columns showed more than 75% removal efficiency during one year and were designed to be easily replaced each year.     

自清洗过滤器排污系统的水力计算

结合自清洗过滤器过滤机理,对过滤器排污系统的水力参数进行分析,由能量方程得出排污系统中吸沙组件的吸附力计算公式,并根据动量矩方程指出旋喷管转速及流量之间的关系。结合试验基本参数,对比泥沙黏结力,得出实际工程中自清洗过滤器排污装置产生的吸附力远大于泥沙黏结力的结论,即在理论上满足自清洗要求。     

The effect of a vertical flow filter bed on a hybrid constructed wetland system.

Data from 18 sampling wells in Kodij?rve horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) constructed wetland (CW) (South Estonia) is presented and differences in purification efficiencies inside the HSSF CW are calculated. Temporarily anaerobic conditions in the Kodij?rve HSSF system did not allow efficient removal of BOD7, NH4-N, Ntot and Ptot. In 2002 a vertical subsurface flow filter was constructed to enhance aeration. The design of the system was based simply on the oxygen demand of the wastewater and on the aeration potential of vertical flow wetlands. The vertical flow system has shown satisfactory results. The purification efficiency of BOD7 in the Kodij?rve CW has improved significantly and there has been a slight increase in purification efficiencies of NH4-N and Ntot. On the ohther hand, the removal efficiency of Ptot has decreased significantly. Although, the mass loading rates have increased, mass removal rates of all four parameters have improved significantly. Nevertheless, optimization of the constructed wetland system is essential in order to meet effluent standards during wintertime.     

Comparing cost and process performance of activated sludge (AS) and biological aerated filters (BAF) over ten years of full sale operation.

In the early 1990s, the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) of Frederikshavn, Denmark, was extended to meet new requirements for nutrient removal (8 mg/L TN, 1.5 mg TP/L) as well as to increase its average daily flow to 16,500 m(3)/d (4.5 MGD). As the most economical upgrade of the existing activated sludge (AS) plant, a parallel biological aerated filter (BAF) was selected, and started up in 1995. Running two full scale processes in parallel for over ten years on the same wastewater and treatment objectives enabled a direct comparison in relation to operating performance, costs and experience. Common pretreatment consists of screening, an aerated grit and grease removal and three primary settlers with chemical addition. The effluent is then pumped to the two parallel biological treatment stages, AS with recirculation and an upflow BAF with floating media. The wastewater is a mixture of industrial and domestic wastewater, with a dominant discharge of fish processing effluent which can amount to 50% of the flow. The maximum hydraulic load on the pretreatment section as a whole is 1,530 m(3)/h. Approximately 60% of the sewer system is combined with a total of 32 overflow structures. To avoid the direct discharge of combined sewer overflows into the receiving waters, the total hydraulic wet weather capacity of the plant is increased to 4,330 m(3)/h, or 6 times average flow. During rain, some of the raw sewage can be directed through a stormwater bypass to the BAF, which can be modified in its operation to accommodate various treatment needs: either using simultaneous nitrification/denitrification in all filters with recirculation introducing bottom aeration with full nitrification in some filters for storm treatment and/or post-denitrification in one filter. After treatment, the wastewater is discharged to the Baltic Sea through a 500 m outfall. The BAF backwash sludge, approximately 1,900 m(3) per 24 h in dry weather, is redirected to the AS plant. Primary settler sludge and the combined biosolids from the AS plant are anaerobically digested, with methane gas being used for generation of heat and power. On-line measurements for the parameters NO3, NO2, NH4, temperature as well as dissolved oxygen (DO) are used for control of aeration and external carbon source (methanol). Dosing of flocculants for P-removal is carried out based on laboratory analysis and jar tests. This paper discusses the experience gained from the plant operation during the last ten years, compiling comparative performance and cost data of the two processes, as well as their optimisation.     

双室(层)曝气生物滤池充氧性能及流态特征

研究了双室 (层 )曝气生物滤池 (DBAF)的充氧性能和流态特征 ,结果表明氧传质系数与曝气强度成正比 ,加滤料前后氧传质系数的差别与曝气强度的大小有关 ,曝气强度较低时 ,两者相差4 0 % ,随着曝气强度的增加 ,两者逐渐接近。DBAF可用n值为 8～ 10阶式CSTR描述 ,流态接近推流式反应器。降低水力负荷和增大滤料高度时 ,DBAF的流态更趋近于推流式     

堵塞对湿地内水流流态及污水处理效果的影响

通过在污水中加入氯化钠示踪剂,研究人工湿地及其对照系统内水力停留时间的分布(HRTD),探讨潜流人工湿地和垂直流人工湿地中植物在堵塞前后对水流流态的影响,探讨堵塞对上述两种人工湿地水流流态的影响。结果表明:对于潜流人工湿地(SFCW),堵塞前湿地植物缩短了水力停留时间(HRT),堵塞后延长了HRT;对于垂直流人工湿地(VFCW),堵塞前湿地植物对水流流态无明显影响,堵塞后延长了湿地内的HRT。堵塞对湿地内水流流态影响明显,潜流和垂直流湿地由于堵塞其HRT分别延长了12.3%,22.6%。堵塞后湿地对污水的净化能力都要强于堵塞前,但是湿地的污水处理量减小,堵塞严重时湿地丧失其污水净化功能。     

考虑可信度的弥散度尺度效应分析

弥散度是表征含水层中介质弥散特征的重要参数, 具有尺度效应性质, 它反映了含水层介质空间结构的非均质性. 本文收集了大量国内外在不同试验尺度下和实验条件下分别运用解析方法和数值方法所得的纵向弥散度资料; 考虑各种资料数据的可信度, 将其分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级, 并以可信度为权重, 运用加权最小二乘法对纵向弥散度与试验尺度数据进行了分析. 通过给3级可信度资料赋予不同的权重, 计算出了3种权值方案(2:1.5:1、3:2:1、1:1:1)条件下纵向弥散度尺度效应的分维值, 得到不同空隙介质在不同计算方法条件下的纵向弥散度尺度效应分维值, 为弥散度参数初步估计提供依据.     

Tracer studies and hydraulic behaviour of planted and un-planted vertical-flow constructed wetlands

The aim of this research was to assess the hydraulic behaviour of three intermittently-fed vertical flow wetland units operated in parallel, designed for the treatment of raw wastewater generated in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The system was designed to serve 100 PE (-1 m2/PE). The first filter was planted with cattail (Typha latifolia), the second with Tifton-85 (Cynodon spp.) and the third was maintained without plants (control unit). NaCl tracer tests were conducted to determine the residence time distribution. The tests were done with water when the system was unused (clean media) and also after an 11-month operation period with wastewater (used media), using two different dosing regimes (lower and higher frequency). Results showed a strong tendency towards the hydraulic completely mixed regime. A great dispersion in the units and the presence of short circuiting and dead zones were observed. The unsaturated condition in a large volume of the filter, even during the draining stage, was confirmed for the three units. The dosing regime, the resting period duration, the age of the filter and the presence of plants were found to influence the hydraulic processes in the units.     

Tertiary filtration in small wastewater treatment plants.

Tertiary filtration can be proposed in small wastewater treatment plants with impact on protected water bodies. Rotating disk filters may be adopted, in respect to conventional sand filters, when low availability of space and low investment costs are the prevailing conditions. The overall objective of this research was to evaluate the filtration efficiency of rotating disk filters; to compare effectiveness with traditional sand filters; to analyse thoroughly the importance of particle size distribution in wastewater tertiary filtration. In the experimental activity, conventional wastewater quality parameters were investigated and particle size distribution (PSD) was characterized to discuss the filter effectiveness. The effect of design and operation parameters of tertiary filters were discussed related to particle removal curves derived from particles counts. Analysis of particle size distribution can be very useful to help comprehension of filtration processes, design of filtration treatments and to decide the best measures to improve filter performance.     

Assessment of the Impact of Stormwater Characteristics on Clogging in Stormwater Filters

Hydraulic conductivity of granular filter media and its evolution over time is a key design parameter for stormwater filtration and infiltration systems that are now widely used in management of polluted urban runoff. In fact, clogging of filter media is recognised as the main limiting factor of these stormwater treatment systems. This paper focuses on the effect of stormwater characteristics on the clogging of stormwater filters. Effect of five different operational regimes has been tested in this study of sediment concentration; pollutant concentrations; stormwater sediment size; loading rate and stormwater loading/dosing regime and compared with the Base case. For each operational condition, five column replicates were tested. Results suggest that sediment concentration in stormwater is a significant parameter affecting hydraulic and treatment performance, eventually affecting longevity of these stormwater treatment systems. Further, the size of sediments (and their relation to the size of filter media grains) in stormwater was found to be an important parameter to be considered in design of coarse filters with high infiltration rates that are used for stormwater treatment. As expected, the addition of metals and nutrients had limited or no contribution to changes in hydraulic or sediment removal performance of the studied stormwater filters. Whilst loading rate was found to be an important parameter affecting the hydraulic and treatment performance of these systems, any variation in the stormwater loading regime had a limited effect on their performance. This study therefore develops an understanding of the effect of catchment characteristics on design of filters and hence their longevity and maintenance needs.     

Estimation and modeling of direct rapid sand filtration for total fecal coliform removal from secondary clarifier effluents

The filtration of fecal coliform from a secondary clarifier effluent was investigated using direct rapid sand filters as tertiary wastewater treatment on a pilot scale. The effect of the flocculation dose, flow loading rate, and grain size on fecal coliform removal was determined. Direct rapid sand filters can remove 0.6-1.5 log-units of fecal coliform, depending on the loading rate and grain size distribution. Meanwhile, the flocculation dose has little effect on coliform removal, and increasing the loading rate and/or grain size decreases the bacteria removal efficiency. A model was then developed for the removal process. Bacteria elimination and inactivation both in the water phase and the sand bed can be described by first-order kinetics. Removal was successfully simulated at different loading rates and grain size distributions and compared with the data obtained using pilot-scale filters.     

'Active' filters for upgrading phosphorus removal from pond systems.

This paper investigates limestone and iron slag filters as an upgrade option for phosphorus removal from wastewater treatment ponds. A review of 'active' filter technology and the results from laboratory and field research using packed columns of the different media is presented. It is shown that both limestone and iron slag can remove phosphorus but highlights that different types of limestone give markedly different performance. Filter performance appears to be improved by increasing temperature and by the presence of algae, presumably because of its tendency to elevate pH. Performance is related to hydraulic retention time (HRT), but this relationship is not linear, particularly at low HRTs. Importantly for future research, the results from field-testing with pond effluent show significant differences compared to those obtained when using a synthetic feed in the laboratory. For the iron slag filter, higher performance was observed in the field (72% in field vs. 27% in laboratory, at a 12 hour-HRT), while the opposite was observed for the limestone (64% in laboratory vs. 18% in field, at a 12-hour HRT).     

Subsidence of riprap protection without filters for different installation types of riprap around a pier in sands

Synthetic and/or stone filters should be applied to prevent riprap subsidence due to sediment winnowing or leaching between the riprap and sand bed layers when riprap protection is installed around the pier to prevent scour. However, riprap protection without filters is commonly constructed in the field due to the technical and economical difficulties of installing the filter layer. Riprap is also sometimes placed on the bed rather than flush with the bed, especially in the case of deep water and tidal conditions at marine structures. Hydraulic experiments were conducted in this study to quantify and analyze riprap subsidence without filters placed on sand beds for various riprap layer thicknesses, riprap and bed material sizes, riprap installation types, and hydraulic conditions. The experiments showed that, as the flow velocity was increased and the size of bed materials and thickness of the riprap layer were decreased, the subsidence of the riprap protection was increased. A dimensionless riprap subsidence equation was developed using the experimental results for two types of riprap installations (on and below the bed surface). The results of this study can be used to evaluate the subsidence stability of riprap protection without filters.     

Coarse filters for pond effluent polishing: comparison of loading rates and grain sizes.

A system comprising a UASB reactor, shallow polishing ponds and shallow coarse filters, treating actual wastewater from the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil, has been evaluated. The main focus of the research was to compare grain sizes and hydraulic loading rates in the coarse filters. Two filters operating in parallel were investigated, with the following grain sizes: Filter 1: 3 to 10 cm; Filter 2: 8 to 20 cm. Two hydraulic loading rates were tested: 0.5 and 1.0 m3/m3.d. The filter with the lower rock size had a better performance than the filter with the larger rock size in the removal of SS and, as a consequence, BOD and COD. A better performance was obtained with the hydraulic loading rate of 0.5 m3/m3.d, as compared to the rate of 1.0 m3/m3.d. The effluent quality during the period with the lower loading rate was very good for discharge into water bodies or for agricultural reuse (median effluent concentrations from Filter 1: BOD: 20 mg/L; COD: 106 mg/L; SS: 28 mg/L; E. coli: 528 MPN/100 mL).     

Twenty years experience with constructed wetland systems in Denmark--what did we learn?

Full scale constructed wetland systems for wastewater treatment have been in operation in Denmark since 1983, mainly for the treatment of domestic sewage from small villages. The systems are constructed as soil-based horizontal subsurface flow systems but, because of low soil hydraulic conductivity, surface runoff is evident in most of the systems. Two decades of experience show that soil-based systems are generally efficient in removing suspended solids and BOD, but the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus is lower (typically 30-50%) and the systems do not nitrify ammonium. Contrary to earlier claims, the reeds do not increase the hydraulic conductivity of cohesive soils as much as necessary to secure sub-surface flow. Operation needs of soil-based reed beds are low and normally restricted to emptying of the sedimentation tank, cleaning of the distribution system and mowing of the grass around the system. The dead plant material and accumulated litter on the surface of the systems improve performance after the initial years. A significant number of systems have been shut down or extended with other technologies in order to meet new effluent standards, particularly demands for nitrification. New constructed wetland systems are either compact vertical flow systems which provide good nitrification, willow systems with no discharge or restored wetland systems for nitrate removal. If efficient removal of phosphorus is required, this is achieved by chemical precipitation in the sedimentation tank.     

Experimental and theoretical study of coupled influence of flow velocity increment and particle size on particle retention and release in porous media

Experimental and theoretical studies were carried out to investigate the coupled influence of flow velocity increment and particle size on the retention and release of particles in porous media. Particle release was examined through measurement of changes in effluent particle concentrations, and particle retention was assessed through measurement of the final spatial distribution of particles remaining in the soil columns after the experiments. Particle release curves were simulated using a convection-dispersion model that includes the instantaneous release of the line source. Fitted model parameters were used to gain insights into the mechanisms that control particle retention and release. When the flow velocity increment was 0.0435 cm/s, the peak concentration of particles decreased with increasing flow velocity until the latter approached a critical level, beyond which the particle concentration increased. Particle wedging and fouling were considered the primary mechanisms that controlled particle retention and release beyond the critical particle velocity. In experiments with large flow velocity increments, small particles exhibited lower particle mass fraction than large particles as particle wedging and fouling increased with particle size. The range of longitudinal dispersivity decreased with an increasing particle size and flow velocity increment. Moreover, the mean particle velocity increased with the mean interstitial fluid velocity. The mean particle velocity profile was highly sensitive to the particle size at low velocity increments. In general,particle release rates increased with both flow velocity and velocity increment. The mass of the released particles provides further evidence that particle wedging and fouling are the major factors that control particle release in sand columns.