鞍钢股份有限公司开发的AG110S系列抗H_2S腐蚀油井管顺利通过抗SSC性能评价

<正>2015年6月,鞍钢股份有限公司(简称鞍钢股份)生产的AG110S系列抗H2S腐蚀油井管顺利通过国家石油管材质量监督检验中心抗SSC(硫化物应力腐蚀)性能评价。结果表明:AG110S系列抗H2S腐蚀油井管的性能优异。生产中,油井管力学性能和抗SSC性能的匹配问题尤为棘手。为了保证硫化物应力腐蚀开裂试验能够顺利通过、试样     

经济型抗H2S＋CO2腐蚀油管BG110S-2Cr开发

根据Cr元素对低合金钢力学性能的影响规律,在3Cr系列经济型抗H2S和（或）CO2腐蚀钢种基础上,成功开发出110kpsi（758MPa）钢级经济型抗H2S＋CO2腐蚀油管BG110S-2Cr。试验表明,大生产BG110S-2Cr油管具有优良的抗H2S应力腐蚀开裂（SSC）性能。与常规P110油套管相比,在模拟油田典型腐蚀介质中其CO2腐蚀速率降低了一半以上。     

镍钨合金镀层对 QT-900 油管耐 CO2 腐蚀的影响

目的对镍钨合金镀层在连续油管上的应用进行初步探索。方法通过直流电沉积法,在QT-900连续油管表面沉积镍钨合金层。模拟某油田腐蚀环境,通过高温高压腐蚀实验,采用金相显微镜、SEM和EDS等分析手段,对比镀镍钨合金连续油管和普通连续油管的耐蚀性能,研究在CO2介质中镍钨合金镀层对油管耐蚀性的影响。结果镍钨合金镀层中主要含Ni和W元素,Fe和Mn元素含量较少,镀层平均厚度在55μm左右。在温度60℃,CO2分压1.07 MPa,拉应力439 MPa的条件下,镍钨合金镀层的平均腐蚀速率为0.0160 mm/a,约为普通连续油管的1/40,属于轻度腐蚀。结论镍钨合金镀层具有良好的耐CO2腐蚀性能。     

钻杆腐蚀性能对比分析

采用氧腐蚀试验、CO2腐蚀试验、硫化物应力腐蚀试验,对比分析36Cr Ni Mo4与4130H两种材质钻杆的抗腐蚀性能。分析结果表明:36Cr Ni Mo4与4130H两种材质钻杆的氧腐蚀速率基本相同;36Cr Ni Mo4材质钻杆的抗CO2腐蚀性能优于4130H材质,但抗硫化物应力腐蚀开裂性能明显低于4130H材质。     

16MnR系列材料在油田H_2S-CO_2-Cl~-环境下的耐蚀性

通过应力腐蚀试验及全面腐蚀试验,系统地研究了16MnR系列压力容器用钢在油气田高含H2S-CO2-Cl-环境下的抗腐蚀性能,分析了16MnR系列钢在这种工况条件下作为压力容器用材的适用性。结果表明,16MnR(HIC)母材和焊接接头满足抗硫化物应力开裂(SSC)的基本要求,可以在pH值6以上、50℃以下的介质中任意H2S、CO2和Cl-含量下安全使用,其他16MnR材料对硫化物应力开裂(SSC)和氢诱导开裂(HIC)较敏感。在选材时还应在实际模拟工况条件下进行全浸腐蚀试验,以确定其腐蚀速率。     

H2S环境下碳钢连续油管的SSC行为研究

连续油管井下作业技术已经成功地广泛应用于非酸性环境,向酸性环境下的推广应用中,由于酸性环境含有H2S,碳钢连续油管面临H2S导致的损伤,特别是硫化物应力腐蚀开裂(SSCC)。本工作以38.1mm×3.18mm规格的CT80碳钢连续油管为研究对象,采用应力环加载和四点弯曲加载对连续油管进行了SSC试验研究,并针对通过SSC试验的试样开展拉伸试验和弯曲试验,对比分析材料在遭遇H2S环境后的性能变化。试验结果显示,连续油管遭遇H2S环境后,由于H2S导致的损伤,拉伸性能和弯曲性能都会下降。加载应力越大、接触H2S介质时间越长,材料的性能下降越明显。应力环加载与四点弯曲加载相比,采用应力环加载进行SSC试验,其结果表明SSC敏感程度更严重。     

抗硫套管钢P110SS在高含H2S/CO2环境中的腐蚀行为和硫化物应力开裂敏感性研究

利用高温高压反应釜模拟普光气田的工况环境,研究抗硫套管钢P110SS在高含H2S/CO2环境中的腐蚀行为和硫化物应力开裂(SSC)敏感性.结果表明,随着温度和H2S/CO2分压的升高,P110SS的腐蚀速率先降低后升高,而在相当于井中部工况的环境中,钢的腐蚀速率最低,腐蚀产物膜明显脱落.在高含H2S/CO2环境中,采用四点弯曲法加载达到P110SS屈服强度的90%时,试样表面未发现裂纹,表明SSC敏感性比较低.     

80SS油管钢在塔里木气田中的腐蚀行为

为了更好地认识80SS油管钢在气田中的耐腐蚀性能,促进其在油气田中的推广应用,模拟塔里木气田地下条件,研究其在含有H2S与CO2环境中的腐蚀行为.利用扫描电镜(SEM)与X射线衍射(XRD)法,对试样表面腐蚀形态与腐蚀产物进行分析,考察了温度、H2S与CO2含量对腐蚀速率的影响.结果表明:80SS油管钢在模拟环境中,在低温时以均匀腐蚀为主;温度升高,腐蚀速率增大,并逐渐转变为严重的局部腐蚀;80SS油管钢的抗硫性能较好,但抗CO2腐蚀性能较差,可用于含硫低碳的气田.     

φ88.9 mm×6.45 mm 110S油管断裂原因分析

对某井φ88.9 mm×6.45 mm 110S油管断裂事故进行了深入调查研究,分析了4根两两相互匹配的断裂油管样品,对断口形貌、管体几何参数、理化性能、金相组织和腐蚀产物等进行了试验分析.结果表明:φ88.9mm×6.45 mm 110S油管的理化性能均满足API Spec 5CT标准及用户要求;油管断裂机理为H2S应力腐蚀开裂.建议加强H2S现场检测,选择适合的抗H2S油管.     

油气钻井工程中的腐蚀防护及一种新的防护方法

油气田勘探开发中金属设备的腐蚀类型主要有应力腐蚀、腐蚀疲劳、硫化物应力腐蚀开裂和点腐蚀等,目前国内外的研究主要集中在CO2、H2S和CO2/H1S的腐蚀与防护方面,主要有材料选择、钻井液的控制以及防腐蚀涂层等.介绍了一种新的防护方法-陶瓷复膜,试验结果表明,该方法极大地提高了工件的耐腐蚀性能,具有广阔的应用前景.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.