钽薄板微间隙TIG氦弧点对接焊熔池的数值分析

针对钽薄板微间隙TIG氦弧焊接方法．基于有限元分析软件ANSYS，采用数值模拟方法计算了间隙处取不同边界条件时温度场的分布。计算结果表明：间障的存在使得温度场分布不均．是熔池表面形状呈现椭圆形的一个重要因素．这种影响随焊接时间的变化更为明显。分析了间隙对熔池形状的影响，得出不同工艺参数对熔宽变化的影响规律，并分析了电孤形态差异对接头的影响。这对制定实际的TIG焊工艺具有指导意义。     

Effect of rotating arc process on molten pool control in horizontal welding

This paper describes the effect of rotating arc process on molten pool control in narrow gap horizontal welding. From energy strategy and force strategy, technical advantages of rotating arc process in molten pool control are explored. On the one hand, because of the decrease of temperature and holding time in weld centre, rotating arc process limits the tendency of molten pool sagging with the arc rotating frequency no more than 10 Hz, which is indicated from the simulation results of heat distribution characteristics. On the other hand, rotating arc process induces the flow of molten metal in the weld width direction by the periodical effect of arc force and droplets impingement, which is observed by the high speed photography system. This oscillation propels the molten metal at lower side against the effect of gravity to flow to the upper side, which is beneficial for the molten pool formation of horizontal welding.     

旋转电弧GMAW堆焊短路过渡熔池动态仿真

为探究旋转电弧GMAW堆焊短路过渡时熔池的温度和对流分布规律,利用Flow-3D软件建立三维数学模型,采用球形旋转热源模型,考虑重力、熔滴拖拽力、表面张力、浮力作用,模拟了堆焊状态下,工件材料为Q235的旋转电弧GMAW短路过渡的熔池成形规律. 采用流体体积法追踪熔滴过渡和熔池表面的自由变形,并分析熔滴进入熔池时熔池内部温度场和流场的变化. 结果表明,熔池形成过程中,旋转熔滴对熔池有搅拌作用,并使熔池内部液态金属活性增强,流速变快,熔池内部液态金属体积变大,熔池的宽度变大. 模拟预测的焊缝尺寸、形状与试验吻合良好. 为优化焊接工艺参数、改善旋转电弧GMAW堆焊焊缝质量提供参考依据.     

焊剂带约束超窄间隙焊接母材熔化及熔池形成

为认识超窄间隙焊接母材熔化特性及熔池形成机制,在放置焊剂带的I形坡口中进行熔化极电弧焊接试验,采用一种快速中断电弧的方法,保留焊接过程中焊剂带、坡口底部和侧壁的熔化形态.结果表明,电弧区焊剂带热收缩效应和固壁约束作用能有效约束坡口中电弧作用范围.当选择合适的侧壁根部焊剂带裸露高度时,电弧加热区域控制在坡口底部和侧壁根部,熔滴过渡的冲击作用及电弧力集中在熔池前端,使熔融金属产生有利于排出熔池中气体和熔渣的流动,形成无缺陷焊缝.当侧壁根部焊剂带裸露高度大于一定值时,电弧所受约束减小,加热区域扩展到较大范围的坡口侧壁上,熔滴过渡分散在坡口底部和侧壁,熔融金属难以形成贯穿熔池的流动,焊缝存在较多孔洞.     

直流叠加脉冲型TIG焊电弧─熔池特性分析

针对乏燃料后处理溶解器腐蚀裂纹等缺陷的快速、一次性、可靠焊接修复工程技术需求,提出一种直流叠加脉冲型TIG深熔焊接方法,在10和16 mm厚304不锈钢板上进行了系列平板堆焊工艺试验.以电弧-熔池特性变化为研究对象,对比分析脉冲电流作用和直流叠加脉冲型电流作用的电弧行为、熔池流动行为及温度场的变化规律,探讨了直流叠加至...     

Measurement of arc pressure and shield gas pressure effect on surface of molten pool in TIG welding

Abstract

Tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding is most frequently used for arc study because it is clean and easy to control welding factor. Many researchers have been focused on the plasma stream to find out the relationship between vertex angle and penetration of the tungsten electrode in TIG welding. Moreover, researchers studied the characteristics of vertex angle and arc pressure and heat flux distribution of the tungsten electrode. In addition, they have carried out factors that have influence on the behaviour of the molten pool. Previous studies assumed that arc pressure was dominant for the force that physically works on the surface of the molten pool, neglecting the shield gas pressure. In addition, they have been focused on the protection of molten weld pool from exposure to the atmosphere. The object of this study is to investigate the effect of shield gas pressure on the surface of the molten pool by measuring the distribution of arc pressure and shield gas pressure compared with arc physical results of previous researches. In this study, we measured the distribution of arc pressure and shield gas pressure on the water cooled copper plate by changing the setting shield gas pressure and shield gas cup inside diameter. As the setting shield gas pressure increased and the shield gas cup diameter decreased, the arc radius got narrower due to the thermal pinch effect. Maximum arc pressure was slightly affected by setting the shield gas pressure and shield gas cup diameter. However, the shield gas pressure on arc surroundings was raised with the increasing setting shield gas pressure and the decreasing gas cup inside diameter. Orbital welding with convex back bead was successfully performed through molten pool control by shield gas pressure adjustment.     

脉冲MAG-TIG双电弧打底单面焊双面成形机制分析

基于中厚板打底焊接存在着自动化程度及效率低的问题,采用脉冲熔化极气体保护焊-钨极氩弧焊(MAG-TIG)双电弧热源焊接对板厚为24 mm的Q235-B进行打底焊接单面焊双面成形工艺研究及机制分析. 结果表明,脉冲MAG-TIG双电弧热源打底焊接时,利用TIG电弧与MAG电弧间的电磁力来调节MAG电弧在熔池前端的加热位置,使得一部分电弧热量直接作用于钝边上;结合焊接电弧放电行为与熔池流动分析发现,打底成形稳定性最佳时,利用TIG电弧与熔池的剪切力使得液态金属向后方流动,熔池前端底部液态金属减少,易于平衡稳定,可获得熔透均匀、连续、稳定的打底焊缝背面成形.     

空心钨极同轴填丝焊接丝弧交互作用机制

空心钨极同轴填丝焊接焊丝与电弧(丝-弧)交互过程是决定焊接质量的关键.首先利用高速摄像观察分析了空心钨极电弧与实心钨极电弧形态,及其对焊缝成形特征的影响规律,然后构建了熔丝过程受力模型,系统分析了同轴填丝焊接过程中熔滴形成及过渡过程动力学特征.结果表明,空心钨极电弧表面辐照区域大于实心钨极,在大电流工艺条件下焊缝成形稳定;熔滴形成阶段,焊丝末端熔滴处于静力平衡状态,在较大表面张力作用下,无法自发从焊丝末端直接过渡进入熔池;熔滴过渡阶段,部分电流从焊丝流过,产生电磁收缩力,引起焊丝与熔池之间的熔滴摆动.     

Analysis of submerged arc welding process by three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations

The effect of torch angle and current polarities on the convection heat transfer in single wire submerged arc welding is analyzed. To develop arc models such as arc heat flux, arc pressure and electromagnetic force, this study adopts the Abel inversion method with CCD camera images for direct and alternating current polarities. The heat transfer by molten slag from the flux consumption is considered as an additional boundary heat source in the numerical simulation. The variation of arc forces, the direction of droplet flight with polarity and the torch angle significantly affect the molten pool flow and the resultant weld beads. The simulated weld pool profiles are validated with corresponding experimental results and found to be in good agreement.     

电弧力对TIG焊接熔池液面形态影响的数值模拟

在建立TIG焊接熔池液面三维形状模型基础上,对电弧力作用于熔池液面进行了表征,采用Surface Evolver有限元分析软件进行数值模拟,研究了电弧力对TIG焊接熔池液面三维形态的影响.得到了有电弧作用时,熔池的三维形态和熔池各液面参数随电弧力大小变化的规律.结果表明,在熔池形状一定时(正面、背面熔化区域半径和板厚一定),电弧力的作用深度增加会引起熔池上、下液面和固液面的表面积均增加,其中电弧力的大小对TIG焊接熔池的上液面影响程度大于下液面.这些分析结果为探讨TIG焊接熔池的各类问题提供了基础.     

An introduction to physical phenomena in arc welding processes

As is well known, arc discharges have been applied to various processes such as welding, cutting, spray coating, melting and refining. Unlike electrodeless discharge methods such as high frequency discharge of inductive coupling type (eg. RF discharge), arc discharge is a polarized discharge in which the arc is generated between the positive and negative electrodes.¹ Accordingly, when the arc discharge is applied to welding processes, the material becomes one of the electrodes. In TIG welding, the material, that is, the molten pool, generally acts as the anode to the tungsten cathode. As shown in Fig. 1, TIG welding processes are based on the close energy balance between the 'electrode-arc plasma-molten pool'. On the other hand, for the formation of the molten pool, energy transfer from the arc is also important, but energy transfer in the molten pool after that is extremely important, too. In TIG welding of steels, in which energy transfer by convection current becomes dominant rather than thermal conduction,² the penetration at the weld joint has hugely different geometries according to the difference in convective current phenomena at the molten pool. As a driving force of convective current in the molten pool in TIG welding, four forces have been considered,^2-6 as shown in Fig. 1. They are the drag force (friction force) caused by plasma jet (cathode jet) generated by the arc, the buoyancy force induced by the density difference inside the molten pool, the electromagnetic force induced by the current flow inside the molten pool and Marangoni Force induced by the surface tension gradient of the molten pool. These four forces can be said to be also based on the close force balance of the 'electrode-arc plasma-molten pool', as with the energy balance.     

氮电弧制备陶瓷表面层中TiN相形态及生长机制

利用氮电弧熔化纯钛基体表面,原位制备氮化钛（TiN）陶瓷表面层,研究陶瓷表面层的形成机理、TiN相的生长形态及其生长机制．结果表明,氮电弧熔化过程为非平衡快速冷却凝固过程,冷却速度可达10^2～10^3 K／s,表面层中TiN相的微观生长方式具有多样性．在熔池中过冷度较小的位置,TiN晶体为螺型位错侧面长大方式,而熔池...     

Mathematical modelling of metal active gas arc welding

Abstract

A feasibility study has been conducted to determine whether mathematical models can be used for the numerical simulation of metal active gas (MAG) arc welding. In the present work, a three-dimensional, nonstationary thermal model for fillet welding is developed. The transient temperature distribution in the base metal is numerically analysed to estimate the molten pool size using a finite difference model based on the heat flow equation, and the theoretical configuration of the molten pool is calculated, taking account of the balance of gravity, surface tension, and arc pressure. The developed model can be applied to various welding processes such as multipass welding, lap welding, and welding with torch oscillation. To evaluate the validity of the model analysis, the calculated results are compared with experimental results for MAG welding. Good correspondence is demonstrated between experiment and calculation.     

电弧作用下熔透型TIG熔池液面行为的数值模拟

在正面熔化半径RZ和板厚h一定的条件下,基于对有电弧作用的熔透型TIG焊接熔池三维液面行为的分析,获得了不同背面熔化半径RB的熔池三维形状模型,利用有限元分析软件surface evolver进行数值模拟,研究了电弧对熔透型TIG焊接熔池液面的影响.结果表明,电弧的作用与否对熔池下液面的大小和形状无显著的影响;在背面熔化尺寸较小时(RB≤2.5 mm附近),电弧对上液面特征量有较大作用;电弧的作用从整体上是使熔池上液面压低.在从脉冲基值过渡到脉冲峰值期间,电弧电压(或弧光光强)增加的部分是由电流增加和熔池上液面被压低两部分引起的.     

A study on V-groove GMAW for various welding positions

This study performed three-dimensional transient numerical simulations using the volume of fluid method in a gas metal arc V-groove welding process with and without root gap for flat, overhead, and vertical welding positions. The elliptically symmetric arc models for arc heat flux, electromagnetic force and arc pressure were used to describe the more accurate molten pool behaviors. The numerical models not only formed a stable weld bead but also simulated the dynamic molten pool behaviors such as overflow which was not described before. This study analyzed these molten pool flow patterns for various welding positions and validated the numerical models used by comparing the simulation results with experimental ones.     

灰度形态学提取焊接熔池图像边缘技术

在由CCD捕获的CO2焊接熔池图像中,存在着大量的点状噪声和线状噪声,要精确地检测出熔池图像的边缘比较困难.采用基于数学形态学理论中的灰度形态学数字图像处理技术,结合焊接熔池图像自身的特点,借助灰度图像二值化取阈值法中的矩量保持法确定结构元素值的大小,通过合理设计形态学滤波器形状和运算顺序,成功地提取出了焊接熔池图像的边缘,通过比较,新的图像处理算法的处理效果非常明显,对后续的焊接质量控制和焊缝跟踪工作提供了非常有用的熔池信息.     

变极性等离子电弧压力的径向分布

变极性等离子焊接过程中产生的电弧压力将直接影响到熔池的形态以及最后的焊缝成形,因此对其的研究有着十分重要的意义.关于电弧压力径向上的分布规律的探讨,对于电弧以及熔池的力学分析及数值模拟也具有现实的指导意义.利用U形压力计测量了不同焊接电流条件下的变极性等离子弧压力沿径向的分布,讨论了其分布规律,认为变极性等离子弧压力的径向分布仍然属于高斯分布,而不是双面指数分布.同时发现,电弧压力随着电流的增加而增长,但是增长幅度趋于缓和.     

Study on weld formation in a novel rotating arc horizontal GMAW

A novel rotating arc horizontal welding process was developed for solving the sagging of the molten pool which bottlenecks the application and the development of the horizontal welding. The principle of the effect of the rotating arc on the molten pool is that the rotating arc process not only can reduce the welding heat input by prolonging the welding path in the same welding distance caused by the arc rotation, but also disperse the arc force to affect the sidewall periodically to support the molten metal near the upper sidewall. The effects of the rotating speed and arc voltage on the weld formation were studied.The results indicate that there is an appropriate range of the rotating speed and the arc voltage to obtain the defect free horizontal welding.     

超窄间隙焊接中送进焊剂片与电弧相互作用机制分析

送进式焊剂片约束电弧超窄间隙焊接中，连续送进的焊剂片与电弧相互作用的关系影响着焊接过程的稳定性.采用一种快速中断电弧的方法，得到了熄弧位置处焊缝熔池形态和焊剂片瞬时熔化形貌，分析了焊剂片对电弧的作用长度与电弧受约束程度的关系.结果表明，增加焊剂片送进速度或减小电弧电压，可使焊剂片对电弧的作用长度增加，当增至一定程度时，电弧被有效约束在坡口底部对侧壁根部进行均匀加热，获得根部熔合良好的平焊缝.当焊剂片对电弧的作用长度过小时，电弧的受约束程度减弱，电弧加热区域集中在两侧壁上，很难在坡口根部形成有效熔池，最终形成孔洞焊缝.     

侧向风场作用下横向焊接旋转电弧传感及焊缝跟踪

文中利用侧向风场的吹袭作用来抑制横焊熔池的下淌,研究了在侧向风场作用下焊缝成形质量和旋转电弧的传感特性. 提出了一种基于平面拟合的焊枪偏差和电极高度检测算法,实现了同一电流信号下焊枪偏差和电极高度的同时检测. 结果表明,适当控制侧风流量有助于抑制熔池下淌、改善焊缝成形. 但是随着风速的增加,焊接电弧的熄弧率升高、电弧传感的准确性降低. 针对焊接电流的噪声干扰,还设计了软阈值小波滤波算法,并开发了相应的模糊控制算法对焊枪偏差和电极高度进行调节,初步实现了横焊焊缝的成形控制和跟踪.