液控式分层注水工艺技术

针对埕岛油田先后采用的3种分层防砂分层注水工艺存在的问题,开发了液控式分层注水工艺技术。该技术可有效地解决目前可洗井注水封隔器分层可靠性差的问题,既提高了分注合格率,又解决了可洗井封隔器反洗排量小、反洗通道易堵塞、反洗不彻底的问题,实现了全井筒大排量洗井。埕岛油田CB1B-4井的现场试验表明,该技术可有效缓解目前埕岛油田层间开发矛盾,提高注采对应率,对于降低含水上升率及提高单层开采效果,具有决定性的意义。     

机械分层防砂分层注水新技术的研究

针对目前埕岛油田注水工艺存在的不足,提出了一种分层防砂分层注水新技术,重点介绍了工艺管柱的结构、工作原理、技术指标及技术特点。分层防砂工艺是将大通径滤砂管和液压封隔器组成的防砂管柱悬挂在油层部位,利用分层封隔器保证注水层间的有效分割,互不串通,滤砂管保证地层砂不反吐到防砂管柱内部。分层注水工艺主要采用小直径的空心配水器和可洗井封隔器,注入水经过配水器芯子的水嘴注入到地层。分层测试调配工艺是采用钢丝投捞方式进行测试和调配。该项工艺技术在现场已实施3井次,成功率100％,能够满足埕岛油田分层防砂分层注水的要求。     

海上分层注水防砂工艺技术研究

针对埕岛海上油田油井转注现状和注水井化学防砂的局限性 ,研制开发出分层注水防砂一体化工艺管柱。对该管柱的结构、原理、组成 ,以及在埕岛油田的应用做了介绍。通过分层防砂工艺管柱和分层注水工艺管柱的有机组合 ,解决了渗透率迥异的储层同时注水的难题 ,保证了埕岛海上油田多级分层注水的实施。     

埕岛油田3种分层防砂分层注水技术分析

简要分析了埕岛油田先后采用的3种分层防砂分层注水工艺的特点。由于密闭注水分层防砂同心双管注水工艺和密闭注水分层防砂同心单管注水工艺不能满足海上注水要求,逐渐被淘汰。大通径分层防砂二次完井分层注水工艺成为目前海上注水主导工艺技术。同时介绍了以大通径分层防砂为主的二次完井的类型特点及应用情况。     

埕岛油田分层防砂提液技术研究及应用

针对埕岛油田前期防砂后未能实现多油层均匀填砂,导致产能过低的问题,对前期防砂工艺中使用的分层防砂管柱进行了优化设计与改进,同时研发了适用于海上油田大排量提液的一趟管柱分层挤压充填防砂技术。分层防砂提液技术已在埕岛油田22口井中成功应用,与笼统防砂技术相比,分层防砂后原油增产30%以上,增液幅度可以达到120%左右,现场应用效果显著。现场应用表明,改进后的分层挤压充填技术可满足埕岛海上油田防砂提液的要求,建议推广应用。     

冀东油田分层防砂分层注水一体化技术研究

为了满足冀东油田浅层出砂油藏注水开发的需要,延长注水井开发免修期,降低修井作业费用,开发了机械分层防砂偏心分层注水一体化工艺技术。该技术主要由大通径机械分层防砂技术、小直径偏心分层注水技术及与之配套的全井逐级分层验封技术组成。现场试验表明,在进行的两级三段机械分层防砂偏心分层注水工艺施工中,先完成了机械分层防砂管柱施工,后完成了偏心分层注水管柱施工,最终实现各级防砂、注水封隔器验封合格。投入定量水嘴配注,三段配注测试合格。     

海上定向井防砂管柱内全井洗井分层注水技术

浅海出砂油藏的分层注水工艺因受海洋环境、平台条件及相关法律法规的限制而具有特殊性,为此介绍一种用于浅海油田与分层机械防砂技术配套的海上定向井分层注水技术。该技术充分考虑了海洋的施工和测试条件,在62～108mm狭小空间内专门设计配套了新型可全井洗井分层注水管柱及配套工具,满足了大斜度定向井的分层注水、分层测试和洗井的工艺要求,分注成功率高,可通过钢丝投捞和液力投捞的方式,使测试、验封等操作简便可靠。38口注水井的现场应用表明,施工成功率达100%,洗井成功率达98.8%,取得明显效果。     

双层注水滤砂管的研制及其在埕岛油田的应用

埕岛油田出砂严重，化学防砂有效期短，传统的单管或双管注水不能同时满足防砂、注水的需要，单井作业费用高。为了满足油田分层注水防砂的需要，研制开发了双层注水防砂滤砂管及分层注水防砂一体化工艺管柱。双层注水滤砂管结构简单，性能良好，施工安全可靠，防砂效果良好。     

埕岛油田注水开发期防砂工艺对策

根据埕岛油田地质特征 ,结合实际生产资料 ,对油田开发初期所采用防砂工艺的效果进行了分析总结。针对其注水开发期面临的层间矛盾突出、出砂严重问题 ,提出 :井段短的老井采用一次性挤压砾石充填防砂工艺技术 ;夹层长的老井采用一次性分层挤压砾石充填防砂工艺技术 ;油层污染严重的出砂井采用压裂防砂工艺技术 ;出砂不太严重的老井或新井新层采用金属毡或烧结金属毡防砂技术等系列技术措施 ,为埕岛油田的长期稳定开发提供技术支撑。     

出砂油藏注水井防砂、注水一体化技术

为了提高油田注水效率和原油采收率,研究了出砂油藏注水井防砂、注水一体化技术。主要采用新的分层防砂、分层注水一体化管柱,对配水器、封隔器、防砂管丢手插封等主要配件进行优化,完成坐封、锚定、注水、防砂、洗井、解卡及调试调配等工艺。结合多级封隔器管柱的性能特点研究设计了封隔器在线验封技术,减少了无效注水管柱,保证了防砂工艺管柱的可靠性。该套工艺在胜利油田应用32口井,满足了复杂断块油田的分层注水需要,技术实用性好,具有重要的推广价值。     

顺,反,顺-1,2,3,4-环丁烷四甲酸二酐的合成

以碳酸二乙酯为溶剂,顺丁烯二酸酐为原料,在紫外光的照射下进行[2+2]环加成反应,制备得到顺,反,顺-1,2,3,4-环丁烷四甲酸二酐,并通过IR和1 H NMR对其结构进行了确证。实验结果表明,较佳反应条件是:顺丁烯二酸酐浓度为9%,高压汞灯照射,反应时间4h,反应温度6℃,产品顺,反,顺-1,2,3,4-环丁烷四甲酸二酐的产率为82.6%,纯度可达99.2%。     

New Modifications Bart,Bdchamp, Mayer,Rosenmund, Scheller,Sherlyn-Braz Reactions with Halides of Arsenic,Antimony and Bismuth

It was discovered a new approach modification Bart, Beschamp, Mayer, Rosenmund, Scheller, Sherlyn-Braz reactions with of arsine, stibine and bismuthine in organometallic chemistry. The authors have proposed a new mechanism for possible reactions.     

Search for New Three-, Four-Component Petasis,Passerini, Hantzsch,Kabachnic-Fields,Ugi Reactions with Organic Compounds of Phosphorus,Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth

It is discovered a new three-, four-component Petasis, Passerini, Hantzsch, Kabachnic-Fields, Ugi reactions with of arsine, stibine and bismuthine in organometallic chemistry. Modifications were replaced to a nitrogen atom of classical reactions of atoms of phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth. It has been proposed a new mechanism for possible reactions.     

水淹枯竭气藏型地下储气库盘库方法

地下储气库多周期运行盘库,是研究气库运行规律、分析漏失、进一步提高气库运行效率和降低气库运行成本的关键环节。已建立的未水淹气藏型地下储气库盘库数学模型却并不适用于水淹枯竭气藏型地下储气库,评价结果明显高于实际注采气量。为此,通过深入分析水淹枯竭气藏型地下储气库气驱排水扩容机理、多周期注采运行过程中气水两相宏观与微观运动规律及可能的分布状态,创新性提出了可动用库存量的概念,以注采气量与视地层压力在一个注采周期内满足定容压升降方程为评价准则,建立了水淹枯竭气藏型地下储气库盘库模型。实例验证结果表明,该模型计算的结果与实际吻合,可用于水淹枯竭气藏型地下储气库多周期运行盘库计算和分析。为储气库运行、管理及调整提供了依据。     

Solid waste issue: Sources,composition, disposal,recycling, and valorization

Disposal of solid wastes is a stinging and widespread problem in both urban and rural areas in many developed and developing countries. Municipal solid waste (MSW) collection and disposal is one of the major problems of urban environment in most countries worldwide today. MSW management solutions must be financially sustainable, technically feasible, socially, legally acceptable and environmentally friendly. Solid waste management issue is the biggest challenge to the authorities of both small and large cities’.Valorization of food organic waste is one of the important current research areas. The conventional landfill, incineration, composting, and ways of handeling solid wastes are common as mature technologies for waste disposal. Traditionally, the most commonly used technologies for the treatment and valorization of the organic fraction of MSW are composting and anaerobic digestion (AD). The generation of organic solid waste (OSW); worldwide; is dramatically increasing each year. Most of the OSW’s are composed of agricultural waste, household food waste, human and animal wastes, etc. They are normally handled as animal feed, incinerated or disposed to landfill sites. OAW’s are comprised of materials rich in proteins, minerals, and sugars that could be used in other processes as substrates or raw materials.     

PERMIAN TO TERTIARY FAUNAS AND PALEOGEOGRAPHY: SOMALIA, KENYA, TANZANIA, MOZAMBIQUE, MADAGASCAR, SOUTH AFRICA

Permian to Tertiary faunas along the eastern margin of Africa, and on Madagascar, are presented, described, and discussed. Presentation of the faunas is made in four charts: Permo-Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary. A correlation chart provides tentative time-rock units. Paleogeography northeast and east of Africa is derived from the writer's analysis of marine invertebrate fauna, and is delineated in sketches for Late Permian, Jurassic, and Cretaceous times. Limitations exist on the conclusions that can be drawn from fauna alone. Pelagic waters can be indicated, but their extent cannot be specified, and lack of diversification in some of the pelagic genera results in unavoidable ambiguities of interpretation. Nothing in the faunal evidence so far available, however, disproves unequivocally the existence of an ancestral Indian Ocean from Late Permian onward. Even if such an ancestral ocean did not exist the pattern of pelagic waters that can be inferred from marine invertebrate fauna constitutes an impediment to models that suture Australia or India to Africa or Madagascar. Peninsular India, on readings of its own geology across the foreland-orogen boundary, may have occupied its present position through the whole of geologic time.     

泌阳凹陷陡坡带砂砾岩体预测

在对泌阳凹陷陡坡带砂砾岩体空间展布预测中,以层序地层学研究为基础,依据古地貌沟扇对应理论,利用地震属性分析技术和地震反演技术,寻找砂砾岩扇体并确定其分布边界.预测结果,在陡坡带边界断层附近发现了新的砂砾岩扇体,在深凹区过渡带发现了浊积砂体,均为有利的油气聚集区,经钻探获得了良好效果,对陡坡带砂砾岩体的勘探起到 较好的指导作用.图3参10