Quantum analysis of measurement results

It is shown that a stochastic matrix operator (quantum measurement matrix) may be considered in some cases as a density matrix. Results of measurements in the form of figure numbers, interconnected with a matrix of quantum measurements, are similar to quantum observable quantities determined in quantum statistical theory. __________ Translated from Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika, No. 12, pp. 3–8, December, 2006.     

哈密顿量明显与时间有关系统的量子论

给出了明显与时间有关量子振动系统的哈密顿量的普遍形式。由量子湮灭算符和量子产生算符,构造了一组满足特定对易关系的量子算符,并由这组算符构造一个不变量算符,建立算符代数理论,由此得到量子振动系统的能级和波函数的具体表示。以一维量子阻尼振动系统为例,对该量子系统的量子力学问题进行了讨论。     

From Flux Quantization to Superconducting Quantum Bits

One of the important predictions of the early phenomenological theories of superconductivity such as the London and Ginzburg–Landau (GL) theory is the quantization of magnetic flux in multiply connected superconductors, which is one of the first demonstrations of a quantum effect on a macroscopic scale. In this paper, which is devoted to Vitalij Lazarevich Ginzburg on the occasion of his 90th birthday, we analyze a superconducting cylinder acting as a flux box as well as a superconducting disk acting as a Cooper pair box in the framework of GL theory. We extend this analysis to leaky flux and Cooper pair boxes which are obtained by introducing weak links allowing for the entry and exit of flux quanta and Cooper pairs from the respective boxes at finite rates. Flux and Cooper pair slippage processes by coherent quantum tunneling result in effective two-level quantum systems forming the basis for flux and charge quantum bits presently considered for the solid-state implementation of quantum information processing. We show that the corresponding Hamiltonians describing the leaky flux and Cooper pair box can be transformed into each other by a canonical transformation. PACS numbers: 74.20.De, 74.25.Bt, 74.25.Ha, 74.50.+r     

Quantum theory for 1D X-ray free electron laser

Abstract

Classical 1D X-ray Free Electron Laser (X-ray FEL) theory has stood the test of time by guiding FEL design and development prior to any full-scale analysis. Future X-ray FELs and inverse-Compton sources, where photon recoil approaches an electron energy spread value, push the classical theory to its limits of applicability. After substantial efforts by the community to find what those limits are, there is no universally agreed upon quantum approach to design and development of future X-ray sources. We offer a new approach to formulate the quantum theory for 1D X-ray FELs that has an obvious connection to the classical theory, which allows for immediate transfer of knowledge between the two regimes. We exploit this connection in order to draw quantum mechanical conclusions about the quantum nature of electrons and generated radiation in terms of FEL variables.     

21世纪电子学的若干前沿课题

文章讨论了进入21世纪时物理学和电子学的现状和若干前沿课题,涉及真空能、电子负质量、量子势、虚粒子、超弦理论、快子,以及EPR思维实验、量子交缠与量子远距传物、量子信息学、量子计算机等方面的最新研究进展与成果。     

Large n-Expansion Limit of the Three-Dimensional Ferromagnetic Quantum Phase Transition

We use the large n-expansion method to study the role of the long-range interaction, topological and dissipation effects for the case of an itinerant quantum ferromagnet in the limit of the Landau–Ginzburg–Wilson theory. In the one-loop approximation, we calculate the explicit form of the electronic self-energy as a result of electron–fluctuation interaction and extract the temperature dependence of the scattering time. The temperature dependence of the relative resistivity shows that both the dissipative and topological terms of the action determine the non-Fermi behavior of the system in the critical region around the quantum phase transition.      

Power Dissipation in Spintronic Devices Out of Thermodynamic Equilibrium

Quantum limits of power dissipation in spintronic computing are estimated. A computing element composed of a single electron in a quantum dot is considered. Dynamics of its spin due to external magnetic field and interaction with adjacent dots are described via the Bloch equations. Spin relaxation due to magnetic noise from various sources is described as coupling to a reservoir. Resulting dissipation of energy is calculated and is shown to be much less than the thermal limit, ∼kT per bit, if the rate of spin relaxation is much slower than the switching rate. Clues on how to engineer an energy efficient spintronic device are provided.     

Quantum theory of light diffraction

At present, the theory of light diffraction only has the simple wave-optical approach. In this paper, we study light diffraction with the relativistic quantum theory approach. We find that the slit length, slit width, slit thickness and wavelength of light affect the diffraction intensity and form of diffraction pattern. However, the effect of slit thickness on the diffraction pattern cannot be explained by wave-optical approach, but it can be explained in quantum theory. We compare the theoretical results with single- and multiple-slits experimental data, and find the theoretical results are in accordance with the experimental data. In addition, we give some theory predictions. We think all new predictions will be tested by the light diffraction experiment.     

含自旋轨道相互作用的氢原子精确量子论

首次建立超微粒子费密算符理论。利用该理论 ,并结合文献 [1]的工作 ,得到含自旋轨道相互作用的氢原子精确量子论。     

A quantum description of linear,and non-linear optical interactions in arrays of plasmonic nanoparticles

A quantum theory for describing the interaction of photons and plasmons, in one- and two-dimensional arrays is presented. Ohmic losses and inter-band transitions are not considered. We use macroscopic approach, and quantum field theory methods including S-matrix expansion, and Feynman diagrams for this purpose. Non-linear interactions are also studied, and increasing the probability of such interactions, and its application are also discussed.     

金属光电效应的量子理论

为研究金属光电效应的量子理论,给出金属中一个电子的总哈密顿量,建立适合电子量子振动特性的算符代数理论,根据量子算符代数理论,得到金属中一个电子的总能量,由光电效应理论得到一个自由光子的静止质量和一个自由光子的能量表示。     

Entanglement dynamics and quasi-periodicity in discrete quantum walks

We study the entanglement dynamics of discrete time quantum walks acting on bounded finite sized graphs. We demonstrate that, depending on system parameters, the dynamics may be monotonic, oscillatory but highly regular, or quasi-periodic. While the dynamics of the system are not chaotic since the system comprises linear evolution, the dynamics often exhibit some features similar to chaos such as high sensitivity to the system's parameters, irregularity and infinite periodicity. Our observations are of interest for entanglement generation, which is one primary use for the quantum walk formalism. Furthermore, we show that the systems we model can easily be mapped to optical beamsplitter networks, rendering experimental observation of quasi-periodic dynamics within reach.     

Measurement of Nano-Assembly Parameters for Quantum Threads Made from Nanoparticles in a Nonuniform Field

Results are given for experimental studies in creating a system for measuring the parameters of nanotechnological preparation of electronic devices made from quantum threads by their assembly from nanoparticles __________ Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 10, pp. 27–29, October, 2005.     

Quantum Nonlinear Sigma Model with a Damping Term; Finite Temperature Renormalization Group Analysis

We study the behavior of the finite temperature quantum nonlinear sigma model in two dimensions in the presence of the damping of the formf (|θ _n |) = γ|ω _n |^α, whereα satisfiesα ≥ 1. The analytical calculations will be performed usingα=2 and the results will be compared with the standard results obtained for the standard quantum nonlinear sigma model. The behavior of such a system is connected with the pseudogap which appears in the normal state of the cuprate superconductors.     

纳米颗粒系统的量子化

利用创新的量子力学理论,给出零时刻纳米颗粒系统中两个纳米颗粒绕其质心运动的旋转角频率、零时刻两个纳米颗粒绕其质心运动的轨道速度、零时刻两个纳米颗粒绕其质心按圆形轨道运动一周所需的时间与量子态之间的关系。     

超细颗粒中双电子系统的量子论

利用零时刻电子的费密湮灭算符和产生算符表示任意时刻电子的费密湮灭算符和产生算符 ,由此建立费密算符的量子论 ,根据此理论 ,对超细颗粒中双电子系统量子论进行研讨 ,结果表明是合理的。     

On Low-Temperature Structural Phase Transitions

We comment on zero- and low-temperature structural phase transitions, expecting that these comments might be relevant not only for this structural case. We first consider a textbook model whose classical version is the only model for which the Landau theory of phase transitions and the concept of “soft mode” introduced by Ginzburg are exact. Within this model, we reveal the effects of quantum fluctuations and thermal ones at low temperatures. To do so, the knowledge of the dynamics of the model is needed. However, as already was emphasized by Ginzburg et al. in eighties, a realistic theory for such a dynamics at high temperatures is lacking, what also seems to be the case in the low-temperature regime. Consequently, some theoretical conclusions turn out to be dependent on the assumptions on this dynamics. We illustrate this point with the low-temperature phase diagram, and discuss some unexpected shortcomings of the continuous medium approaches.     

含自旋—轨道相互作用的碱金属原子的精确量子论

根据新量子变换理论 ,结合创新的SU(1,1)Lie代数理论及SO(3)Lie代数理论 ,对含自旋—轨道相互作用的碱金属原子的量子力学问题进行系统的研究。结果表明 ,碱金属原子的能级为双能级结构 ,并且是精确的     

Quantum metabolism explains the allometric scaling of metabolic rates

A general model explaining the origin of allometric laws of physiology is proposed based on coupled energy-transducing oscillator networks embedded in a physical d-dimensional space (d = 1, 2, 3). This approach integrates Mitchell''s theory of chemi-osmosis with the Debye model of the thermal properties of solids. We derive a scaling rule that relates the energy generated by redox reactions in cells, the dimensionality of the physical space and the mean cycle time. Two major regimes are found corresponding to classical and quantum behaviour. The classical behaviour leads to allometric isometry while the quantum regime leads to scaling laws relating metabolic rate and body size that cover a broad range of exponents that depend on dimensionality and specific parameter values. The regimes are consistent with a range of behaviours encountered in micelles, plants and animals and provide a conceptual framework for a theory of the metabolic function of living systems.     

Semiconductor quantum dots: Theory and phenomenology

Research in semiconductor quantum dots (q-dots) has burgeoned in the past decade. The size (R) of these q-dots ranges from 1 to 100 nm. Based on the theoretical calculations, we propose energy and length scales which help in clarifying the physics of this mesoscopic system. Some of these length scales are: the Bohr exciton radius (α_B*), the carrier de Broglie and diffusion length (λ_D andl _D), the polaron radius (α_p), and the reduction factor modulating the optical matrix element (M _x).R<α_B is an individual particle confinement regime, whereas the larger ones are exciton confinement regime wherein Coulomb interaction play an important role. Similarly a size-dependent dielectric constantε(R) should be used forR<α_p<α_B. An examination ofM _x reveals that an indirect gap material q-dot behaves as a direct gap material in the limit of very small dot size. We have carried out effective mass theory (EMT) calculations to estimate the charge density on the surface of the quantum dot. We present tight binding (TB) calculation to show that the energy upshift scales as 1/R ^x, wherex is less than 2 and the exponent depends on the orientation of the crystallite.