射流压力对淹没水射流冲击与空蚀效果的影响

目的探究淹没水射流对铝合金及铜合金材料的冲击与空蚀作用。方法为获得关键射流工况参数对射流冲击和冲蚀效果的影响,对射流压力、冲击时间和靶距的作用进行了研究。在较低压力条件下对材料表面的残余应力进行测量与分析;在较高压力时对材料表面的破坏形貌进行观测。结果残余应力随射流压力的增加而增加,当冲击时间为20 min,射流压力为40 MPa时,残余应力达到最大值91 MPa;在空蚀作用初期,试样表面出现尺寸较小、呈离散分布的空蚀坑,其为离散空泡冲蚀所致。随着空蚀作用的增强,材料表面的空蚀坑增大,同时出现塑性变形,当冲击压力为300 MPa,靶距为7cm,冲击时间为15 min时,达到最显著冲击效果。结论当压力较小时,淹没水射流可以强化金属表面;当压力较大时,淹没水射流可以使金属表面产生空蚀坑和塑性变形。尽管淹没水射流具有连续的射流速度分布,但材料表面的破坏更多地取决于空化现象。     

Improvement of slurry erosion resistance of martensite/ferrite duplex stainless steel by hot rolling

Test samples of martensite/ferrite duplex stainless steels (M/Fss) were prepared using thermal-mechanical processes and their slurry erosion behaviors were systematically studied. Test results show that hot rolling is an attractive process for improving erosion resistance. This improvement is more evident at higher impinging angles and larger reduction ratios. The thermal-mechanical-treated samples exhibit higher slurry erosion resistance for all impinging angles compared to that obtained by conventional quenching treatment without rolling. The variation tendency of the erosion rate versus the impinging angle for samples rolled with different degrees of reduction is similar in that the erosion rate initially increases and then decreases as the impinging angles increase from 15° to 90°, reaching a maximum at approximately 30°. After impingement erosion, the surface morphologies of the samples exhibit many long furrows and ridges at a low impinging angle of 30°. At a high impinging angle of 90°, the samples exhibit a worn surface with abundant overlapping and irregular concavities. The surface hardness of the samples after impingement erosion increases as the impinging angles and reduction ratios increase due to the enhanced effects of both work hardening and the formation of straininduced martensite.     

Influence of kinematic operating parameters on kerf geometry in abrasive waterjet machining of silicon carbide ceramics

Silicon carbide (SiC) is extensively used for manufacturing of highly engineered parts due to its high hardness, low coefficient of friction, wear resistance and high decomposition temperature. However, generating 3D surfaces (e.g. pockets) in such structural ceramics by conventional machining is a difficult task. In this context, abrasive waterjet (AWJ) machining, with its capability to cut any material with low specific cutting forces, seems to be the “ideal” processing technique for such materials; nevertheless machining 3D shapes by AWJ milling is still in its infancy. 3D shapes can be generated by “enveloping” them with successions of jet footprints (kerf geometries) generated by varying the process operating parameters. To enable this, the present work investigates the influence of key kinematic operating parameters (i.e. α-jet impingement angle and v-jet feed rate) on the kerf geometry and its dimensional characteristics. Furthermore, the kerf generation mechanism under multi-pass jet erosion was analysed to get control over erosion depth in multi-pass machining. It was found that by varying α (90°–40°), the symmetric/asymmetric kerf geometry is intimately dependent on the variation of standoff distance (SOD), abrasive particle velocity distributions and their local impact angles accounted across the jet footprint. Variation in v influences the exposure time of material to jet and enhances the erosion capability of abrasives impacting at shallow angle that results in different erosion rates along the kerf profile; this combined effect leads to departure of kerf geometry from simple cosine profile approximation to more elliptical type with the decrease of feed speed. Further, at lower jet feed rates, the depth of erosion increased and the low energy abrasive particles along trailing edge of jet plume get enough time to erode the material that results in variation of slope of kerf walls and hence, overall geometry. Based on these observations, the multi-pass trials showed that the successive passes have to account for both the local impact angles of abrasive particles as well as the actual SOD (SOD+initial kerf depth). In this way, by understanding the influence of key kinematic operating parameters (α and v) on the kerf geometry and its dimensional characteristics, the paper establishes a good basis for developing strategies for controlled 3D AWJ machining of complex shapes.     

An electrochemical and microstructural assessment of erosion‐corrosion of austenitic cast iron for marine applications

In this paper the corrosion and erosion‐corrosion characteristics of an austenitic cast iron (BS 3468 S2W) are examined under an impinging flow free from solid particles. Under static and erosion‐corrosion conditions the corrosion process is controlled by activation effects and conforms to Tafel kinetics. The corrosion rate is increased under impingement conditions compared with under static conditions but the trend is complex. Although corrosion plays a part in the degradation of BS 3468 S2W under an impinging jet, it is clear that there is a significant role played by mechanical processes and the effect that corrosion has on the mechanical erosion processes. The pure electrochemical corrosion component of the material loss is reduced as a percentage of the overall weight loss on increasing the impinging jet velocity. Corrosion has been seen to initiate at the boundary between the nodules of graphite and the surrounding Fe‐rich matrix and hence a physical interpretation of the effect of corrosion on erosion is identified.     

The effect of an impinging liquid‐solid jet on the electrochemical corrosion of stainless steels

Stainless steels rely on their passive film for corrosion protection in saline environments and localised disruption of the passive film can lead to high local rates of material loss. Materials which exhibit passivity in static conditions are often susceptible to erosion‐corrosion under severe hydrodynamic regimes. In this paper the corrosion behaviour of two superaustenitic (UNS S31254 and UNS S32654) and one superduplex (UNS S32750) stainless steels was examined in static conditions at a range of temperatures from 18°C to 70°C and during exposure to an impinging saline jet containing varying concentrations of solid particles. In static conditions the materials exhibit decreasing resistance to passivity breakdown as the temperature is increased and a critical breakdown temperature for UNS S31254 and UNS S32750 was identified. Under liquid‐solid impingement the materials exhibit an active regime near to the free corrosion potential followed by a stabilised current regime as more positive potentials. The complex electrochemical response is dependent on the material grade and the solid particle concentration. Also in the paper assessment of the „recovery”︁ of the stainless steels after exposure to slurry impingement is addressed.     

ASTM G134装置的射流空化模拟与空蚀机理分析

为解释流动对射流空化和空蚀的影响,以ASTM G134射流空蚀实验台为对象,应用计算流体动力学方法揭示空蚀腔内的空化区形态,进而开展空蚀试验,获得试样表面的空蚀形貌,与模拟结果进行对比分析。结果表明：射流在空蚀腔内保持平稳发展的形态;射流核心段存在高速区,其外围为环形低压区,该环形区是产生射流空化的关键;射流与试样表面接触后,试样表面的空蚀区与环形空化区相对应。试验结果表明,在空蚀试验初期,试样表面的空蚀区呈环形,与模拟结果一致;随着空蚀的发展,环形空蚀区扩大,空蚀由环形区向试样中心区扩散;空蚀时间的继续延长导致试样中心区亦出现严重的材料剥落,此时试样的累积质量损失仍在增长,但累积质量损失率保持稳定。     

液化石油气罐车节水清洗的射流参数研究

通过对液化石油气(LPG)罐车内壁污垢的形成机制及物性参数研究,确定了上下层污垢的主要组成成分,并提出了一种可有效降低除垢射流门限压力的新型节水节能清洗方式。采用建立除垢力学模型加实验验证的方法确定了最佳射流水力参数。借助FLUENT流体仿真分析软件,对不同射流靶距和入射角度下的射流打击力进行了对比试验研究,优选出可发挥高压水射流最大清洗效率的靶距为85 mm,入射角为10°,为后续节水清洗新技术的深入研究提供了一定的理论基础,并对相应清洗系统与设备的研发具有一定的参考价值。     

Erosive Wear Behavior of Nickel-Based High Alloy White Cast Iron Under Mining Conditions Using Orthogonal Array

Nihard Grade-4, a nickel-bearing cast iron widely used in slurry pumps and hydrodynamic components, is evaluated for its erosive wear response under mining conditions using a statistical approach. Experiments were conducted by varying the factors namely velocity, slurry concentration, angle of impingement, and pH in three levels, using L9 orthogonal array. Analysis of variance was used to rank the factors influencing erosive wear. The results indicate that velocity is the most influencing factor followed by the angle of impingement, slurry concentration, and pH. Interaction effects of velocity, slurry concentration, angle of impingement, and pH on erosion rate have been discussed. Wear morphology was also studied using SEM characterization technique. At lower angle (30°) of impingement, the erosion of material is by micro fracture and shallow ploughing with the plastic deformation of the ductile austenitic matrix. At the normal angle (90°) of impingement, the material loss from the surface is found because of deep indentation, forming protruded lips which are removed by means of repeated impact of the erodent.     

后混合水射流喷丸工艺对18CrNiMo7-6渗碳钢表面性能的影响

目的探究不同后混合水射流喷丸工艺对18Cr Ni Mo7-6渗碳钢表面性能的影响。方法运用超景深三维显微系统、三维表面形貌测量系统、X射线残余应力分析仪及HV-1000显微硬度计等,对后混合水射流喷丸前后试样的表面形貌、表面粗糙度、残余应力及显微硬度随层深的变化情况进行分析。结果后混合水射流喷丸时,弹丸和水会对试样表层产生一定的冲蚀、磨损、剪切作用,使试样表面产生新的凹坑。表面粗糙度Ra值随着喷射压力P及喷射靶距H的增加而增大,随着喷嘴移动速度v的增加而减小。试样显微硬度最大值都出现在表面,且随层深的增加,硬度值逐渐减小,喷射压力P=300 MPa时,表面硬度值达到62.8HRC,比试样初始表面硬度值增加了7.35%。试样材料所能引入的残余压应力具有固有最大值σmirs,当引入的残余压应力未达到σmirs时,所产生的最大残余压应力值σmcrs随喷射压力P的增加而增大,但随喷射靶距H和喷嘴移动速度v的改变变化不大。当引入的残余压应力达到σmirs时,所产生的最大残余压应力值σmcrs即为σmirs,不再改变,但是最大残余压应力距表面距离值zm仍会随着喷射压力P的增加而增大。结论后混合水射流喷丸后,试样表面粗糙度变化较大,表层显微硬度有一定提高。残余应力的分布主要与喷射压力P有关,而与喷射靶距H和喷嘴移动速度v关系不大。     

高压低耗散新型喷嘴的设计及数值仿真研究

针对热镀锌车间内吹环喷嘴吹扫钢管内部多余锌粒时耗气量大、出口速度低、冲击力小等问题,设计一款高压低耗散的新型喷嘴,喷嘴内轮廓线采用四次B样条曲线,出口采用椭圆形设计。基于流体力学的基本方程和S-A湍流模型,建立了吹扫射流的数学模型。分析不同入口压力条件下,入射角为30°、45°、60°、90°时,射流对管壁的打击力,并研究喷嘴出口与管口距离的变化对打击力的影响。结果表明:B样条喷嘴冲击到壁面的压力、喷嘴速度和气帘宽度均大于传统的锥直形喷嘴,吹扫效果明显提高。     

喷涂距离对等离子喷涂WC-12Co涂层抗冲蚀磨损性能的影响

为提高WC-12Co涂层抗冲蚀磨损性能,在Q235钢基体上采用大气等离子喷涂(APS)方法制备WC-12Co涂层,研究了喷涂距离对粒子温度与速度、涂层组织结构、力学性能及抗冲蚀磨损性能的影响。结果表明:喷涂距离对涂层质量影响较为明显,喷涂距离为130 mm时涂层质量较好,粒子速度与温度达到较好的配合,涂层抗冲蚀磨损能力较强。喷涂距离为120 mm与140 mm时涂层抗冲蚀磨损能力较差。550μm(30目)沙粒直径对涂层冲蚀磨损量大,沙粒速度为15.68 m/s比13.33 m/s沙粒速度冲蚀磨损量大;冲蚀角为60°时冲蚀磨损量最大,30°冲蚀磨损量最小。     

High-Temperature Erosion Resistance of FeBSiNb Amorphous Coatings Deposited by Arc Spraying for Boiler Applications

Erosive high-temperature wear in boilers is one of the main causes of downtime and one of the principal engineering problems in these installations. This article discusses the use of FeBSiNb amorphous coatings synthesized by arc spraying to improve elevated-temperature erosion resistance for boiler applications. The influence of test temperature, velocity, and impact angle on material wastage was revealed using air solid particle erosion rig. The experimental results showed that moderate degradation of the coating was predominant at lower impact velocity and impact angles, while severe damage arose for higher velocities and impact angles. The erosion behavior of the coating was sensitive to test temperature. The erosion rates of the coating decreased as a function of environment temperature. The relationship between microstructure and erosion resistance of the coating was also analyzed in details. The FeBSiNb coating had excellent elevated-temperature erosion resistance at temperatures at least up to 600 °C during service.     

磨料水射流单颗磨粒侵彻的仿真研究

为了提高磨料水射流的材料去除率,采用ABAQUS软件建立磨料水射流单颗磨粒侵彻18CrNiMo7-6靶材的仿真模型,观察分析磨粒侵彻过程中靶材表面凹坑的变化情况;同时探究磨粒初始速度、磨粒直径、磨粒密度以及入射角度对凹坑形状及尺寸的影响规律,并根据材料去除体积优化磨料水射流工艺参数。结果表明：凹坑深度、材料去除体积随着磨粒初始速度、磨粒直径、磨粒密度、入射角度的增加而增大,凹坑宽度随着磨粒初始速度、磨粒密度的增加先增大而后保持在最大宽度,随着磨粒直径的增加而增大,随着入射角度的增加而减小。以最大材料去除体积为目标,此仿真方案中最优参数为：磨粒初始速度为400 m/s,磨粒密度为12 000 kg/m3,入射角度90°,磨粒直径为1 mm。     

磨料射流铣削工艺参数优化

目的对表面粗糙度和材料去除率作为输出参数的磨料水射流铣削45#钢过程进行研究,旨在寻找最优加工参数。方法对射流去除材料机理进行了分析,设计并进行了以磨料粒度、射流压力、横向进给距离、靶距为加工工艺参数的田氏正交实验。采用Minitab对不同实验参数组合下磨料水射流加工45#钢的表面粗糙度、材料去除效率进行了数据分析,并从材料去除机理方面,对4种加工工艺参数对于铣削表面质量和材料去除效率的影响程度和影响趋势,以及各因素之间的交互作用进行了分析。结果对射流铣削面表面粗糙度影响较显著的因素是横向进给距离,射流压力次之;对于材料去除效率,磨料粒径的影响最显著,横向进给距离次之。结论综合材料去除效率和表面粗糙度值,选出最优加工参数:磨料粒径2000目,射流压力120~160 MPa,喷嘴横移距离1.0~1.5 mm,靶距约30 mm。     

钢结构镀锌涂层冲蚀磨损表面形貌及粗糙度

我国西北地区风沙特殊环境对该地区钢结构的耐久性和安全性影响严重。利用风沙环境侵蚀实验系统、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和激光共聚焦显微镜(LSCM)研究钢结构镀锌涂层受风沙冲蚀磨损损伤行为和损伤形貌,并分析其表面粗糙度。结果表明:涂层材料的冲蚀损伤行为更加依赖于冲蚀角度,在不同冲蚀角度下风沙流对涂层材料的冲蚀磨损过程同时存在类似表面划伤和挤压变形剥落;涂层材料的冲蚀坑深度随着冲蚀速度的增大而增加,在90°时冲蚀坑深度大于45°时的冲蚀坑深度;在相同的冲蚀速度下,45°时表面平均粗糙度Sa和均方差Sq较90°时大,在相同的冲蚀角度下,Sa和Sq均随速度的增大而增大。在冲蚀中后期,粒子对凹凸不平的表面冲蚀磨损破坏严重,试件表面峰谷的形成和破坏导致冲蚀率增加。     

高产天然气井放喷管汇弯管冲蚀磨损特性研究

目的 研究高产天然气井气固两相流对放喷管汇的冲蚀机理及规律.方法 利用CFD软件对放喷管汇冲蚀进行研究,使用雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程求其气相的运动状态,并用离散相模型(DPM)计算出颗粒运动轨迹.然后使用Oka冲蚀磨损模型开展弯管角度、弯管位置、放喷量等5种因素与壁面冲蚀规律研究,最后使用最大冲蚀速率、壁面质量损失以及管汇刺漏时间等3种指标评价管汇的冲蚀特性.结果 在控制单因素变量的前提下,随着含砂率从1％增长到5％时,弯管最大冲蚀速率增加了约4倍;随着放喷量从3.0×105 m3/d增加到5.1×106 m3/d时,最大值出现在1.0×106 m3/d附近,弯管最大冲蚀速率相比3.0×105 m3/d增加了3.7倍;当弯管角度从90°增加到165°时,最大冲蚀速率下降了85％,但120°弯管最大冲蚀速率最大;随着弯管距出口距离从5 m增加到30 m时,最大冲蚀速率下降了86％;当颗粒形状系数从0.67增加到1时,最大冲蚀速率增大了5倍.结论 含砂率与最大冲蚀速率相关度最大,弯管位置与最大冲蚀速率的相关度最小.最大冲蚀速率随含砂率、颗粒形状系数的增加而增大,随弯管角度和距出口直管段长度的增加而减小,但120°弯管冲蚀最严重.随放喷量的增加,弯管最大冲蚀速率呈现出先增大、后减小、最后趋于平稳的规律.     

Evaluating the Effect of Hardness on Erosion Characteristics of Aluminum and Steels

In this paper, the erosion behavior of commonly used stainless steels (AISI 310S, AISI 316), carbon steel (AISI 1020), and Aluminum 6060 were experimentally investigated. The effect of hardness on erosion rates and on the morphologies of eroded surfaces has been evaluated. The experiments were carried out using an air jet erosion tester and utilizing angular alumina as erodent with 50 µm particle size. The samples were tested at six different impact angles (15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, and 90°) using three different impact velocities (30, 60, and 100 m/s). The eroded surfaces were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) for the evaluation of material degradation. The erosion rates were found to increase with the increase of the alloy bulk hardness and Aluminum 6060 showed maximum erosion resistance. For all specimens, the erosion rates were found to increase with the increase of impact velocity and the maximum erosion rate was found to occur between 15° and 30° impact angles. The obtained results were found to correlate very well with Oka et al. (Wear, 259:95–101, 2005) erosion model.     

The erosion‐corrosion resistance of uncoated and aluminized 12% chromium ferritic steels under fluidized‐bed conditions at elevated temperature

In this paper, some results from a study of the erosion‐corrosion resistance of uncoated and aluminized 12% chromium steel in a fluidized‐bed rig are reported. The aims of the research are to establish and compare the erosion‐corrosion resistance of these materials for possible applications as heat exchangers in future power plants, and to obtain an increased understanding on their behaviour and mutual superiority in a range of conditions. Damage to the uncoated 12% chromium steel occurs by an oxidation‐affected erosion process under all the studied conditions, with spallation of scale being the primary mechanism of material wastage. At a temperature of 550°C, the uncoated steel follows the typical angle‐dependence of a brittle material, while, at temperatures above 550°C, it follows an angle‐dependence that is more typical of a ductile material. This change in the angle‐dependence with temperature is related to characteristics, i.e. uniformity, adhesion and density, of the formed oxide scales. The rate of material wastage increases with increase in speed and temperature, due to the development of thicker, more uniform and more dense oxide scales, that promote more severe scale spallation. The erosion‐corrosion behaviour of the aluminized 12% chromium steel changes in the temperature range from 600°C to 650°C. This is due to a shift from a brittle‐like to a ductile‐like angle‐dependence and to a more rapid oxide scale build‐up at temperatures above 600°C. At an impact angle of 30° and at 550°C and 600°C, the prevailing erosion‐corrosion process for the aluminized steel is oxidation‐affected erosion. At 650°C and 700°C for an impact angle of 90°, the primary erosion‐corrosion mode is essentially erosion‐enhanced oxidation. The results of the study have also demonstrated that the Al₅Fe₂ coating deposited by pack aluminization offers enhanced protection against erosion‐corrosion at shallow impact angles at 550°C and 600°C and at steeper impact angles at 700°C.     

Elevated Temperature Solid Particle Erosion Performance of Plasma-Sprayed Co-based Composite Coatings with Additions of Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> and CeO<Subscript>2</Subscript>

In this paper, investigation into solid particle erosion behavior of atmospheric plasma-sprayed composite coating of CoCrAlY reinforced with Al₂O₃ and CeO₂ oxides on Superni 76 at elevated temperature of 600 °C is presented. Alumina particles are used as erodent at two impact angles of 30° and 90°. The microstructure, porosity, hardness, toughness and adhesion properties of the as-sprayed coatings are studied. The effects of temperature and phase transformation in the coatings during erosion process are analyzed using XRD and EDS techniques. Optical profilometer is used for accurate elucidation of erosion volume loss. CoCrAlY/CeO₂ coating showed better erosion resistance with a volume loss of about 50% of what was observed in case of CoCrAlY/Al₂O₃/YSZ coating. Lower erosion loss is observed at 90° as compared to 30° impact angle. The erosion mechanism evaluated using SEM micrograph revealed that the coatings experienced ductile fracture exhibiting severe deformation with unusual oxide cracks. Reinforced metal oxides provide shielding effect for erodent impact, enabling better erosion resistance. The oxidation of the coating due to high-temperature exposure reforms erosion process into oxidation-modified erosion process.     

阀芯旋转式高速开关阀稳态液动力矩研究

为突破高速开关阀阀芯行程对开关频率的限制,提出一种阀芯旋转式高速开关阀。采用理论计算与CFD仿真相结合的方法,研究不同阀芯旋转角度下阀芯结构参数变化对阀口过流面积、流量系数、射流角及液动力矩的影响,得到了液动力矩的变化规律。研究结果表明：液动力矩与阀口压差及流量的二次方成正比;压差一定时,液动力矩与阀口过流面积及射流角余弦值成正比,随着阀芯旋转角度增大,液动力矩先增大后减小;流量一定时,液动力矩与阀口过流面积成反比,随着阀芯旋转角度增大,液动力矩逐步减小为零。通过调整阀芯沟槽高度来改变射流角,达到补偿液动力矩的目的。