Catalytic Synthesis of Chemicals from Coal

While the oil and gas needed for the production of chemicals in the United States is only a small percentage of the total oil and gas consumed, the manufacture and use of chemicals from these hydrocarbons has a tremendous impact on the economy of the country. A study by A. D. Little, Inc. [1] in 1973 showed that the impact of a 15% decline in production of organic chemicals could result via a “multiplier” effect in a loss of over 1,700,000 jobs and a $65 to 70 billion loss in the production value of goods. One need only look around to see how pervasive and ubiquitous chemicals from petroleum products are in everyday life; our clothes, our food (fertilizers), all sorts of polymers, plastics, drugs and medicinal, tires, tubing, building materials, automobile interiors-the list is long and verge important to the economic health and growth of the country.     

A Technological Perspective for Catalytic Processes Based on Synthesis Gas

Abstract

Continuously increasing oil prices, a dwindling supply of indigenous petroleum, and the existence of extensive coal reserves has made the conversion of coal to chemicals and clean-burning fuels an increasingly important part of the national energy programs for a number of industrial nations. In particular, there is a growing interest in the production and use of synthesis gas as a feedstock for the manufacture of fuels and chemicals. Most of the proposed routes are catalytic in nature, and are directed at overcoming the limitations of Fischer-Tropsch chemistry, especially selectivity. Over the past several years, research efforts have led to new selective routes to various fuel fractions; to petrochemical feedstocks including light olefins and various aromatics; to commodity chemicals such as ethylene glycol, ethanol, and acetic acid; and to a number of other fuels and chemicals.     

Thermochemical processing of rubber waste to liquid fuel

Abstract

Liquid obtained from solid rubber waste via a thermochemical conversion process is expected to play an important role in the future of energy as high value energy carriers and value added chemicals. The energy density of liquid is higher than raw rubber waste because of both chemical and physical characteristics. The Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) coun tries, especially Malaysia and Indonesia, generate a significant amount of solid waste in the form of natural rubber. Leading on from the elemental composition and thermal characteristics (obtained via thermogravimetric analysis) of solid rubber waste, the production of pyrolysis liquid oil by a fixed bed pyrolysis technique has been attempted. This is both energy recovery and protection of the environment. The liquid oil may be used directly as raw fuel in diesel engines. The liquid oil was characterised by Fourier transform infrared and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry techniques for its detailed chemical composition. The fuel properties of the derived oil were also analysed and compared with petroleum products.     

Production of Biocomponent Containing Gas Oil with the Coprocessing of Vegetable Oil�CGas Oil Mixture

We investigated the impact of the enhanced sulphur content of feedstocks during the production of gas oil with bio-component content in one catalytic step, on a NiMo/Al₂O₃ catalyst from sunflower oil-containing gas oil. The mixing of vegetable oil reduces the efficiency of hydrodesulphurization compared to the pure gas oil feedstock, but using the favourable process parameter combination high scale desulphurization can be achieved.     

低渗透油田开发调整技术对策研究

低渗透油田有很多特点,比如油气比较多,油气藏类型也很多,分布区域比较广。如果可以比较合理科学的开发低渗透油田,对我国石油开采能够产生极为积极的影响。基于此,主要讨论了目前低渗透油生产的具体特征,使用油藏工程的方法,以此调整技术,让地层能量得以保持,尽量减缓产量递减的情况。并且探索了开发效果评价以及开发政策界限,以此提高油田的采收率,分析了剩余油的分布特征影响因素。     

热分解气氛对流化床煤热解制油的影响

在循环流化床锅炉上耦合流化床热解反应器既可提供电力又副产热解油,明显提高煤的利用价值。在这个过程中,热解反应器通常利用自身产生的热解气作为流化介质。本文考察了模拟热解气反应气氛对流化床煤热解拔头制取热解油产率的影响,并利用TG-FTIR分析了焦油官能团组成及随TG温度的变化。针对锅炉用烟煤的实验结果表明：采用热解气作为反应气氛时焦油产率最大,相对无水无灰基煤达13%。反应气氛中H₂和CO₂的存在不利于焦油生成,但CO 和CH₄的加入提高了焦油产率;H₂的加入有利于焦油中酚羟基、羧基类化合物生成,同时也促进了脂肪族化合物的裂解;CH₄的存在可以提高焦油中单环芳烃、脂肪族及酚羟基类化合物的含量。     

LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF AN ENERGY-SYSTEM WITH A SUPERHEATED STEAM DRYER INTEGRATED IN A LOCAL DISTRICT HEAT AND POWER PLANT.

Abstract

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a method for analysing and assessing the environmental impact of a material, product or service throughout the entire life cycle. In this study 100 GWh heat is to be demanded by a local heat district. A mixture of coal and wet biofuel is frequently used as fuel for steam generation (Case 1). A conversion of the mixed fuel to dried biofuel is proposed. In the district it is also estimated that it is possible for 4000 private houses to convert from oil to wood pellets. It is proposed that a sustainable solution to the actual problem is to combine heat and power production together with an in improvement in the quality of wood residues and manufacture of pellets. It is also proposed that a steam dryer is integrated to the system (Case 2).

Most of the heat from the drying process is used to the municipal heating networks. In this study the environmental impact of the two cases is examined with LCA. Different valuation methods shows that Case 2 is an improvement over Case 1, but there is diversity in the magnitudes of environmental impact in the comparison of the cases. The differences depend particularly on how the emissions of CO₂, NO_x and hydrocarbons are estimated. The impact of the organic compounds from the exhaust gas during the drying is estimated as low in all of the three used methods.     

油价飚升与天然气的开发利用

由于石油输出国组织增产后的原油产量，仍未达到历史普达到过的水平，市场油价仍居高不下，我国已探明的天然气储量（含煤层气）虽丰，但仅考虑作清洁燃料一种方式来利用不妥，应探索天然气的更有效利用途径。     

危险化学品的安全管理

危险化学品是一类常见的化学物质,大都具备容易燃烧、容易爆炸、有毒、有害和容易腐蚀等性质,故危险化学品在生产、贮存、装卸、运输等环节中较易造成人员伤亡和财产损失。企业化工生产对危险化学品的使用必不可少,但是其固有的危险性对人身安全、财产安全和生态环境的安全构成极大威胁。尤其是我们国家危险化学品的管理现状不容乐观,所面临的问题也日益突出,以此为出发点,论述了加强危险化学品安全管理的必要性和意义,并且针对我国危险化学品安全管理的现状,提出了一些对策。     

Technology of the Fischer-Tropsch Process

Abstract

Sasol One, formerly known as South African Coal, Oil, and Gas Corp., operates a plant for the production of liquid fuels, pipeline gas, and chemical products from coal in Sasolburg in the province of the Orange Free State in South Africa. This plant started production in 1955 and today Sasol has 25 years' practical experience with the production of synthesis gas via Lurgi coal gasification and the synthesis of hydrocarbons by the Fischer-Tropsch process. In 1975 the decision was taken to build a much larger Fischer-Tropsch plant, mainly for the production of motor fuels, and this plant is at present being commissioned. The first final products from this plant will become available to the public early in the second half of 1980. The continuing increase in crude oil prices and instability on the oil supply market were the incentives for the decision in 1979 to build anther Sasol plant practically identical to Sasol Two. Construction on this Sasol Three plant is well under way and it is expected to start producing in 1982. The three plants together will bring South Africa significantly closer to its goal of independence from foreign crude oil supplies.     

Separation of Fine Particles from Nonaqueous Media: Free Energy Analysis and Oil Loss Estimation

Abstract

In industrial processes for the separation of fine particles from oil to produce clean liquid fuels, a significant portion of oil is entrained by the solids and is lost, A semi-empirical model is proposed to explain the mechanism of oil loss and floe carryunder. The favorability of the transfer of fine particles from oil to water was determined by conducting a free energy analysis of the process. The ratio of the water drop to particle radius (size ratio) and the contact angle were found to be important parameters affecting the free energy change. The oil loss was found to increase with an increase in size ratio. To verify the model, experiments to determine oil loss in a practical system were conducted for two different surfactants. The model was found to fit experimental data for oil loss very well. The results show that by choosing a suitable surfactant and demulsifier, it is possible to decrease the oil loss considerably. Hence, the proposed model is useful for evaluating the efficiency of the separation process.     

Using Alternative Chemicals in the Flotation of Heavy Metals from Lead Mill Tailings

Abstract

The U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) investigated alternative chemicals for the flotation of heavy metal values from southeast Missouri lead mill tailings. The objectives of the study were to lower the Pb remaining in the reprocessed tailings to <500 ppm, concentrate the metal values, and lower the overall toxicity of the flotation reagent scheme. Due to the high toxicity of classic flotation chemicals, collectorless flotation, as well as nontoxic or less-toxic chemicals, was studied for use in the flotation process. The investigation centered on the National tailings pile in Flat River, MO. Advantages to using alternative chemicals for the flotation process are presented. Novel reagent schemes are discussed for the treatment of the tailings. Various nontoxic or less-toxic oils were tested, and a substitute for sodium sulfide was investigated. Using a food additive oil, soda ash, and a frother as the reagent scheme, froth flotation recovered 89% of the Pb values. Further scavenging lowered the Pb remaining in the reprocessed tailings to <500 ppm. A less-toxic substitute for sodium cyanide was also studied for use in the cleaner flotation stages. Preliminary results indicate that the food additive oil, canola oil, to be as effective as classic sulfide flotation reagents.     

THE FIRING OF REFRACTORY PRODUCTS IN FRANCE1

Importance of the question for a country where fuel is expensive and resources are less than consumption. Types of Kilns Used. —Principally continuous kilns; some intermittent ones and a few tunnel kilns. Heating of Kilns. —Heating direct or with gas—evolution of ideas. Conclusion. —Heating in modem kilns consists in transporting calories from one point to another with the minimum of loss, the hearth serves only to compensate these losses while raising the calories to a higher potential. The firing of refractory products can be considered either from the purely technical point of view of the influence of the firing temperature on the quality of final product, or from the economic point of view of obtaining this firing temperature in the least onerous manner. The fuel question plays an important part in the ceramic industry, particularly in the making of refractories; it is one of the important elements in cost of production, especially in a country like France in the present situation. Our² production of coal in 1913 amounted, in round numbers, to 40 million tons; in 1921 due to our coal mines having been destroyed, the extraction was only 28 million tons. In 1920, although our needs amounted to 80 million tons, we were able to obtain, both in French and foreign coals, not more than 50 million tons. The saving of fuel, undertaken in all of the great nations, presented then and still presents to our country a primordial interest. The point of these various statements is to show very briefly the technic of firing in the industry of refractory products in France and the evolution of ideas in respect to firing.     

潜油电泵腐蚀性研究

我国多数油气田已进入中、高含水期,各种采油设施的腐蚀十分严重,潜油电泵是油田主要采油设备之一。为了提高潜油电泵运行寿命,分别从物理因素和化学因素方面对潜油电泵腐蚀性、机理等进行分析研究,为提高产品的性能和可靠性奠定基础,对油田生产起到更好的促进作用。     

Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Gas,Oil, and Coal Power Plants in Pakistan by Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): A Review

The production of energy in Pakistan as a developing country mainly depends on consumption of fossil fuels, which are the main sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. These emissions can be mitigated by implementing carbon capture and storage (CCS) in running plants. An overview of the current and future potentials of Pakistan for CCS is provided, indicating a great potential for this technology to capture CO₂ emissions. The amine CO₂ capture process as the most mature procedure is currently applied in many oil and gas companies in Pakistan, which can be employed to capture CO₂ from other industries as well. Pakistan has a great CO₂ storage potential in oil, gas, and coal fields and in saline aquifer as well as significant resources of Mg and Ca silicates suitable as feedstock in the carbon mineralization process. For further development and implementation of CCS technologies in Pakistan, economic and policy barriers as the main obstacles should be alleviated.     

Wasserstoff-Produktion aus Kohlenwasserstoffen. Fortschritte und Entwicklungstendenzen bei Synthese und Reinigung

Production of hydrogen from hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are the preferred starting materials for the industrial production of hydrogen. Most hydrogen is produced by steam reforming of light hydrocarbons. Partial oxidation of heavy oil and residue is used for the production of H₂ and synthesis gas in large plants. In both cases gas purification was improved. Hydrogen-rich gases like coke oven gas, refinery-offgas, and offgases from the chemical and petrochemical industry have high potential for becoming a major source of hydrogen. Processes for recovering H₂ (and by-products) are condensation and rectification at low temperatures and, most attractive and versatile for the production of very pure H₂, adsorption (PSA). The environmental impact of H₂ production lies mainly in the emission of CO₂ and heat. Other forms of pollution can be considerably reduced by conventional methods. The economy of H₂ production depends essentially on price and availability of the raw materials.     

Long term behaviour of poly(vinyl chloride) products under soil buried and landfill conditions

Abstract

The long term performance of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) products has been investigated in laboratory scale landfill simulation assays. Leachate and gas were monitored and PVC samples were inspected. No degradation of the PVC polymer was observed. Plasticised PVC products showed a certain loss of additives. In addition, leachate samples from actual landfill sites were analysed for phthalates and organotin compounds. A preliminary assessment of the environmental impact indicates that there is no significant contribution of PVC waste to concentrations of heavy metals in landfills, and the presence of phthalates and organotin compounds in the leachate is not expected to constitute a risk to the aquatic environment.     

高压含气原油凝点测量新方法

针对常规测量方法只能测量常压下脱气原油凝点的不足,提出了落球法测量高压含气原油凝点的新方法,分析了测量的原理,设计了一套高压含气原油凝点测量装置,比较了该装置和常规方法对常压脱气原油的测量结果,测量了不同溶解气油比、不同压力下含气原油的凝点,分析了压力和溶解气对原油凝点的影响。结果表明,对于常压脱气原油,该装置的测量结果与常规方法吻合。压力对原油的凝点有一定的影响,随压力的升高凝点上升,在本试验条件下,压力每上升2MPa,凝点上升0.7℃;溶解气油比对原油的凝点有影响,含气原油的凝点低于脱气原油的凝点,对所研究的油样来说,溶解气油比每增加10m³·m^-3,凝点大约降低1℃。本研究结果可为高含蜡油田的生产管理和油气集输设计提供依据。     

LUBRICATING OIL SLUDGE AND ITS DEMULSIFICATION

ABSTRACT

The oil sludge generated from the pretreatment of the used lubricating oil re-refinery is characterized as a complex and tight water/oil emulsion. The water content varies from 38 to 77 wt%. When the water content is low, the emulsion is of water in oil type. When the water content is high, small oil droplets exist in the dispersed water phase. The oil in the sludge is not different from the oil in the raw feed based on physical and thermal analyses. Centrifuging or gravitational settlement at elevated temperature does not show significant effects on water separation. The usage of inorganic chemicals and the typical demulsification agents from oil fields does not give satisfactory results either. The ultrasonic wave shows some dehydration on some samples. The freeze and thaw method proves to be the best method with over 90% of water removed from the oil sludge at the energy cost of about 0.01 US$/liter.     

Hybrid composite materials

Hybridization of carbon fibre with basalt fibre significantly increases production of carbon-fibre-reinforced plastics, which allows expanding the areas of application of these effective materials not only for special purposes, but also for the most important types of products in machine building, auto and rail transport, in the river and marine fleet, etc. The increased demand for hybrid carbon-fibre-filled plastics requires nitron manufacturers to increase, and not decrease output and to use it not only in industry but also for manufacturing domestic wool-like items, which will reduce imports. Hybridization of carbon fibres with 30–40% basalt fibres will stimulate the development of the basalt fibre, yarn, and fabric sector, which will reduce their cost and expand the areas of application particularly for roads and transportation so that basalt will be as valuable a resource for our country as oil and gas. Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 6, pp. 5–7, November-December, 2008.