Atomic number Z dependence of dynamics of laser-ablated materials

We simulate the density and temperature of laser-produced plasmas for various atomic number Z materials covering from Li to Au. In the range of the intensity from 10⁹ to 10¹⁴ W/cm² of 1 ns and 1.06 μm wavelength Nd:YAG lasers, the ablated plasma is modeled well by the constant temperature expansion model. We carried out radiation hydrodynamic simulations for the density scale length around the electron density of 10²³ to 10²⁰ cm⁻³, to examine its dependence on the atomic number Z. At the laser intensity of 10¹⁰ W/cm², our simulation shows that the Z dependence of the scale length is proportional to Z^1/2. For more intense laser, the Z dependence weakens, and the scale length becomes almost independent of Z. We point out that the simulated profiles, such as the density and temperature, and especially the double ablation structure of high Z material, are rather sensitive to use of different radiation opacity models.     

Predictions of multiple K- and L-shell ionization by alpha-particle impact on atoms with Z = 10 to 100

The peaked binary-encounter approximation is used to compute cross sections for removing one or more electrons from K- and L-shells of atomic targets with Z = 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 60, 80 and 100 by bombardment with alpha particles. The cross sections, σ_{1K, nL} and σ_{2K, nL}, are plotted over a range of alpha energies in the MeV region near the peaks of these cross sections. The relative magnitudes of the σ_{1K, nL} and σ_{2K, nL} cross sections are similar. Estimates of multiple-ionization cross sections for other projectiles may be determined in some instances by means of the z² scaling law for the ionization probability.     

Experimental widths of K and L x-ray lines

Most probable values of K and L x-ray line width have been determined by constructing least-squares computer fits to the available experimental points plotted against atomic number. The numerical values of line width, thus obtained, for the K x-ray and the L x-ray lines are presented in the table. The experimental points, the least-squares smooth curves, and the results of the most recent theoretical predictions are presented in graphical form.     

Relativistic Dirac-Fock expectation values for atoms with Z = 1 to Z = 120

Numerical relativistic Dirac-Fock calculations for the average energy of the LS ground-state configuration of neutral atoms with Z = 1 to Z = 120 are presented. For open-shell systems a simple method is used to average over all the jj subconfigurations arising from the single LS configuration. The procedure of minimizing the average energy of the LS configuration allows a detailed comparison with nonrelativistic results and gives values slightly different from most of those previously published and obtained by considering only the lowest energy subconfiguration in jj coupling. Tabulations of total atom energies, orbital binding energies, one-electron integrals, expectation values of rⁿ for n = 6, 4, 2, 1, ?1, ?2, ?3, and the radius at which the orbital density has its maximum value are presented. A comparison with nonrelativistic Hartree-Fock results is given for elements with Z = 1 to Z = 100.     

Lamb shift measurements in high Z hydrogenic ions

This paper presents a possible technique for the measurement of the ground state Lamb shift in hydrogenic krypton, Kr³⁵⁺, via a comparison of the Lyman α and Balmer β wavelengths. Measurements of the yields of the Lyman α transitions in Kr³⁵⁺ using krypton beams at 18.6, and $\text{34 MeV}\text{A}$ are described.     

Incident energy dependence of dilepton production in an expanding baryon-rich quark-gluon fireball

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Internal conversion coefficients for atomic numbers Z ≤ 30

Presented here are internal conversion coefficients (ICC) of gamma rays for 20 values of atomic number Z in the range 3 ≤ Z ≤ 30, including all Z ≥ 14. The tables provide the previously missing data for light elements. Coefficients are given for 19 values of gamma-ray transition energies up to 6 MeV for the K-electron shell and 18 values up to 2 MeV for three L-subshells. The minimum energy is 15 keV. The first five electric and magnetic nuclear transition multipolarities are covered. The calculations are relativistic, with screening and finite nuclear size effect taken into account.     

Internal conversion coefficients for E5 and M5 nuclear transitions, 30 ≤ Z ≤ 104

Presented here are internal conversion coefficients (ICC) for E5- and M5-multipolarities of nuclear gamma rays for 75 values of atomic number Z in the range 30 ≤ Z ≤ 104. The tables provide the missing data for E5 and M5 transitions in the Hager and Seltzer tables. These tables contain M-shell ICC, which those of Sliv and Band do not, and are calculated in a better atomic field (Hartree-Fock-Slater). The calculations are relativistic with finite nuclear size effect taken into account. K-shell ICC for 20 values of the transition energy up to 6 MeV, L-subshell ICC for 25–26 values of the transition energy up to 2 MeV, and M-subshell ICC for 18 values of the transition energy up to ≈0.2 MeV are given.     

Reaction list for charged-particle-induced nuclear reactions Z = 1 to Z = 98 (H to Cf), July 1972–June 1973

This Reaction List for charged-particle-induced nuclear reactions has been prepared from the journal literature for the period July 1972 through June 1973. Each published experimental paper is listed under the target nucleus in the nuclear reaction with a brief statement of the type of data in the paper. The nuclear reaction is denoted by A(a,b)B, where M_a≥ (one nucleon mass). There is no restriction on energy. Nuclear reactions involving mesons in the outgoing channel are not included. Theoretical papers which treat directly with the analysis of nuclear reaction data and results are included in the Reaction List.     

Semiempirical Auger-electron energies for elements 10 ≤ Z ≤ 100

Auger-electron energies are calculated for a wide range of transition processes in elemental systems by means of a general semiempirical method developed within an intermediate-coupling framework. Experimental electron subshell binding-energy data are combined with Slater integral values, an adiabatic relaxation correction term, and, where appropriate, a solid-state correction term. The approach uses data derived from atomic Hartree-Fock calculations and does not require any fitting to experimental Auger energies. The limitation on accuracy is closely related to the reliability of available electron binding-energy data. For systems where such values are known to high accuracy, agreement between experimental and calculated Auger-electron values is generally within 1–2 eV with the maximum discrepancies near 5 eV. However, when the uncertainties in the binding energies used are larger, such uncertainties are correspondingly associated with the Auger-electron energy predictions. The values presented in these tables may be readily modified if superior binding energies become available. Furthermore, with suitable binding-energy data the tables may be adapted to predict Auger-energy values for the vapor phase as well as for the solid phase of the elemental system. With the exception of the elements Ne, Cl, Ar, Br, Kr, Xe, and Rn the tabulated values are for solid systems and are referenced to the Fermi level.     

X-ray energy separation method using a CdTe semiconductor X-rayimaging sensor and photon counting method

A multichannel X-ray imaging sensor using a CdTe compound semiconductor radiation detector in photon counting mode was developed and tested for digital X-ray imaging and an X-ray energy separation capability. The X-ray imaging sensor was constructed of CdTe detector elements at a pitch of 0.25 mm. High band amplifiers, discriminators, and counters attached to each element formed the pulse counting circuit. Charge pulses generated by absorbed X-ray photons were directly counted and separated into two energy regions. Digitized X-ray images containing energy information were thus obtained. Using this sensor two separate X-ray images of different energy can be obtained simultaneously. A 256-channel X-ray imaging sensor was prepared and used to provide spatial resolution measurement for an X-ray charge. Low and high energy images of a hand phantom were thus obtained and both a soft tissue image and a bone image were produced using an energy subtraction method     

Dose and energy dependence of interface trap formation in cobalt-60and X-ray environments

The radiation-induced buildup of interface traps is examined on radiation-hardened 20-nm-gate-oxide n-channel transistors irradiated with ⁶⁰Co and 10 keV X-rays. A variation in the fundamental dependence of interface-trap (ΔD_it) growth on dose from linear with dose to a square-root dependence was observed. The samples with the largest low-dose interface-trap buildup showed the slowest rate of growth (D^1/2), while the samples with the smallest low-dose ΔD_it showed the fastest buildup (linear with dose). A possible qualitative explanation of this behavior based on cluster centers is given. The interface-trap density growth was observed to tend toward saturation at doses above 3 Mrad (SiO ₂). A photon energy dependence of D_it formation between ⁶⁰Co and X-ray irradiation was not observed     

The lamb shift in hydrogen-like atoms, 1 ⩽ Z ⩽ 110

Theoretical energy levels and energy-level separations for n = 1 and n = 2 states of hydrogen-like atoms with nuclear charge numbers in the range 1 ? Z ? 110 are tabulated. Quantum electrodynamical corrections of first and second order in the fine-structure constant α are included, together with finite nuclear size corrections, reduced mass corrections, and recoil corrections.     

Atomic subshell photoionization cross sections and asymmetry parameters: 1 ⩽ Z ⩽ 103

Atomic subshell photoionization cross sections and asymmetry parameters are calculated with the Hartree-Fock-Slater one-electron central potential model (dipole approximation) for all elements Z = 1–103. The cross-section results are plotted for all subshells in the energy region 0–1500 eV, and cross sections and asymmetry parameters are tabulated for selected energies in the region 10.2–8047.8 eV. In addition, more detailed graphs are given for the 4d (Z = 39–71) and 5d (Z = 64–100) subshell cross sections in the vicinity of the Cooper minimum. These data should be particularly useful for work based on spectroscopic investigations of atomic subshells using synchrotron radiation and/or discrete line sources.     

Orbital and whole-atom proton stopping power and shell corrections for atoms with Z ⩽ 36

Stopping cross sections and shell corrections for atoms with 1 ? Z ? 36 have been evaluated using a technique based on Sigmund's kinetic theory of electronic stopping. Results are tabulated for projectile velocities from 1 to 60 atomic units both for the whole atom and for the individual subshells.     

CdTe semiconductor X-ray imaging sensor and energy subtractionmethod using X-ray energy information

A multichannel X-ray imaging sensor using a CdTe compound semiconductor radiation detector was developed. Both the digital X-ray imaging and energy-information-generating analyzing method were studied. The X-ray imaging sensor consisted of 512-channel CdTe detector elements at a pitch of 0.2 mm. X-ray photons were directly detected using a photon-counting method and high- and low-energy images were obtained simultaneously. The specific resolution was obtained over 2.5 line pairs/mm in the channel direction and 1.6 line pairs/mm in the scanning direction with a scanning pitch of 0.2 mm. The energy subtraction method was found to be effective in distinguishing an object's component materials     

Atomic ion energies for Na-like ions by a model potential method Z = 25–80

The energies of the states 3s, 4s, 5s, 3p, 4p, 5p, 3d, 4d, 5d, 4f, 5f, and 6f of ions of the Na-like series with nuclear charge Z = 25–80 are presented. The energies have been calculated by a model potential method, the model potential for arbitrary nuclear charge Z being constructed from available experimental data for the first members of the series.     

An empirical formula for calculation of range of charged particles with Z from 2 to 103 and energy from 2.5 MeV/nucleon to 500 MeV/nucleon in beryllium

A new empirical formula for quick estimation of range in beryllium material of charged particles with the charge number from 2 to 103 and with energy in the range from 2.5 to 500 MeV/nucleon has been given. This formula was found based on a table of ranges measured experimentally and calculated up to 1990. It is shown that the differences between the values calculated by our formula and the values tabulated in the table is less than about 2% for all ions in the whole energy range.