ATRP法合成两亲性三嵌段共聚物

采用原子转移自由基活性聚合(ATRP)的方法,先以苯乙烯(St)为单体,α-溴代异丁酸乙酯(Ei B-Br)为小分子引发剂,Cu Br/PMDETA为催化体系,通过本体聚合制备出大分子引发剂聚苯乙烯(PS-Br)。再以PS-Br为引发剂引发第二单体甲基丙烯酸二甲氨基乙酯(DMAEMA)的本体聚合,得到PS-b-PDMAEMA-Br二嵌段共聚物,接着用PS-b-PDMAEMA-Br分别引发第三单体甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)和甲基丙烯酸叔丁酯(t BMA)的本体聚合,得到三嵌段共聚物PS-b-PDMAEMA-b-Pt BMA,运用GPC、1H-NMR以及FTIR等对三嵌段共聚物进行表征;最后通过酸性水解得到PS-b-PDMAEMA-b-PMAA两亲性嵌段共聚物,并初步探究其表面活性。结果表明所得两亲性三嵌段共聚物具有一定的降低表面张力的能力,但弱于硬脂酸类小分子表面活性剂。     

月桂烯的活性阴离子聚合及其"巯基-双键"点击反应

采用阴离子聚合方法,以仲丁基锂为引发剂,成功合成了均聚月桂烯(PM)、苯乙烯(St)-月桂烯 (Mc) 两嵌段共聚物,以及St-Mc-St三嵌段共聚物,对Mc的活性阴离子聚合特性进行了研究,并对所合成聚合物的相对分子质量和分子组成进行了表征。结果表明:合成的聚合物具有相对分子质量可控且分布窄的特点,极性调节剂N,N,N,N-四甲基乙二胺能够显著改变Mc双键的活性,实现其活性阴离子聚合的选择性控制;2,2-二甲氧基-2-苯基苯乙酮和二苯甲酮(BP)作为光引发剂均可以实现PM与3-巯基丙酸甲酯的"巯基-双键"点击反应。其中,以BP为光引发剂,双键、巯基、BP摩尔比为1.00∶10.00∶1.00,反应48 h,点击效率为99%。采用阴离子聚合方法,为PM后功能化的研究以及高性能功能化材料的合成提供了高效的方法。     

活性负离子向原子转移自由基变换合成嵌段共聚物研究(英文)

以正丁基锂为引发剂,以苯、环己烷等为溶剂,引发苯乙烯聚合形成活性负离子,然后加入α－甲基苯乙烯封端,最后加入液态溴进行溴化,形成含苄基溴末端大分子引发剂（PSBr）。以CuClbPy为催化剂,用PSBr引发MMA,MA和BA等单体的ATRP聚合,得到了一系列相对分子质量可控、相对分子质量分布较窄的嵌段共聚物。     

荧光探针法研究结构明确的BzO-PDMAEMA均聚物水溶液性质

通过氧阴离子聚合合成了一系列不同相对分子质量的结构明确的BzO—PDMAEMA，用芘作为荧光探针研究了BzO—PDMAEMA在水溶液中的胶束化行为，发现CMC值与用表面张力法测得的结果相一致，即随BzO—PDMAEMA相对分子质量的增加而减小，但荧光探针法测得的CMC值稍大；LCST值则随相对分子质量的增加而增加。     

聚甲基丙烯酸-苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸的合成

以萘钠为引发剂双向引发活性阴离子聚合制备嵌段共聚物聚甲基丙烯酸叔丁酯-苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸叔丁酯(PTBMA—PS—PTBMA)，并在碱性条件下水解合成了ABA型两亲嵌段共聚物聚甲基丙烯酸-苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸(PMAA—PS—PMAA)。对产物进行了傅立叶红外光谱分析，热分析及凝胶色谱分析。当苯乙烯与α-甲基丙烯酸叔丁酯投料质量比为54：46时，所得共聚物相应嵌段质量比为79：2l左右。     

FeCl2/亚氨基二乙酸催化的原子转移自由基聚合制备苯乙烯/甲基丙烯酸甲酯嵌段共聚物

将催化剂FeCl2/亚氨基二乙酸用于原子转移自由基聚合制备PS-b-PMMA嵌段共聚物.大分子引发剂和嵌段共聚物的相对分子质量及其分布用GPC测定,共聚物的结构用红外光谱表征,玻璃化转变温度用DSC测定.     

用原子转移自由基聚合制备苯乙烯／丙烯酸丁酯／苯乙烯三嵌段共聚物

利用原子转移自由基聚合,以α,α′－二氯对二甲苯为双功能引发剂,在ＣｕＣｌ／２,２′－联吡啶配位化合物催化下,采用二段聚合法合成了苯乙烯／丙烯酸丁酯／苯乙烯三嵌段共聚物,用ＧＰＣ测定了嵌段共聚物的相对分子质量及其分布。     

苯乙烯和甲基丙烯酸甲酯梯度共聚物的合成

以2－溴异丁酸乙酯为引发剂,溴化亚酮／联二吡啶／铜为催化剂,通过原子转移自由基聚合（ATRP）以及连续补加第二单体的方法制备苯乙烯（St)－甲基丙烯酸甲酯（MMA）梯度共聚物。共聚物相对分子质量的可控性和窄分布证明这是一种活性聚合过程,反应过程中聚合物链的组成变化情况说明形成了梯度结构;聚合温度和MMA加料速度影响聚合速率和共聚物梯度结构,聚合温度升高和加料速度增大使聚合速率加快;改变单体与引发剂的配比,可以得到相应的相对分子质量聚合物。     

嵌段共聚物PAN-b-PZDMA的合成及表征

使用原子转移自由基聚合法(ATRP)设计合成了大分子引发剂PAN-Br,通过引发甲基丙烯酸锌单体聚合制备得到黏均相对分子质量(简称黏均分子量,下同)分别为7 507、8 517、9 905的嵌段共聚物聚丙烯腈-b-聚甲基丙烯酸锌(PAN-b-PZDMA),利用1HNMR和FTIR确认了大分子引发剂和嵌段共聚物的分子结构。TGA和DSC测试结果显示,ZDMA链段抑制了聚丙烯腈的环化反应,提高了聚合物的热性能。     

种子乳液聚合制备MMA-DMAEMA共聚物及其表面活性研究

采用种子乳液聚合的方法制备了甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)和甲基丙烯酸二甲胺基乙酯(DMAEMA)共聚物。分别以产物性状和黏度为考核指标,考察了引发剂种类、乳化剂种类、乳化剂用量和聚合温度对聚合产物的影响;合成了四种不同DMAEMA含量(DMAEMA含量均大于10%)的共聚物,并利用红外、核磁及元素分析对其结构进行了表征;研究了四种共聚产物的p H、温度敏感性及开关乳化性。实验结果表明:制备MMA-DMAEMA共聚物的最优实验条件为单体浓度为27%(其中种子乳液的单体MMA占5.4%)、引发剂用量为单体总质量2‰(种子乳液时用量为0.4‰)、V-50为引发剂、十二烷基三甲基溴化铵为乳化剂且用量占体系总质量的4.2%、反应温度为45℃;在碱性条件下,共聚物对温度敏感,具有低临界溶解温度(LCST),LCST随着溶液中Na OH浓度的增大而降低;随着单体配比中DMAEMA含量的增加,产物溶液表面张力增大,表面活性降低;MMA∶DMAEMA=1∶1或2∶1时,共聚产物具有开关乳化性,为其在含油污泥方面的应用奠定了基础。     

Synthesis of diblock and triblock copolymers from butyl acrylate and styrene by reverse iodine transfer polymerization

Well‐defined AB and BA diblock copolymers were obtained by a one‐pot two‐step sequential block copolymerization by reverse iodine transfer polymerization (RITP), A being a poly(styrene) block and B a poly(butyl acrylate) block. High monomer conversions during the formation of the first block avoided the purification steps before growing the second block. In a third sequential step, the diblock copolymers were further extended to synthesize ABA and BAB triblock copolymers. Furthermore, the synthesis of ABA and BAB copolymers in only two steps by RITP was investigated starting with the formation of the central block using 2,5‐di(2‐ethylhexanoylperoxy)‐2,5‐dimethylhexane as a difunctional initiator and then resuming the polymerization to grow the external blocks in a second step. The obtained copolymers were analyzed by size exclusion chromatography, transmission electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Structural control in radical polymerization with 1,1 diphenylethylene: 2. Behavior of MMA-DPE copolymer in radical polymerization

Copolymers of 1,1-diphenylethylene (DPE) behave in a very special way in radical polymerization. Particularly, the behavior of MMA-DPE copolymers in radical polymerization is investigated. The results reveal that the semiquinoid structure of the precursor polymer identified in a previous contribution is activated by the attack of free radicals and thus, in a second stage polymerization with a second monomer, block copolymers are formed. The block copolymer yield depends strongly on the ratio between the amount of DPE-containing precursor polymer and the initiator and monomer concentration used in the second stage. The mechanism proposed is able to explain at least qualitatively all experimental results including the restriction of this mode of control of radical polymerization to the formation of diblock copolymers only.     

Rate enhancement of the N-oxyl-controlled free radical copolymerization of styrene with N-vinylcarbazole

Poly(styrene-co-N-vinylcarbazole) copolymers with controlled molecular weights and narrow polydispersities were synthesized by N-oxyl-controlled free radical copolymerization using benzoyl peroxide as initiator and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl as terminating agent. To improve the low polymerization rates, the radical initiator dicumyl peroxide (DCP) was introduced and its effects on the polymerization rate, the molecular weight and the polydispersity were studied. It was demonstrated that the introduction of DCP leads to a significant enhancement of the polymerization rate and that copolymers with high N-vinylcarbazole contents as well as N-vinylcarbazole homopolymer can be obtained. The enhancement of the polymerization rate corresponds to a decrease in the number of chain breaking reactions which leads to polymers with lower polydispersities compared with those polymerized at the same monomer conversion without DCP. This could be proved via comparative chain-extension experiments with styrene leading to poly(styrene-co-N-vinylcarbazole)-block-poly(styrene) diblock copolymers.     

Poly(dimethylsiloxane‐b‐styrene) diblock copolymers prepared by reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization: Kinetic model

Well‐defined polydimethylsiloxane‐block‐polystyrene (PDMS‐b‐PS) diblock copolymers were prepared by reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization using a functional PDMS‐macro RAFT agent. The RAFT polymerization kinetics was simulated by a mathematical model for the RAFT polymerization in a batch reactor based on the method of moments. The model described molecular weight, monomer conversion, and polydispersity index as a function of polymerization time. Good agreements in the polymerization kinetics were achieved for fitting the kinetic profiles with the developed model. In addition, the model was used to predict the effects of initiator concentration, chain transfer agent concentration, and monomer concentration on the RAFT polymerization kinetics. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Preparation of amphiphilic PS-b-PMAA diblock copolymer by means of atom transfer radical polymerization

Amphiphilic diblock copolymers of polystyrene-b-poly(methacrylic acid) were synthesized by means of atom transfer radical polymerization. First, the polystyrene with a bromine atom at the chain end (PS-Br) was prepared using styrene as the monomer, 1-bromoethyl benzene as the initiator, and CuCl/2,2′-bipyridyl (bpy) as the catalyst ([1-bromoethyl benzene]/[CuCl]/[bpy] = 1:1:3). The polymerization was well controlled. Second, the diblock copolymer of polystyrene-b-poly(tert-butyl methacrylate) was synthesized also by atom transfer radical polymerization using PS-Br as the macro-initiator, CuCl/bpy as the catalyst, and tert-butyl methacrylate (tBMA) as the monomer. Finally, the amphiphilic diblock copolymer, PS-b-PMAA, was obtained by hydrolysis of PS-b-PtBMA under the acid condition. The molecular weight and the structure of aforementioned copolymers were characterized with gel permeation chromatography, infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 2381–2386, 2001     

Synthesis and characterization of perfluorocyclobutyl aryl ether-based amphiphilic diblock copolymer

Perfluorocyclobutyl aryl ether-based amphiphilic diblock copolymer containing hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) segment was synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Perfluorocyclobutyl-containing methacrylate-based monomer, 4-(4′-p-tolyloxyperfluorocyclobutoxy)benzyl methacrylate, was prepared firstly, which can be polymerized by ATRP in a controlled way to obtain well-defined homopolymers with narrow molecular weight distributions (M_w/M_n ≤ 1.30). The molecular weights increased linearly with the conversions of monomer and the apparent polymerization rate exhibited first-order relation with respect to the concentration of monomer. ATRP of 4-(4′-p-tolyloxyperfluorocyclobutoxy)benzyl methacrylate was initiated by PEG-based macroinitiators with different molecular weights to obtain amphiphilic diblock copolymers with narrow molecular weight distributions (M_w/M_n < 1.35) and the number of perfluorocyclobutyl linkage can be tuned by the feed ratio and the conversion of the fluorine-containing methacrylate monomer. The critical micelle concentrations of these amphiphilic diblock copolymers in water and brine were determined by fluorescence probe technique. The morphologies of the micelles were found to be spheres by TEM.     

The chemoenzymatic synthesis of AB-type diblock copolymers from a novel bifunctional initiator

A novel bifunctional initiator 2,2,2-trichloroethanol (TCE) is used for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of AB-type diblock copolymer polycaprolactone-block-polystyrene (PCL-b-PSt) by combination of two fundamentally different synthetic techniques: enzymatic ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of ε-caprolactone (ε-CL) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene (St). The kinetic study on the TCE-initiated enzymatic ROP of ε-CL in the presence of the biocatalyst Novozyme-435 was investigated. By optimization of the reaction conditions, TCE quantitatively initiated enzymatic ROP of ε-CL. Trichloromethyl-terminated PCL macromolecules prepared in this way were subsequently employed as macroinitiators in the ATRP of St using CuCl/2,2′-bipyridine as the catalyst system to afford well-defined AB-type diblock copolymers PCL-b-PSt. The kinetic analysis of ATRP indicated a ‘living’/controlled radical polymerization. The polymeric nanospheres were prepared by the precipitation method from two resulting PCL-PSt diblock copolymers with different content ratio of PSt to PCL. It was determined by DLS and AFM that two different diameter nanospheres had been obtained.     

黄原胶与丙烯酰胺接枝共聚反应的研究

以过硫酸铵为引发剂,在氮气保护下,研究了黄原胶与丙烯酰胺的接枝共聚反应。考察了单体浓度、引发剂浓度、反应温度和反应时间等因素对接枝率及接枝效率的影响,探讨了过硫酸铵引发黄原胶接枝丙烯酰胺共聚反应的基本规律。采用红外光谱、X射线粉末衍射对接枝共聚物的结构进行研究,用热重分析法表征了产物的热性能,并初步探讨了接枝机理。结果表明,过硫酸铵能有效地引发黄原胶与丙烯酰胺的接枝共聚反应,并且接枝率和接枝效率随单体浓度、引发剂浓度、反应温度的变化出现极大值,随反应时间的延长不断上升,直至基本不变。     

Synthesis and characterization of pH/temperature-sensitive block copolymers via atom transfer radical polymerization

In order to prepare well-defined pH-sensitive block copolymers with a narrow molecular weight distribution (MWD), we synthesized a pH-sensitive block copolymer via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of sulfamethazine methacrylate monomer (SM) and amphiphilic diblock copolymers by the ring-opening polymerization of d,l-lactide/?-caprolactone (LA/CL), and their sol-gel phase transition was investigated. SM, which is a derivative of sulfonamide, was used as a pH responsive moiety, while PCLA-PEG-PCLA was used as a biodegradable, as well as a temperature sensitive one, amphiphilic triblock copolymer. The pentablock copolymer, OSM-PCLA-PEG-PCLA-OSM, was synthesized using Br-PCLA-PEG-PCLA-Br as an ATRP macroinitiator. The number average molecular weights of SM were controlled by adjusting the monomer/initiator feed ratio. The macroinitiator was synthesized by the coupling of 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide with PCLA-PEG-PCLA in the presence of triethyl amine catalyst in dichloromethane. The resultant block copolymer shows a narrow polydispersity. The block copolymer solution shows a sol-gel transition in response to a slight pH change in the range of 7.2-8.0. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and NMR were used for the characterization of the polymers that were synthesized.     

Preparation of methoxy poly(ethyleneglycol)-block-poly(caprolactone) via activated monomer mechanism and examination of micellar characterization

Summary The polymerization of ε–caprolactone (CL) in the presence of HCl·Et₂O via activated monomer mechanism was performed to synthesize diblock copolymers composed of methoxy polyethyleneglycol (MPEG) and poly(ε–caprolactone) (PCL). The obtained PCLs had molecular weights close to the theoretical values calculated from the CL to MPEG molar ratios and exibited monomodal GPC curves. We successfully prepared MPEG and PCL diblock copolymers by activated monomer mechanism. The micellar characterization of MPEG-PCL diblock copolymers in an aqueous phase was carried out by using NMR, dynamic light scattering, AFM and fluorescence techniques. The diblock copolymers formed micelles with a critical micelle concentration (CMC) ranging 2.07×10^-2–1.16×10^-3 mg/mL depended on the block lengths of diblock copolymers. The diameters of micelles, measured by dynamic light scattering, were 100–250 nm. Most micelles exhibited a spherical shape in AFM.