The inference of accident liability from the accident record.

Under the assumption of unchanged liability after the occurrence of an accident, the distributions of accident liability in groups can be broken up into probable component distributions of liability for subgroups with different accident records. It is shown that the component distributions have the same form as the total distribution if the latter is of Type III. Accident records have some validity as indicators of accident liability, but relative certainty that particular persons have high accident liability can be achieved only for that small number of cases whose accident records include a large number of accidents. Quantitative examples are given. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The problem of inference from curves based on group data.

The use of curves based on averaged data to infer the nature of individual curves or functional relationships is hazardous only when interpretations of the group data, or inferences derived from them, are unwarranted and violate accepted principles of statistical inference. The problems involved in and the procedures appropriate to each of 3 mathematical functions are discussed: Class A, Functions unmodified by averaging; Class B, Functions for which averaging complicates the interpretation of parameters but leaves form unchanged; and Class C, Functions modified in form by averaging. The form of a group mean curve may provide a way to test exact hypotheses about individual curves, although the form of the latter is not determined by the form of the group mean curve. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Assessing the empirical validity of the "Take-the-best" heuristic as a model of human probabilistic inference.

The boundedly rational "Take-The-Best" heuristic (TTB) was proposed by G. Gigerenzer, U. Hoffrage, and H. Kleinb?lting (1991) as a model of fast and frugal probabilistic inferences. Although the simple lexicographic rule proved to be successful in computer simulations, direct empirical demonstrations of its adequacy as a psychological model are lacking because of several methodical problems. In 4 experiments with a total of 210 participants, this question was addressed. Whereas Experiment I showed that TTB is not valid as a universal hypothesis about probabilistic inferences, up to 28% of participants in Experiment 2 and 53% of participants in Experiment 3 were classified as TTB users. Experiment 4 revealed that investment costs for information seem to be a relevant factor leading participants to switch to a noncompensatory TTB strategy. The observed individual differences in strategy use imply the recommendation of an idiographic approach to decision-making research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The welfare of children and "the new federalism."

Discusses some concerns of members of the National Governors' Association about "new federalism" proposals offered by the Reagan administration (e.g., a turnback of many programs affecting children, youth, and families, and the revenue sources to support them, from the federal government to the states). The impact of new federalism proposals is analyzed in relation to target populations to be affected by the proposed changes. (3 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Oleg: A member of the Soviet "Golden Youth."

As one in a series of case studies which are being made a part of a larger project aimed at understanding the psychological and sociological dimensions of the Soviet society, the case of Oleg is presented. Such factors as Oleg's family and cultural background, his selection of a career, and the cause and effect of his defection are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The influence of psychological stress on the "intolerance of ambiguity."

"The hypothesis that psychological stress will result in increased intolerance for ambiguity is supported by the generally significant differences between the stress and security groups on the experimental measures." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The influence of response patterns on the "refined empathy score."

"The refined empathy score, although controlling for similarity, is still an unsatisfactory measure of empathic ability. The patterns of response, previously unperceived, act through the scoring system to influence to a large extent, the refined empathy score. A subject receives a high empathy score, not necessarily because of his high empathic ability, but because of his pattern of response and the pattern of response of the associate whom he chooses." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Save the piecesp A note on "The role of the family in the development of psychopathology."

Corrects factual mistakes in Frank's (see 39:6) report of the method and results of a study by Zuckerman, Oltean, and Monashkin, and disputes his treatment of other studies. Frank questioned the value of a retrospective statistical approach to the study of the role of the family in psychopathology. Examples are cited to show that this approach has contributed to the discovery of etiology in other disorders. Considering the possible multiplicity of factors in the etiology of behavior disorders and the lack of reliability in the instruments used, it is reasonable to demand replication but unreasonable to demand that groups be separated with no overlap. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Commentary on "Publishing opinions: A note on the usefulness of commentaries."

Comments on J. J. Christensen-Szalanski and L. R. Beach's (see record 1984-21471-001) conclusion that the attention given to commentaries and replies to articles did not justify the extra space. The author indicates that a 40% increase in space was associated with a 91% increase in citations; data do not argue against the use of commentaries. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A comment on "a paradigm for determining the clinical relevance of hypnotically induced psychopathology."

A critique of the paper by Reyher in which he sets forth a model for experiments in the hypnotic induction of emotional states, and attacks all earlier research which fails to conform to this model. It is pointed out that Reyher's approach assumes that various psychoanalytic hypotheses of the origins of emotional states are empirically verified. He supposes erroneously that hypnotically suggesting a state directly always specifies the behavior which should follow from that state. He assumes, without empirical evidence, that suggesting a state in a "pure" form renders consequent experimental results inapplicable to clinical practice. Reyher's rejection of the earlier work, as well as much of his claim for his model, is found to be without adequate basis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The contribution of nondeprivation factors in the production of sensory deprivation effects: The psychology of the "panic button."

From the premise that both social cue factors, or demand characteristics, and sensory deprivation operations combine in producing commonly observed effects of sensory deprivation, an experiment is reported which tests the hypothesis that sensory deprivation effects can be produced by manipulating demand characteristics while holding the effect of the physical environment constant. Experimental Ss were exposed to pre-experimental conditions which were designed to imply to them that sensory deprivation effects were expected to emerge. The same physical conditions were structured for control Ss in such a way as to lead them to expect nothing to happen. Results show that the groups were significantly different on a number of before and after tests, as well as in general clinical appearance, and these results were interpreted as supporting the hypothesis. An interpretation is offered of the operation of demand characteristics as a factor interacting with treatment conditions. Ways of taking demand characteristics into account in sensory deprivation research are suggested. (22 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Discussion of Gilliland and Newman's "The Humm-Wadsworth Temperament Scale as an indicator of the 'problem' employee."

"It is implied by Gilliland and Newman [see 28: 3350] that they used Humm's procedures in classifying their subjects according to 'risk'… but they do not appear to have done so, and… The only conclusion we are able to draw from this study is that it supports our own contention that over-simplified procedures are inadequate for appraising workers, but that it offers no evidence as to the effectiveness of the Humm-Wadsworth, properly used… ." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The detection of feigned uncoached and coached posttraumatic stress disorder with the MMPI-2 in a sample of workplace accident victims.

In this study research participants completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) under standard instructions and then were asked to fake posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) when completing the MMPI-2 for a 2nd time in 1 of 4 conditions with different instructions on how to fake PTSD: (a) uncoached, (b) coached about PTSD symptom information, (c) coached about MMPI-2 validity scales, or (d) coached about both symptoms and validity scales. These MMPI-2 protocols were then compared with protocols of claimants with workplace accident-related PTSD. Participants given information about the validity scales were the most successful in avoiding detection as faking. The family of F scales (i.e., F, FB, Fp), particularly Fp, produced consistently high rates of positive and negative predictive power. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Maladaptive cognitive appraisals mediate the evolution of posttraumatic stress reactions: A 6-month follow-up of child and adolescent assault and motor vehicle accident survivors.

A prospective longitudinal follow-up study (n = 59) of child and adolescent survivors of physical assaults and motor vehicle accidents assessed whether cognitive processes predicted posttraumatic stress symptomatology (PTSS) at 6 months posttrauma in this age group. In particular, the study assessed whether maladaptive posttraumatic appraisals mediated the relationship between initial and later posttraumatic stress. Self-report measures of PTSS, maladaptive appraisals, and other cognitive processes, as well as structured interviews assessing for acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), were completed at 2–4 weeks and 6 months posttrauma. PTSS and PTSD at 6 months were associated with maladaptive appraisals and other cognitive processes but not demographic or objective trauma severity variables. Only maladaptive appraisals were found to associate with PTSS/PTSD after partialing out initial symptoms/diagnosis and to mediate between initial and later PTSS. It was argued that, on this basis, maladaptive appraisals are involved in the development and maintenance of PTSS over time, whereas other cognitive processes (e.g., subjective threat, memory processes) may have an effect only in the acute phase. The implications of this study for the treatment of PTSS in youths are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Secondary reinforcement and effort: Comment on Aronson's "The Effect of Effort on the Attractiveness of Rewarded and Unrewarded Stimuli."

(See 38: 3688) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Risk taking from the participant's perspective: The case of driving and accident risk.

Although perceived health risk plays a prominent role in theories of health behavior, its empirical role in risk taking is less clear. In Study 1 (N = 129), 2 measures of drivers' risk-taking behavior were found to be unrelated to self-estimates of accident concern but to be related to self-ratings of driving skill and the perceived thrill of driving. In Study 2 (N = 405), out of a wide range of potential influences, accident concern had the weakest relationship with risk taking. The authors concluded that although health risk is a key feature in many theories of health behavior and a central focus for researchers and policy makers, it may not be such a prominent factor for those actually taking the risk. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"A vengefulness of the impotent": The pain of in-group inferiority and schadenfreude toward successful out-groups.

Nietzsche (1887/1967) suggested that the emotional pain individuals feel about their in-group's inferiority leads them to feel the pleasure of schadenfreude when a successful out-group fails. To test this idea, 2 studies examined a fictitious competition between real universities. Individuals' pain about their in-group's inferiority explained schadenfreude at the failure of a successful out-group better than dislike of the out-group, interest in the domain of competition, illegitimacy of the out-group's success, and illegitimacy of the in-group's inferiority. In addition, emotions regarding the out-group's success (i.e., envy, dislike-based anger, and illegitimacy-based anger) were weaker explanations of schadenfreude than the pain of in-group inferiority and anger based in this pain (which Nietzsche referred to as ressentiment). Thus, schadenfreude has more to do with the inferiority of the self than with the success of others. As well as providing evidence for a specific form of prejudice grounded in group-based emotions, this research also revives displacement explanations of prejudice toward 3rd parties. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

YB／T 4170—2008《炼钢用直接还原铁》标准概述

介绍了YB／T 4170—2008《炼钢用直接还原铁》的任务来源，直接还原铁概况，工作过程，修改原则及主要技术内容，并对新标准的实施前景进行了展望。     

冷轧2A12铝合金大规格板"断带"的原因及对策

简述了2A12铝合金的物理特性及大规格板的重要用途；通过对轧制生产线各工序生产情况以及质量状况的跟踪调查，结合实际，对造成冷轧断带的原因及影响因素进行了分析；提出了相应的建议与对策。     

自恋人格与悲剧命运——简析爱伦·坡的《厄舍古屋的倒塌》

运用科胡特的自体心理学理论，探讨了爱伦·坡的小说《厄舍古屋的倒塌》中人物自恋人格的表现，以及自恋人格下的不伦之恋和悲尉命运．