Effect of boric acid and heat treatment for the formation of poly(vinyl alcohol)/iodine complex films iodinated at solution before casting

This study examined the role of boric acid and the effect of heat treatment on PVA‐iodine polarizing films prepared in the solution state before casting (IBC) of PVA/iodine/boric acid films. The films were prepared by casting aqueous solutions of 10 wt % poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) containing boric acid with 0, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 mol/l of I₂/KI aqueous solution, and I₂/KI(1 : 2) with 5 wt % of PVA. The effect of boric acid and heat treatment on the durability of the IBC PVA polarizing sheet films was investigated by UV–vis absorption spectroscopy. Boric acid was found to be essential for the complex formation in PVA/iodine solutions at relatively low I₂/KI concentrations and high temperatures. The strength of the complex peak at ∼ 600 nm in UV–vis absorption spectra increased with increasing boric acid concentration. With increasing heating temperature over 90°C the intensity of the peak at 600 nm corresponding to the complex decreased due to the evaporation of I₂ decomposed from I₅⁻, but the peak at 355 nm corresponding to free I₂·I₃⁻ was remained unchanged. From heat treatment at 150°C, the intensity of the peak at 600 nm decreased but the intensity of the complex peak (600 nm) of the sample with 0.5 mol/l boric acid was unaffected. The transmittance and degree of polarization for the films increased and decreased with increasing heat treatment time under heat and a humid atmosphere, respectively. However, this tendency decreased with increasing boric acid concentration and heat treatment. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Effect of boric acid treatment on the crystallinity and drawability of poly(vinyl alcohol)–iodine complex films

A film iodinated at solution state before casting (BIBC film) and a film iodinated after casting (BIAC film) were prepared by casting an aqueous solution of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) including I₂/KI and boric acid, and by successively soaking the PVA film in aqueous solutions of boric acid and I₂/KI, respectively. The boric acid-induced and I₂/KI-induced weight gains relative to the PVA were 3, 5, 7, and 10%, and 3, 5, 10, and 20%, respectively. The effects of boric acid and iodine on the crystallinity and drawability of the films were investigated. Although the crystalline structure of the BIAC films was not affected by boric acid, the boric acids in the PVA solution containing I₂/KI may have formed intra-molecular cross-links on the PVA chain to accelerate the formation of the PVA–iodine complex evenly, and subsequently interrupt the PVA crystallization through the BIBC film formation to render the resultant film slightly crystalline or practically amorphous. This occurred even at a much lower I₂/KI-induced weight gain (20%) than the minimum weight gain (125%) at which the iodinated at solution state before casting film without boric acid indicated a practically amorphous state. The maximum draw ratio of the films generally decreased with increasing boric acid content, which was mainly attributed to the increase of the extended segments of the PVA chains in the amorphous region due to the cross-links formed with the boric acids. The maximum draw ratios of the BIBC films tended to decrease more severely than those of the BIAC films.     

Effect of boric acid treatment method on the characteristics of poly(vinyl alcohol)/iodine polarizing film

Four types of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/iodine complex films were made using different boric acid treatments to prepare polarizing films having high durability under humid and warm atmospheres and to identify the effects of the boric acid treatment method on the formation of the PVA/iodine polarizing film. The four types of films were a PVA iodinated film(I), a PVA film that was iodinated and then treated with boric acid(I‐B), a PVA film that was treated with boric acid and then iodinated(B‐I), and a PVA film that was simultaneously treated with iodine and boric acid(I+B). The concentrations of I₂/KI were 0.03, 0.05, and 0.07 mol/L, and the concentrations of boric acid were 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 mol/L. Comparing four type films treated with 0.05 mol/L I₂/KI and 0.5 mol/L boric acid, the conformation of PVA/iodine complexes for I‐B film were larger than the others. The degrees of polarization (ρ) of all of the films increased to very high levels (99.9%↑). The durability of I‐B was superior to B‐I or I+B, and the change in the ρ was below 5% because the boric acid treated after iodine treatment reduced the molecular mobility of the PVA/iodine complex chains through intracrosslinking, so that the PVA/iodine complex could not easily collapse. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Structure and processability of iodinated poly(vinyl alcohol). II. Drawability of iodinated films

The drawability of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) films iodinated with 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mol/L I₂/KI aqueous solutions was examined with a tensile tester and a hand‐operated drawer at 30–150°C. The structure of the films drawn to a maximum draw ratio (MDR) and deiodinated was determined by X‐ray diffractometry, differential scanning calorimetry, and birefringence. Generally, the improvement of the drawability for the PVA film via iodination was ascertained by the increased breaking strain and decreased yield stress on the stress–strain curves when increasing the I₂/KI concentration of the aqueous solutions used in the iodination. The MDR was generally increased with the concentration of I₂/KI and the draw temperature. However, it diminished instead when close to the highest temperature and concentration of I₂/KI, which was likely due to molecular degradation by the action of iodine as an oxidizer. The variation of the structure of the films drawn and deiodinated seems to be dependent mainly upon the MDR rather than the concentration of I₂/KI. The greater the MDR was, the higher the degree of crystallinity, birefringence, and initial modulus were but the lower the melting temperature. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95:1209–1214, 2005     

Making polyvinyl alcohol films iodinated at solution state before casting and its application

This research focused on the manufacture a polarizing film with PVA iodinated at solution before casting (IBC) film, which was prepared by casting aqueous solutions of 10 wt % poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) containing boric acid with 0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mol/L of I₂/KI aqueous solution, and I₂/KI(1:2) with 0, 5, and 10 wt % of PVA. The lights of wavelengths between 450 and 700 nm were polarized in UV analysis. The degree of polarization and transmittance of the IBC polarizing film (10 wt % I₂/KI and 0.5 mol/L boric acid) are 99.9% and 43.2%, respectively. The resistance of the heat and humidity of IBC polarizing films was higher than that of commercial polarizing films, which were elucidated by changing the transmittance of the films. This can be explained by the fact that the interaction between polyiodine molecules and PVA chains as the state of IBC is higher than that of the commercial state. The effect of boric acid may be strengthened for the resistance of heat and humidity. Crosslinking by boric acid improved thermal properties of the IBC polarizing films, resulting from the increases of degradation temperature in DSC and TG analysis. And the unit cell broadening occurred, which was caused by the intrusion of boric acid into PVA chains in X-ray analysis. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Inclusion Compound of Poly(vinyl alcohol) with Multivalent Molybdenum Coordination Compound

An inclusion compound of Mo(VI,V,IV) complexes and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) that contains some carbonyl groups was prepared by a photoelectron transfer reaction between PVA and 12-molybdophosphoric acid (PMo₁₂). A dark-blue film was obtained when the aqueous solution of PMo₁₂ and PVA was irradiated with UV light. The film exhibited the characteristic electron spin resonance (ESR) signal of Mo(V). The existence of Mo(VI,V,IV) complexes was supported by XPS analysis of the film. Furthermore, the infrared (IR) and ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectra of the film showed weak absorption bands at 1710 cm^–1 and 300–314 nm that are consistent with carbonyl groups, which presumably are a result of partial oxidation of secondary hydroxyl groups on PVA. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of the dark-blue film exhibited a peak at 220.3°C that is different from PMo₁₂ and PVA. Except for the IR absorption at 1710 cm^–1, the wavelengths and shapes of the other IR bands were similar to those of PVA. The UV–Vis spectrum of the film showed a new absorption band at 742–770 nm. In addition, the XRD spectrum of the film, the diffraction angles, and the crystalline sites were different from that in PMo₁₂ or PVA. However, the peak shape was similar to that of PVA. In summary, the DSC, IR, UV–Vis, and XRD data support a Mo(VI,V,IV) complex that is included into the spiral tube structure of PVA, which contains some carbonyl groups.     

Study on the structure and processibility of the iodinated poly(vinyl alcohol). I. Thermal analyses of iodinated poly(vinyl alcohol) films

To get more information on the structure of iodinated poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), thermal analyses of unoriented and oriented PVA films were conducted. Unoriented and oriented PVA films iodinated with aqueous solutions at selected concentrations were carried out by thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The TG curves for the iodinated film shows four or five weight‐loss zones associated with degradation and evaporation of excess I₂ molecules and I₂ molecules from I, partial OH side groups on PVA, and I₂ from I, the remaining OH groups and the partial main chains, the remaining main chains, and a very small amount of residue from PVA. The char of KI salts remained. By investigating the TG results, it was identified that the amount of I ions increased with increasing I₂/KI up to 65%, but above that weight gain, the rate of increase diminished and the amount of I ions from the I ions increased. The TG curve for the oriented film was very similar to that for the unoriented film except for its greater weight loss at zone I due to narrow space in amorphous region. The DSC thermogram of iodinated films indicated two peaks at 145°C and 160–170°C, corresponding to the melting of crystals and the degradations of OH groups and main chains, respectively. The maximum temperatures of peaks were much lower than that of the untreated one. ©2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 2407‐2415, 2004     

Polarizer effect and structure of iodinated before and after casting poly(vinyl alcohol) film

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/iodine polarizing film was manufactured as follows: PVA iodinated in solution before casting (IBC film) and iodinated again after casting (IBC + IAC film) and then the IBC + IAC film was drawn in boric acid aqueous solution (IBC + IAC polarizing film), to improve the durability of the polarizing film under a humid and warm atmosphere. These effects were examined by investigating the structural and optical properties of the IBC, IBC + IAC, and IBC + IAC polarizing films. In the IBC state, the PVA chain segments that combined boric acid and iodine were regarded as defects of the crystal, the formation of I₃⁻ decreased with respect to weight gain of boric acid. In the IBC + IAC state, the strength of the peak corresponding to I₃⁻ decreased and the I₅⁻ peak increased. The iodine ions penetrated into crystal of the IBC state during the IAC process and formed a new PVA/iodine complex crystal at the 2θ = 20° in the X‐ray diffraction curves. In the IBC + IAC polarizing film state, another type of polarizing film (IBC + IAC polarizing film‐H) containing I₃⁻ ions mainly was manufactured as well as the IBC + IAC polarizing film to compare the effects of the I₃⁻ and I₅⁻ ions on the durability of the polarizing films. The durability of the I₃⁻ ions that were complexed with the PVA chain was higher than the I₅⁻ ions, which could possibly be separated to I₃⁻ and I₂. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

On the poly(vinyl alcohol)–iodine complexes

The color development due to the complex formation of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with iodine increased with increasing syndiotacticity of PVA. Isotactic PVA showed no color development. The color development of syndiotacticity-rich PVA film decreased with increasing annealing temperature for films before complexization, whereas that of atactic (commercial) PVA increased with it. Lower temperatures, the elongation of complex film, and the presence of boric acid enhanced the absorbance at 600 nm due to I^?₅. The complexes are assumed to be made by incorporation of polyiodines into aggregates of syndiotactic sequences in PVA. The polarizability and electric conductivity of complex films are investigated. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Structure and processability of iodinated poly(vinyl alcohol) (III)‐structure of films iodinated in solution before casting

Films iodinated at solution before casting (IBC films) were prepared by casting aqueous solutions of 10 wt % poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) containing selected quantities of I₂/KI. The quantity of I₂/KI was controlled to obtain 15.2, 39.8, 83.2, 117.0, and 140.1%. The Thermogravimetry (TG) curves of the IBC film exhibited three distinct zones corresponding to the evaporation of H₂O and I₂ molecules (zone I), evaporation of I₂ and partial decomposition of side groups (? OH) (zone II), degradation of the remaining side groups and partial degradation of the main chain (zone III‐1), and degradation of the remaining main chain and the char zone corresponding to KI. The crystalline structure of the film with a weight gain of 15.2% was almost the same as that of the pure PVA, and the film with the weight gain of 140% was almost amorphous. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms of the IBC films with a weight gain of 15.2% and 39.8% indicated endothermic single or double peaks at around 180°C, corresponding to the crystal melting and degradation of side groups; those with weight gains of 83.2% and above indicated exothermic peaks at around 170°C, corresponding to crystallization, and broad endothermic peak at around 180–200°C, corresponding to the crystal melting and degradation of side groups. The dynamic mechanical α_a transition of the IBC film with the weight gain of 140.1% appeared at around 20°C. X‐ray diffraction and DSC analysis of deiodinated films show that the crystal structure, on deiodination of all the IBC films, regardless of crystallinity, returned to that of the pure PVA. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3497–3502, 2006     

Fabrication of highly monodisperse CeO2@poly(methyl silsesquioxane) microspheres and their application in UV‐shielding films

Highly monodisperse CeO₂@poly(methyl silsesquioxane) (PMSQ) microspheres were successfully prepared by a facile chemical precipitation technique. The structures and properties of CeO₂@PMSQ were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy techniques. We confirmed that the PMSQ microspheres were uniformly coated by CeO₂ nanoparticles, with about an 8 nm crystallite diameter. Then, CeO₂@PMSQ was incorporated into a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) matrix to fabricate PVA/CeO₂@PMSQ composite films by the casting of homogeneous solutions. The thermal and optical properties of the composite films were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and UV–visible spectroscopy. The results show the high UV‐shielding efficiency of the composites: for a film containing 2.5 wt % CeO₂@PMSQ microspheres, about 80% UV light at wavelengths between 200 and 360 nm was absorbed, whereas the optical transparency in the visible region still remained very high. The addition of CeO2@PMSQ microspheres improved the thermal stability of the PVA films. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134, 45065.     

Electron spin resonance and ultraviolet spectral analysis of UV‐irradiated PVA films filled with MnCl2 and CrF3

PVA films with various filling levels of CrF₃ and MnCl₂ were prepared. ESR and UV/VIS optical analysis were used to shed more light on the structural modification that occur due to filling with different levels and/or UV irradiation. The ESR analysis revealed that the spin configuration of CrF₃, MnCl₂, and CoBr₂‐filled PVA are different. The filling level dependence of ESR parameters was discussed. The UV‐VIS spectral analysis for pure PVA shows absorption bands at 265 and 280 nm, which were assigned to the presence of carbonyl groups. The addition of CrF₃ led to the appearance of another bands at 418 and 596 nm. The filling level and/or UV irradiation have no effect on the position of absorption bands but the intensity of these bands has been changed. The addition of MnCl₂ led to a new band at about 350 nm due to charge transfer transition. The ligand field parameters and optical energy gaps can be calculated and discussed. The results of optical and ESR analysis indicated that the Cr³⁺ or Mn²⁺ are present in its octahedral symmetrical form within the PVA Matrix. SEM micrographs of CrF₃ filled PVA is discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 104–111, 2003     

Conductivity studies of poly (vinyl alcohol)-iodine complex membrane

Summary The conductivities of polymers like poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and its iodine complex membranes are reported here. PVA-iodine complex membrane was prepared by dipping PVA film into an I₂–KI solution. The formation of the complex membrane was confirmed by IR spectra. Conductivities were determined from 30 to 300 °C with a frequency ranges from 42 Hz to 500 KHz in solid state. It was observed that iodine is known to act as a catalyst for dehydration of PVA. A possible mechanism for the dehydration of PVA catalyzed by iodine is also explained.     

Antioxidant,antifungal, water binding,and mechanical properties of poly(vinyl alcohol) film incorporated with essential oil as a potential wound dressing material

In this study, the properties of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) films incorporated with Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZMO) as a potential antioxidant/antibacterial material was investigated. PVA films were prepared from PVA solutions (2% w/v) containing different concentrations of ZMO. Water solubility, moisture absorption, water swelling, and water vapor permeability for pure PVA films were 57 ± 1.1, 99 ± 3.2%, 337 ± 8%, and 0.453 ± 0.015 g mm/m² h, respectively. Incorporation of ZMO into PVA films caused a significant decrease in water swelling and moisture absorption and increase in solubility and water vapor permeability. Tensile strength, elastic modulus, and elongation at break for pure PVA films were 13.5 ± 0.61 MPa, 15.2 ± 0.8 MPa, and 216 ± 4%, respectively. Incorporation of ZMO into the PVA films caused a significant decrease in tensile strength and elastic modulus and increase in elongation at break of the films. Pure PVA film showed UV‐visible light absorbance ranging from 280 to 440 nm with maximum absorbance at 320 nm. Addition of ZMO caused a significant increase in light absorbance and opacity. PVA films exhibited no antioxidant and antifungal activities, whereas PVA/ZMO films exhibited excellent antioxidant and antifungal properties. Although the bioactivity PVA films were improved by the addition of ZMO, however, the mechanical properties and water binding capacity of the films were weaken slightly. Thus, ZMO emulsified in the ethanol not compatible with PVA matrix and more suitable emulsifier was needed in order to obtain strong film with higher mechanical properties. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40937.     

Study on the structure of nylon 6 films iodinated before forming. III. Fine structure variation of the amorphous film through deiodination

Amorphous nylon 6 film iodinated before forming with an aqueous solution of 1.0N iodine–potassium iodide (I₂/KI) was deiodinated by dipping in water/ethylene glycol (EG) solutions of sodium thiosulfate with various EG contents and temperatures, washed with water, and dried at ambient condition. Structural variation through deiodination and the effects of the deiodination conditions were investigated by X‐ray diffractometry and differential scanning calorimetry. The degree of swelling of the films immediately after deiodination and the time required to complete the deiodination were generally increased and decreased, respectively, with increasing temperature and EG content. The amorphous iodinated film was crystallized through deiodination. The α‐crystal formation became easier with increasing temperature and EG content in the solution. The crystallinity of the films was higher after drying than before drying, suggesting that the drying induced further crystallization without any significant conversion of crystal type. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Photophysical studies of polyvinylcarbazole polymer films

Polyvinylcarbazole (PVK) films have been prepared by solution method. Their absorption spectra, photoluminescence, and electroluminescence have been studied. Absorption in pure PVK is found to be high at lower wavelengths in UV region and decreases in visible range. In case of I₂ doped PVK, absorption is observed in visible region also. The photoluminescence is obtained in pure PVK when exited by violet or blue light but in case of I₂ doped PVK, similar excitation gives low intensity peaks in yellow–green region. The results indicate that I₂ levels in PVK causes absorption in 400–600 nm wavelength range and makes the deexcitation of the molecules nonradiative. Light emission by application of ac voltage from mains up to 100 V has been studied. Nonlinear increase in emission intensity has been observed with increasing voltage. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 722–726, 2007     

Role of CoBr2 on the structural,optical and magnetic properties of polyvinyl alcohol films

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films filled with different concentrations of CoBr₂ were prepared using the casting method. These films were characterized by FTIR, UV–visible, XRD, and ESR techniques. FTIR spectra were used to clarify the structural variations due to the filling level from CoBr₂. The observed bands at 3484, 1733, and 1640 cm^?1 were assigned to O? H, C?O, and C?C stretching vibrations, respectively. UV–visible spectra shows the absorption band at 280 nm which is assigned to π → π* transition. This indicates the presence of unsaturated bonds in tail to head of PVA. Optical energy gap decreased with increasing the concentration of CoBr₂. X‐ray diffraction scans show some decrease in the degree of crystallinity in the filled films which reveals an increase in amorphous phase of PVA due to the interaction between Co⁺² and polymeric matrix causing a molecular rearrangement within the amorphous phase of PVA. The observed complex ESR spectrum due to hyperfine interactions confirms the role of free radicals. Spectroscopic and magnetic properties of PVA/CoBr₂ composite films were investigated and compared with those of PVA alone. The results show that the change of the structure due to the interaction of filler with the polymer. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Effect of iodine absorption on the characteristics of syndiotacticity‐rich high molecular weight poly(vinyl alcohol) microfibril

Iodination of syndiotacticity‐rich high molecular weight poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) microfibril, which was obtained from the saponification of poly(vinyl pivalate) without a spinning procedure, was conducted before and after zone drawing at various conditions. The resulting PVA microfibrils were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. Surface morphologies of these PVA microfibrils showed some differences between PVA microfibrils iodinated after and before drawing. Crude shapes of PVA microfibrils iodinated after drawing indicated that iodine decreased the structural regularity severely. On the other hand, PVA microfibrils iodinated before drawing showed relatively ordered surfaces. This was ascribed to the enhanced molecular ordering of PVA microfibrils due to zone drawing. Iodinated PVA microfibrils showed a decrease in the crystal melting temperature of about 100°C compared to the untreated sample. PVA microfibrils drawn after iodination showed a relatively higher crystal melting temperature than those of microfibrils iodinated after drawing. These results were considered as proof of the changes in the crystalline lattice of the PVA microfibrils by iodine absorption. Effects of the drawing temperature on the sublimation of iodine were also evaluated. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1519–1524, 2003     

柠檬酸诱导合成铯钨青铜及其近红外遮蔽性能

以钨酸钠和碳酸铯为原料,在水热条件下利用柠檬酸有机诱导合成出铯钨青铜（CsxWO3）粉体,并将其分散于聚乙烯醇（PVA）溶液中,在玻璃表面制备CsxWO3薄膜。用X射线衍射仪和能谱仪对CsxWO,粉体的结构和形貌进行了表征,借助紫外一可见分光光度计研究了CsxWO3粉体及薄膜的光吸收性能。结果表明：Cs0.32WO3粉体和薄膜为六方结构,与用同样工艺得到的WO3相比,CsxWO3粉体表现出强烈的近红外吸收性能,粉体吸光度高达1．96,其薄膜表现出良好的近红外遮蔽性能,近红外1100rim处的透光率与町见光区的最高透光率相比,下降了13％～18％;经过紫外光照射后,CsxWO3薄膜表现出良好的光致变色性能,且其近红外遮蔽性能进一步提高,特别是在柠檬酸浓度较高的前驱液中合成的CsxWO3,其薄膜近红外遮蔽性能提高的效果更为明显,近红外区1100nm处的透光率与可见光区的最高透光率相比,下降了26％。     

Erbium(III)‐doped polyurethaneureas: Novel broadband ultraviolet‐to‐visible converters

Novel, polymeric UV‐to‐visible converters were prepared by doping elastomeric poly(ether‐urethaneurea) copolymers with 5–25% by weight of ErCl₃ 6H₂O, corresponding to Er³⁺ concentrations of 2.19 to 10.86% by weight. When excited in the UV at 355 nm, the doped films generated a very broad, continuous visible luminescence between 400 and 750 nm. Preparation and spectroscopic characterization of the samples are discussed in detail. The color coordinates, color temperature, color rendering index of the samples, and the degree of overlap of their emission bands with the spectral response of the eye were determined. The color rendering index of samples is in the 57–70 range. The sample containing 2.19% by weight of Er³⁺ was found to give the color coordinates closest to the white‐source region and the highest color rendering index. The color temperatures of the samples were in the 5093–5540 K range. Overlap between the emission bands and the spectral response of the eye improved with increasing erbium concentration. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010