奥氏体不锈钢封头的形变马氏体含量检测与影响因素

基于马氏体磁性特征,对冷成型奥氏体不锈钢封头的形变马氏体含量进行了检测,研究了形变马氏体含量在封头各部位的分布规律,同时分析了影响奥氏体不锈钢形变诱发马氏体相变的主要因素。结果表明:形变马氏体含量在封头各部位差异较大,直边段的形变马氏体含量最高,过渡区次之,球面部位最低;形变诱发马氏体相变主要与封头的化学成分和变形量等因素有关。最后提出了降低奥氏体不锈钢封头形变马氏体含量的措施。     

三种常用不锈钢的耐局部腐蚀性能

研究了微量元素含量不同的1Cr18Ni9Ti、304、316L三种奥氏体不锈钢的耐局部腐蚀性能,包括晶间腐蚀、点蚀和应力腐蚀。结果表明,Ti元素的添加和较低的含C量都能改善抗晶间腐蚀性能;Cr和N含量最高的固溶态304不锈钢最耐点蚀;Ni含量最高的固溶态316L在42%沸腾氯化镁溶液中抗应力腐蚀性能最优。     

304L不锈钢形变诱导马氏体的X射线衍射分析

为准确测定304L奥氏体不锈钢中形变诱导马氏体的含量,更好地解释该材料中形变诱导马氏体相变机制,使用X射线衍射法对一系列形变后的奥氏体不锈钢样品进行研究,采用Rietveld全谱拟合法对各物相含量进行分析,并与传统的直接对比法、K值法进行比较,该法能最大限度克服传统方法的缺点。分析结果显示:304L奥氏体不锈钢形变过程中会发生α′和ε马氏体相变,且低温形变会加速奥氏体不锈钢中奥氏体相向马氏体相的转变。     

304不锈钢在ECAP过程中形变诱发马氏体的定量计算

利用X射线衍射对经ECAP挤压及退火处理后的304奥氏体不锈钢进行了物相标定及各物相含量的定量计算.结果表明,经ECAP挤压后,不锈钢内明显形成α'和ε两种形变诱发马氏体,且α'马氏体含量高于ε马氏体含量.挤压后的不锈钢经退火处理后,α'马氏体含量显著下降,ε马氏体含量相对增加.奥氏体含量在第一道次挤压后明显下降,以后道次的挤压和退火处理对其影响较小.     

316L不锈钢在表面机械滚压处理时的形变诱导马氏体相变和组织细化过程

采用表面机械滚压处理(SMRT)在316L不锈钢表面制备出梯度纳米结构(GNS)表层,研究了SMRT对GNS表层中的相组成和微观组织演变的影响机制。结果表明:经SMRT后316L不锈钢表层的奥氏体相发生形变诱导马氏体相变,且马氏体含量随着SMRT压下量的增大而增多;微观组织的细化过程先后经历了高密度位错生成和交互作用、形变孪生、形变诱导马氏体相变和马氏体晶粒细化过程,最终在最表层形成以马氏体相为主、晶粒尺寸~55 nm的纳米晶组织。     

SUS304不锈钢三通裂纹产生原因分析

某电厂氨气输送管道上的SUS304不锈钢三通多次出现裂纹,通过宏观观察、渗透检测、化学成分分析、硬度测试、力学性能测试、金相检验等方法,分析了该三通裂纹产生的原因。结果表明:由于三通成型后没有进行规范的固溶热处理,导致显微组织中存在较多的形变马氏体和弥散分布的碳化物,增加了材料的硬度和脆性,加之三通成型内应力没有充分释放,三通在应力最大的肩部产生了裂纹。     

F304不锈钢阀门卸压杆断裂原因分析

通过宏观检验、金相检验和断口分析等方法,对F304不锈钢截止阀卸压杆断裂的原因进行了分析。结果表明:卸压杆发生了应力腐蚀开裂,裂纹起源于杆中心孔内壁并向材料中扩展;开裂的原因是卸压杆冷加工成形后未进行高温固溶处理,奥氏体不锈钢中存在大量形变诱发马氏体组织,同时天然气中存在硫等腐蚀性物质,导致氢脆型应力腐蚀,最终造成卸压杆断裂。     

微观组织对0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb马氏体不锈钢的耐点腐蚀性能的影响

采用化学浸泡法和模拟闭塞电池方法研究了固溶+时效和固溶+调整+时效处理的0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb马氏体不锈钢的耐点腐蚀性能,并与18-8型奥氏体不锈钢(316L)耐点蚀性能进行了对比。结果表明,0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb马氏体不锈钢组织内富Cu析出相促进了点蚀坑萌生,而点蚀坑发展则与组织形貌有关。固溶+调整+时效处理的0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb马氏体不锈钢因组织内析出富Cu相多而大,其萌生的点蚀坑密度较高,但由于马氏体板条较细,其点蚀坑尺寸和深度较小;固溶+时效处理的0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb马氏体不锈钢因组织内析出富Cu相少而小,萌生的点蚀坑密度较低,但粗大的板条马氏体组织导致点蚀坑尺寸和深度较大。与18-8型奥氏体不锈钢耐点蚀性能对比表明,通过对0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb马氏体不锈钢进行合理的热处理,其耐点蚀性能可与18-8型奥氏体不锈钢相当。     

马氏体相变对孔蚀闭塞区化学和电化学行为的影响

采用模拟闭塞电池法和模拟闭塞溶液法研究了奥氏体304不锈钢形变诱发马氏体相变对孔蚀闭塞区化学和电化学行为的影响。为了模拟闭塞区内外间的电偶电流，对试件通入电流进行阳极极化。结果表明，与未形变的304不锈钢的试验结果相比，随着马氏体含量的增加，闭塞区溶液pH值下降，Cl^-迁入闭塞区的量更多。马氏体相的存在增强了材料的电化学活性，使其在模拟闭塞溶液中的自腐蚀电位负移，维钝电流密度增加，加速了闭塞区金属阳极溶解，促进了孔蚀的发展。     

表面纳米化对316L不锈钢性能的影响

对316L不锈钢进行表面机械研磨处理(SMAT),研究表面组织变化对其硬度和在0.5 mol/LNaCl介质中腐蚀性能的影响.结果表明:通过SMAT可以在316L不锈钢表面制备出纳米结构层,随着处理时间的增加,表面纳米晶组织逐渐由单一的奥氏体相过渡到奥氏体与马氏体两相共存;表面纳米化和马氏体相变能够明显地提高316L不锈钢的表层硬度,使表面粗糙度略有下降;表面机械研磨处理降低了316L不锈钢在0.5mol/L NaCl腐蚀介质中的耐蚀性能.因为316L不锈钢表面纳米晶组织容易钝化,形成的钝化膜不稳定,提高了溶解速度.     

The Effect of Hydrogen on Fatigue Properties of Metals used for Fuel Cell System

The effect of hydrogen on the fatigue properties of alloys which are used in fuel cell (FC) systems has been investigated. In a typical FC system, various alloys are used in hydrogen environments and are subjected to cyclic loading due to pressurization, mechanical vibrations, etc. The materials investigated were three austenitic stainless steels (SUS304, SUS316 and SUS316L), one ferritic stainless steel (SUS405), one martensitic stainless steel (0.7C-13Cr), a Cr-Mo martensitic steel (SCM435) and two annealed medium-carbon steels (0.47 and 0.45%C). In order to simulate the pick-up of hydrogen in service, the specimens were charged with hydrogen. The fatigue crack growth behaviour of charged specimens of SUS304, SUS316, SUS316L and SUS405 was compared with that of specimens which had not been hydrogen-charged. The comparison showed that there was a degradation in fatigue crack growth resistance due to hydrogen in the case of SUS304 and SUS316 austenitic stainless steels. However, SUS316L and SUS405 showed little degradation due to hydrogen. A marked increase in the amount of martensitic transformation occurred in the hydrogen-charged SUS304 specimens compared to specimens without hydrogen charge. In case of SUS316L, little martensitic transformation occurred in either specimens with and without hydrogen charge. The results of S-N testing showed that in the case of the 0.7C–13Cr stainless steel and the Cr–Mo steel a marked decrease in fatigue resistance due to hydrogen occurred. In the case of the medium carbon steels hydrogen did not cause a reduction in fatigue behaviour. Examination of the slip band characteristics of a number of the alloys showed that slip was more localized in the case of hydrogen-charged specimens. Thus, it is presumed that a synergetic effect of hydrogen and martensitic structure enhances degradation of fatigue crack resistance.     

Austenitic stainless steels at cryogenic temperatures 1—Structural stability and magnetic properties

The structure and magnetic properties of some 15 austenitic stainless steels were examined after cyclic cooling treatments and low temperature deformation. Magnetic measurements at room temperature, 77 K, and 4.2 K and subsequent metallographic examination suggest that many of the AISI 300 stainless steels such as 301, 302, 303, 304, 304L, 305, 316L, 321, and 347 must be considered potentially unstable with respect to the formation of the ferromagnetic α′ martensite phase on repeated cooling to low temperatures. This structural instability was increased significantly after a sensitizing treatment in the weldable steels 304L, 321, and 347 leading to the formation of up to 11.2% a′ martensite, part of which formed isothermally. Low temperature deformation is even more potent in promoting the transformation, at least 50% α′ martensite being induced by deformation at 4.2 K in the otherwise stable alloys such as 309 and the 0.2% N versions of 304L and 316L. The high alloy steels 310 and Kromarc 55 remain fully a austenitic even after deformation to rupture at 4.2 K. The temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility of the latter alloys and Incoloy 800 indicates that their low temperature structural stability is associated with magnetic transitions which occur within the austenite phase.     

18-8型奥氏体不锈钢在低周疲劳变形下的微观组织特征

利用透射电镜系统地研究了18—8型奥氏体不锈钢在低周疲劳变形下的微观组织,包括奥氏体位错组态,形变孪晶和形变马氏体。发现奥氏体位错组态与应变幅和温度有关,形变马氏体主要在 SB 交截处形核,在室温和低温下由于母相变形方式的不同而产生不同的组织特征。     

Effect of strain rate on quasistatic tensile flow behaviour of solution annealed 304 austenitic stainless steel at room temperature

Room temperature tensile test results of solution annealed 304 stainless steel at strain rates ranging between 5 × 10⁻⁴ and 1 × 10⁻¹ s⁻¹ reveal that with increase in strain rate yield strength increases and tensile strength decreases, both maintaining power–law relationships with strain rate. The decrease in tensile strength with increasing strain rate is attributed to the lesser amount of deformation-induced martensite formation and greater role of thermal softening over work hardening at higher strain rates. Tensile deformation of the steel is found to occur in three stages. The deformation transition strains are found to depend on strain rate in such a manner that Stage-I deformation (planar slip) is favoured at lower strain rate. A continuously decreasing linear function of strain rate sensitivity with true strain has been observed. Reasonably good estimation for the stress exponent relating dislocation velocity and stress has been made. The linear plot of reciprocal of strain rate sensitivity with true strain suggests that after some critical amount of deformation the increased dislocation density in austenite due to the formation of some critical amount of deformation-induced martensite plays important role in carrying out the imposed strain rate.     

奥氏体不锈钢热轧板焊接接头的腐蚀行为

用低碳不锈钢(ER308L)对304不锈钢进行手工钨极氩弧焊接(TIG),并将其分别置于硫酸、盐酸、6%FeCl3和混合酸溶液中进行电化学腐蚀试验,测试了焊接接头在不同介质中的电化学腐蚀行为、电化学特征值以及晶间腐蚀倾向.结果表明:随H2SO4浓度的升高,焊缝金属抗电化学腐蚀能力先减小后增大,在H2SO4浓度约60%时最差;随HCl浓度升高,焊缝金属抗电化学腐蚀能力逐渐下降,钝化区间短暂,活化区较长;在混合酸中焊缝金属钝化区间较宽,但没有明显的钝化平台;在6%FeCl3溶液中阳极极化曲线出现明显的点蚀特征;焊缝金属的抗电化学腐蚀性能好于母材,其在盐酸和硫酸中的电化学腐蚀性能与浸泡腐蚀结果一致;焊接接头没有产生晶间腐蚀.     

脉冲电流处理对轧制316L不锈钢的快速强化

目的 探究不同参数的脉冲电流处理(EPT)对轧制316L不锈钢拉伸性能、显微硬度及微观组织的影响。方法 将轧制的316L不锈钢作为原始样,调节流过样品的脉冲电流密度,分别为130、170、190、260、310 A/mm²,分析脉冲电流密度与其拉伸性能和显微硬度的关系。结果 轧制316L不锈钢的抗拉强度和显微硬度随着脉冲电流密度的增大呈现先增大后减小的趋势,其中当脉冲电流密度为170 A/mm²时达到峰值,抗拉强度由1 485 MPa提升到1 625 MPa,同时显微硬度也由431HV增大到473HV。通过电子背散射衍射分析微观组织可知,与原始样相比,经过脉冲电流处理的样品晶粒尺寸明显减小,马氏体含量明显增多,脉冲电流处理可以促使微观组织快速均匀化。结论 脉冲电流处理可以在短时间内实现轧制316L不锈钢组织的均匀化调控,有效改善轧制316L不锈钢的微观组织,减少轧钢形变织构,促使参与的奥氏体转变为马氏体,使微观组织趋于稳定,同时还可以使轧制316L不锈钢晶粒快速细化,达到细晶强化的效果,有效提高整体抗拉强度和显微硬度。     

Influence of electrolytic plasma process on corrosion property of peened 304 austenitic stainless steel

An electrolytic plasma process (EPP) was applied onto shot peened surface of 304 stainless steel (SS) and the corrosion behavior were studied with different treatment parameters. The peening process on 304 SS was performed by a ball milling machine. Although the peening process may improve the material strength, due to the refinement of γ phase and γ → martensite (α') transformation, the low corrosion resistance of martensite limits the application of the resultant material. In this paper, EPP was applied onto the peened surfaces for a rapid surface annealing. After EPP, the deformation-induced martensite was partially reverted back to austenite phase. X-ray diffraction, hardness, and SEM study were employed to manifest the major transformations. Optimal EPP treatment could achieve both high strength and corrosion resistance on steel surfaces.     

Ball milling of stainless steel scrap chips to produce nanocrystalline powder

Nanocrystalline stainless steel powder was produced by ball milling of austenitic stainless steel scrap chips. The structural and morphological changes of samples during ball milling and after subsequent heat treatment were investigated by X-ray diffractometery, scanning electron microscopy and microhardness measurements. During ball milling the austenite in as-received chips partially transformed to the martensite phase with nanoscale size grains of ∼15 nm. This structure exhibited high microhardness value of about 850 Hv which is much higher than that for original samples. The deformation-induced martensite partially transformed to austenite after annealing at 700 °C for 1 h reducing the hardness of powder particles.     

Impact behavior of different stainless steel weldments at low temperatures

A comparative study was made of the fracture behavior of austenitic and duplex stainless steel weldments at cryogenic temperatures by impact testing. The investigated materials were two austenitic (304L and 316L) and one duplex (2505) stainless steel weldments. Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) and tungsten inert gas welding (TIG) were employed as joining techniques. Instrumented impact testing was performed between room and liquid nitrogen (?196 °C) test temperatures. The results showed a slight decrease in the impact energy of the 304L and 316L base metals with decreasing test temperature. However, their corresponding SMAW and TIG weld metals displayed much greater drop in their impact energy values. A remarkable decrease (higher than 95%) was observed for the duplex stainless steel base and weld metals impact energy with apparent ductile to brittle transition behavior. Examination of fracture surface of tested specimens revealed complete ductile fracture morphology for the austenitic base and weld metals characterized by wide and narrow deep and shallow dimples. On the contrary, the duplex stainless steel base and weld metals fracture surface displayed complete brittle fracture morphology with extended large and small stepped cleavage facets. The ductile and brittle fracture behavior of both austenitic and duplex stainless steels was supplemented by the instrumented load–time traces. The distinct variation in the behavior of the two stainless steel categories was discussed in light of the main parameters that control the deformation mechanisms of stainless steels at low temperatures; stacking fault energy, strain induced martensite transformation and delta ferrite phase deformation.