钢的稀土氮碳共渗技术研究进展

稀土元素对氮碳共渗渗层的硬度、耐磨性等性能的提高起到了积极的作用,稀土在氮碳共渗中的作用及相关机理有待进一步研究。通过参考现有国内外报道的试验及机理研究,对钢的稀土氮碳共渗的发展过程、类型及稀土的加入方式、在共渗过程中的作用机理、对渗层及基体力学性能的影响进行了综合分析和总结。对钢的稀土氮碳共渗存在的问题进行了探讨,并给出了一些建议。     

齿轮用钢稀土碳氮共渗层摩擦学性能研究

研究了稀土元素对齿轮钢碳氮共渗过程及其摩擦磨损性能的影响.结果表面:稀土对齿轮钢碳氮共渗过程有明显的催渗作用;稀土在碳氮共渗中渗入钢表面起微合金化作用改善了渗层组织;稀土碳氮共渗处理后的抗干磨损性能及抗滑动磨损性能均明显优于普通碳氮共渗处理.     

碳含量对AISI304奥氏体不锈钢离子碳氮共渗性能的影响

对AISI304奥氏体不锈钢进行了不同C2H2含量下的离子碳氮共渗,利用金相显微镜、辉光放电光谱仪、x射线衍射仪和显微硬度计测试了经碳氮共渗处理后试样改性层的截面形貌、渗层成分、相组成和力学性能.结果表明低温下离子碳氮共渗可以同时获得性能好的γc相和γn相,且最大含量分别出现在不同深度;气氛中C2H2含量为3%时,渗层厚度最大,表面显微硬度最大.     

稀土元素对碳氮共渗过程中渗层碳氮浓度的影响

本文研究了稀土元素对碳氮共渗过程中渗层浓度的影响。试验结果表明,稀土可使共渗表层碳氮浓度有所提高,渗层深度增加。用电子探针能谱测出渗层沿表面的碳浓度分布曲线,从而进一步证实了稀土的活化催渗作用。     

气体氮碳共渗中NH3和CO流量对低碳钢渗层组织及其性能的影响

通过调控气体氮碳共渗过程中的NH_3和CO流量来调控气氛中的氮化势和碳势,从而调控共渗层的微观组织和性能。采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计和电化学分析仪研究了气体氮碳共渗过程中的NH_3和CO流量对低碳钢氮碳共渗层的微观组织结构及其性能的影响。研究结果表明:气体氮碳共渗气氛中,随着NH_3流量的增加,化合物层厚度增大但致密性降低;随着CO流量的增加,化合物层致密性逐渐增大,但渗层厚度先增大后减小。氮碳共渗过程中C的加入可抑制γ'相的形成而促进ε相的产生,过量的C会形成θ相,但是C的渗入对渗层腐蚀性能影响较小。NH_3和CO对氮碳共渗过程中的协同作用表现为,当NH_3流量增加时,可相应增加CO流量来获得较厚、致密、耐腐蚀的化合物层。     

氮在离子氮碳共渗中的作用

研究了在离子氮碳共渗过程中氮对化合物层厚度的影响,同时对化合物层的微观组织结构和显微硬度进行了分析.结果表明:在离子氮碳共渗过程中,气氛中低氮势不利于ε相的生成,且渗层的显微硬度较低;高氮势有利于ε相的生成,同时提高了渗层的显微硬度;当氮势超过60%后对化合物层厚度影响不大.     

槽电压对纯铁表面液相等离子体电解硼碳氮三元共渗层摩擦磨损性能的影响

利用液相等离子体电解渗技术分别在340,360V和380V槽电压下对纯铁进行硼碳氮三元共渗(PEB/C/N)表面处理。分析纯铁表面PEB/C/N共渗层的形貌、成分、相组成和显微硬度分布。采用球-盘摩擦磨损仪评估槽电压对渗层摩擦磨损性能的影响,并分析渗层与ZrO_2球对磨时磨损机理。纯铁表面的PEB/C/N三元共渗层厚度随着放电电压升高而增大,最高硬度也相应增加。380V处理1h后硼碳氮三元共渗层中渗硼层和过渡层厚度分别达到26μm和34μm,渗层最高硬度可以达到2318HV。硼碳氮三元共渗层的磨损率仅为纯铁基体的1/10。硼碳氮共渗处理大幅度降低纯铁的摩擦因数和磨损率,但不同槽电压下制备的PEB/C/N共渗层的摩擦因数和磨损率变化较小。     

钛合金表面等离子体电解氮碳共渗的研究

在含有硝酸铵、甘油、乙醇的水溶液中,利用等离子体电解渗入技术在Ti6Al4V钛合金表面制备了氮碳共渗层.利用SEM、XRD、GDS以及显微硬度计分析了渗层的形貌、成分、组织和显微硬度,探讨了渗层形成的机理和过程.结果表明:(1)以300V的电压经45min处理制备的渗层总厚度约为100μm,其中化合物层约为20μm,主要由Ti(C,N)相组成;(2)渗层最高显微硬度超过2000HK0.0025.等离子体电解渗入技术可以较快地在钛合金表面制备出厚度大、硬度高的氮碳共渗层.     

DC53钢的离子氮碳共渗工艺及稀土催渗研究

为了探究DC53钢的优化氮碳共渗工艺,对DC53钢在530℃不同共渗时间、NH3/CO2不同气氛比值、不同炉内气压情况下的离子氮碳共渗效果进行了研究.运用OM、XRD、SEM、EDS、显微硬度、摩擦磨损实验,对材料的显微组织、显微硬度和耐磨性进行了分析.研究表明:对于冷作模具钢DC53,10 h、NH3/CO2为15∶1、炉内气压为800～1000 Pa时,氮碳共渗效果最好;随着稀土镧(La)的加入,渗层变厚且渗层与基体更致密,表层到心部的硬度梯度更小,氮碳共渗效果更佳.     

钛铝基合金离子碳氮共渗及其耐磨性的研究

为提高TiAl基合金的耐磨性及抗高温氧化性,利用渗氮在TiAl基合金表面形成氮化物,以提高耐磨性;渗碳形成致密且与基体结合牢固的碳化物层,提高抗高温、抗氧化性;将二者结合,采用辉光离子碳氮共渗的方法,研究了渗层的相结构组成、不同工艺参数对TiAl基合金离子碳氮共渗后渗层厚度以及表面硬度和耐磨性的影响.结果表明:TiAl基合金共渗层是由碳氮化合物层与过渡层组成的复合相结构;随共渗温度的升高和时间的延长,渗层厚度增加;与未经共渗处理的试样相比,表面硬度及耐磨性显著提高.X射线衍射结果显示,渗层主要由TiC,TiN,AlTi3,Al2O3等组成.     

Effects of rare earths on nanocrystalline for nitrocarburised layer of stainless steel

Solution-treated stainless steel was plasma-nitrocarburised at the precipitation-sensitive temperature with and without rare earth (RE) addition. The nitrocarburised layers were characterised by means of X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope, nanoindentation and anodic polarisation test. Experimental results show that the depth of plasma-nitrocarburised layer can be apparently increased from 60 to 75?μm after RE addition. More importantly, microstructure of stainless steel surface is refined into nano-sized grains after plasma nitrocarburising. At the depth of 20?μm, the hardness and the modulus of the nanocrystallised layer are as high as 13.6 and 218?GPa. After RE addition, the hardness and the modulus of the nanocrystallised layer increase to 17.5 and 255?GPa, respectively.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of equal channel angular pressed Mg–Y–RE–Zr alloy

The microstructure and mechanical properties of equal channel angular pressed (ECAP) Mg–Y–RE–Zr alloy (WE43) are examined. Results show that after ECAP, the average grain size remarkably decreases from ～50?µm at initial state to ～1.5?µm through ECAP for four passes and the homogeneity of microstructure also improves gradually. Meanwhile the secondary-phase β-Mg₅RE morphology has obvious transformation from plate-like to spherical. Moreover, the initial random texture is converted to the strong (0002) basal texture. The ultimate tensile strength and yield strength increase in all passes. However, the ductility exhibits a tendency of increase from 1 to 4 passes then decrease from 4 to 12 passes. The variation in strength and ductility is attributed to the effect of specific microstructure evolution.     

Effect of rare earth metals on microstructure and corrosion resistance of Zn–0·18Al coatings

Abstract

Effect of rare earth (RE) metals addition on the microstructure, formation of Fe–Zn intermetallics and corrosion resistance of the batch galvanising Zn–0·18Al coating were studied. Microstructure of the coating was observed using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Salt spray test and surface potential measurement were employed for corrosion resistance determination. The results show that the addition of RE can improve bath liquidity, refine surface spangles, stabilise the Fe₂Al₅ inhibition layer, decrease coating thickness and enhance corrosion resistance of the coating. However, corrosion resistance of the coating did not increase continuously with increasing RE content and the optimum RE content lies between 0·045 and 0·069% in the experiment. Mechanism of RE on the corrosion resistance of the galvanised coating was briefly analysed.     

The influences of rare earth content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg–7Zn–5Al alloy

The influences of rare earth (RE) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg–7Zn–5Al alloy were studied. The results indicate that both the dendrite and grain size of the alloy can be refined by low RE addition. The Al₂REZn₂ phase will be formed with increasing the RE content, however the high RE addition results in the grain coarsening in the alloy due to the decrease of the contribution of Al and Zn solutes on the grain refinement. The strengthening and weakening mechanisms caused by RE addition only lead to the obviously improve on the room temperature ultimate tensile strength. The mechanical properties of the studied alloys can be improved by aging treatment, and the aged Mg–7Zn–5Al–2RE alloy exhibits optimal mechanical properties at room temperature.     

无铅焊接合金的制备及性能研究

制备了Sn-Zn、Sn-Zn-Bi、Sn-Zn-Bi-RE与Sn-Zn-Bi-Ag系无铅焊接合金，研究了合金的熔点、熔化温度区间、对铜板的润湿性、微观结构和电化学性能。实验结果表明：Bi元素的加入能够降低Sn-Zn合金的熔点，但熔化温度区间增大；Bi、Ag、混合RE能够细化晶粒，使组织更均匀；电化学研究表明，加入适量的混合RE和Ag可提高合金的耐腐蚀性。     

Effect of co-addition of RE, Fe and Mn on the microstructure and performance of A390 alloy

The co-addition effect of RE, Mn and Fe on the microstructure and high-temperature strength of A390 has been conducted. The alloying effect of RE has also been explored. Formation of detrimental long-acicular RE-rich phase is not observed. The AlSiCuCeLa phase, α-Al(Mn,Fe)–Si phase and another complex phase composed of Al, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu and RE are observed to form after addition. RE can decrease the diffusion rates of Cu, Mg in the aging process and the intermetallics nucleate on a localized scale, but could not become coarse during heat-treatment. The electronegativity differences between RE and Al or Si are larger than those between Cu and Al or Si, so the RE-rich intermetallic compounds in Al–Si alloys are more stable. The co-addition of RE, Mn and Fe proves to be an effective method to enhance the high-temperature strength of A390. The high-temperature strength of A390 is increased by 25% in this article using this method.     

Effect of rare earths on impact toughness of a low-carbon steel

Studies of an industrial low-carbon steel (B450NbRE) suggest that the impact toughness is unexpectedly low under its practical service, probably resulting from the unstable recovery of rare earths (RE) in steelmaking. The purpose of this work is to investigate the effect of RE on the impact toughness in low-carbon steel. The B450NbRE steels with content of 0.0012–0.0180 wt.% RE were produced by vacuum induction furnace. The impact toughness and microstructure were investigated after hot rolled. The Gleeble-1500 thermal simulator was used to validate the effect of RE on the microstructure. The results indicate that the microstructure of hot-rolled steels is characterized by polygonal ferrite, quasi-polygonal ferrite, bainite and pearlite. The impact toughness increases with RE contents reaching the peak with content of 0.0047 wt.% RE, such a change exhibits the same rule as the case of the ferrite amount. However, this improvement in impact toughness is not only due to an increase in ferrite amount, but also the fine grained structure and the cleaner grain boundaries. And content of 0.0180 wt.% RE is excessive. Such an addition of the RE resulted in the martensite precipitates at the grain boundaries, which are extremely detrimental to impact toughness.     

Effect of Ca, RE elements and semi-solid processing on the microstructure and creep properties of AZ91 alloy

The effects of calcium and rare earth elements (RE) on the microstructure and creep properties of as-cast and thixoformed AZ91 magnesium alloy have been investigated. It has been shown that the amount of β(Mg₁₇Al₁₂) intermetallic compound decreases by adding Ca and RE elements into AZ91 alloy and new Al₁₁RE₃ and Al₂Ca intermetallic compounds form in the microstructure. The coarsening of primary α(Mg) particles in AZ91 alloy and in the Ca and RE containing (AZRC91) alloy takes place by Ostwald ripening mechanism. Adding Ca and RE elements into AZ91 alloy results in a decrease in the coarsening rate of solid particles in semi-solid slurry, whereas it has no visible effect on the shape factor of the solid-particles. The creep properties of AZ91 alloy are improved by adding Ca and RE elements particularly, in the thixoformed condition.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mg-3Al-1Zn-xRE Alloys

In this work, the influence of element RE on the microstructures and mechanical properties of the hot extuded Mg-3Al-1Zn-xRE alloys (with element RE content of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 wt pct) has been investigated and compared.It was found that RE can bring about precipitations phase that is identified as Al11 RE3 by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).The grain sizes would not be refined after adding RE element.Al11 RE3 phase would increase strength and decrease the ductility.The addition of RE element affects dynamic recrystallized process and even reorientation of recrystallized grains.The results showed that the mechanical properties of AZ31+RE alloy are affected by combination of Al atoms, Mn atoms, Al11RE3phase and grains orientation.It is important to consider the ratio of RE/Al when designing new Mg-Al-RE alloys.     

稀土元素Ce对Mn-Cu合金阻尼性能的影响

对用稀土Ｃｅ 改性的高阻尼Ｍｎ Ｃｕ 合金的阻尼性能与微观组织进行了研究。结果表明,添加稀土元素Ｃｅ,不仅能显著提高Ｍｎ Ｃｕ 合金的阻尼性能,而且能缩短达到峰值阻尼性能的时效时间,同时还抑制了过时效时阻尼性能的下降。