缩微胶片衰变现象与保存

本文论述已显影加工黑白银盐缩微胶片的各种衰变现象与保存方法。其中包括聚酯片基胶片乳剂层剥离形成空隙产生彩色牛顿环 ;各种胶片在长期保存中乳剂层析出甘油及其衍生物 (硝酸甘油酯、对苯二甲酸甘油酯等 ) ;影像银扩散迁移 ,在海波残存量极少的银影像高密度部位形成带蓝色的“银镜” ,在银影像低密度部位 ,因海波残存量多迁移的银离子被它分解出的硫化物俘获形成硫化银 ,使该部位的影像产生黄变 ;多产生于缩微片与航测片上的氧化还原斑是由多个不同颜色的同心或近似同心圆构成 ,它像金属锈蚀的机理一样 ,在氧化剂、电解质与水分存在下形成。简述了“醋综合症”的现象、影响因素、衰变机理等。缩微胶片的保存一般在创造一个良好宏观环境同时 ,再应用防酸除酸复合材料或分子筛、胶片保护片创造一个微环境 ,是目前最有效的保存方法。在三种材料中防酸除酸复合材料作用最强     

纤维素酯片基照相胶片的稳定性

纤维素酯安全片基酯安全基照相胶片降解的征兆是有醋酸或其他有机酸释放出来。降解还伴随着ＰＨ值，片基的拉伸性能以及乳剂湿强度的降低。对酸的增多，可在３８°的水中漂洗出酸，然后再用氢氧化钠滴定的方法测量。已经同了一种用于硝酸纤维素胶片的同样方法。水漂滴定法比ＰＨ值测量或物理性能测量的方法更灵敏，其缺点是需要具有实验技能以及破坏胶片，已经研究出了一种使用酸碱试纸的非破坏性的现场试验方法。     

代代红1112型黑白电影底片

1112型胶片是根据电影制片的需要,参照国外同类胶片性能研制的一种中速黑白底片(国内习惯称为HD-2,意即2型黑白底片)。该片于1965年鉴定,1966年投产,供国内制片单位及文教、卫生、科研等部门使用。 1112型胶片在投产以后,质量又得到逐步改进,从1972年起达到一定水平并趋于稳定。胶片自投产以来,已生产数千万米,制片部门用它拍摄了“侦察兵”、“峰火少年”、“平鹰坟”、“向阳院的故事”、“十月风云”、     

新产品快讯

新产品快讯宫士彩色电影负＊ＳｕｐｅｒＦ６４Ｄ／１２５富士胶片公司从１９９４年８月上旬开始依次发售ＳｕＰｅｒＦ系列“Ｆ６４Ｄ”和“Ｆ－－１２５”。新胶片能在多种光源下实现自然色彩还原，且进一步改善了从负片到正片的印片操作性及从胶片转换成磁带的电视电影转...     

温湿度对醋酸纤维酯胶片保存的影响研究

胶片的老化实质是片基聚合物的降解过程,随着片基链断裂反应的不断发生,胶片原本的各种性能也会发生相应的变化。本文监测了不同温湿度环境下保存的醋酸纤维酯胶片的力学性能改变过程,探讨温湿度对胶片降解速率的影响,预测不同温湿度下胶片能够有效保持其原有力学性能的最短时间。     

改进的伊斯曼彩色Ⅱ型底片

改进的5247/7247胶片是由伊斯曼-柯达公司电影和声画销售部发表的。乳剂技术的进步,使有效的曝光宽容度、配光、阴影细部、皮肤色调的还原以及强化显影得到改进。并保留了现有的5247/7247的清晰度和颗粒特性。改进的胶片,规定乳剂号在5247-601和999之间。改进的35mm胶片,在尺数前写有小“F”,现有的胶片写的是小“H”;现有的16mm胶片,边缘印有“伊斯曼ECN安全胶片”,     

纤维素酯片基照相胶片的稳定性 第三部分:胶片降解的测量

纤维素酯安全片基照相胶片降解的征兆是有醋酸或其他有机酸释放出来。降解还伴随着pH值、片基的拉伸性能以及乳剂湿强度的降低。对酸的增多,可在38°的水中漂洗出酸,然后再用氢氧化钠滴定的的方法测量。已经研究出了一种用于硝酸纤维素胶片的同样方法。水漂滴定法比pH值测量或物理性能测量的方法更灵敏,其缺点是需要具有实验技能以及破坏胶片。已经研究出了一种使用酸碱试纸的非破坏性的现场试验方法。     

聚乳酸降解塑料制品向薄型发展

在国家颁布“限塑令”及石油价格飞涨的今天，可完全降解、来源于非石油基的“玉米塑料”作为聚乳酸的代名词，已被人们所熟悉。为了避免对粮食的消耗，聚乳酸的生产原料已从食用玉米向转基因玉米、玉米芯、玉米秆及纤维方向发展。然而，由于脆性和价格问题，这种玉米塑料制品与人们的生活尚有较大距离。     

光敏性影像载体衰变监测试纸

随着时间的推移,醋酸胶片水解产生的“醋综合症”以及“醋综合症”对胶片带来的影响越来越被人们所普遍认识。“醋综合症”就是醋酸纤维素酯片基的胶片在水解变酸后黑白银影像光泽降低,彩色影像褪色,乳剂层明胶逐渐降解（由不溶于水到极易溶于水）,片基变软析出白色结晶体,直至变成碎片或粉末。一般情况下人们认为,应用聚酯制成的录音录像用的带基是很稳定的。但保存实践与试验研究证实,在常温常湿条件下,粘度降低２０％仅需２５～３２年的时间。在不到１０年的时间内,３ＭＳｃｏｔｃｈ２英寸录像带已呈现出十分恶劣的衰变信号,在…     

行业动向

行业动向第二胶片厂荣获全国化工建设先进单位称号在１９９７年４月召开的全国化工建设会议上，化工部授于中国乐凯胶片公司第二胶片厂“八五”“化工建设先进单位”光荣称号。经过八五的技术改造和基本建设，在南阳卧龙岗下已形成一条年产１０００万ｍ２印刷胶片的涂布整...     

纳米纤维素/聚乳酸复合材料的降解性能

目的研究纳米纤维素/聚乳酸(NCC/PLA)复合薄膜在不同降解条件下的降解情况。方法在p H值为3,7,11的溶液及紫外光照射条件下,降解自制的复合薄膜,通过测失重率、扫描电子显微镜观察、X射线光电子能谱分析等手段,分析p H值、光照和NCC的添加与复合材料降解能力间的关系,研究其降解机理,并与纯PLA薄膜对比。结果 NCC/PLA复合薄膜在碱性条件下质量损失最快,酸性稍慢,中性更慢,紫外光照射下最慢,复合薄膜质量损失均比纯PLA薄膜多。在p H值为3和7的溶液及紫外光照射降解后,NCC/PLA复合薄膜氧碳原子数量的比值均比未降解时增大,分别提高了35.16%,36.66%,38.65%。结论 NCC的添加提高了NCC/PLA复合薄膜的降解性能,在不同降解过程中,薄膜表面C原子所占比例减少,相对地O原子所占比例增加,氧碳原子数量的比值增大。     

The effect of surface oxide layers on the oxidative behaviour of imidazole-treated copper

Molecular structure and degradation mechanisms of undecylimidazole on copper oxide was studied using Fourier transform reflection-absorption spectroscopy. Undecylimidazole suggests the random amorphous orientation on a non-preoxidized surface, semicrystalline random orientation on copper preoxidized at 150° C for 30 min, and parallel orientation of the imidazole ring to the surface on copper preoxidized at 230° C for 30 min. The difference in morphology and orientation of undecylimidazole on oxide is due to the reactivity of the imidazole and the substrate surface, the rate of deposition of the imidazole, and the evaporation rate of solvent from the solution placed on the surface. The degradation is catalysed by two types of copper; in the film and substrate. The rate-determining step of the degradation is the reactivity of the carboxylic acid produced in the intermediate step of the degradation and the surface oxides. Molecular oxygen is necessary for the degradation which takes place initially from the outer layer of the film by the catalytic effect of the copper in the film.     

一种新型可降解共聚物薄膜的制备与性能研究

在氩气环境下,以丁二酸、己二酸、1,4-丁二醇和尿素为原料,通过高温熔融缩聚和扩链反应合成了一种新型可降解丁二酸/己二酸-1,4-丁二醇-尿素聚酯酰脲共聚物,并用压延成膜法制备了共聚物薄膜.采用红外光谱、热重分析、差示量热扫描及万能拉力机对共聚物薄膜的结构与性能进行了表征.结果表明,随着己二酸含量的增加,聚合物薄膜的熔点、结晶度和结晶温度均明显下降.当n（SA）∶n（AA）=1∶1时,共聚物大部分为无定形区域,结晶性能大大降低,水解速率最快,薄膜的降解性能最好.通过调节丁二酸与己二酸添加的物质的量之比,可使聚酯酰脲薄膜在热学性能、力学性能和降解性能之间达到一定程度的可控性.     

聚乳酸薄膜材料的阻隔性研究进展

目的综述聚乳酸薄膜材料的优缺点和影响其阻隔性的因素及改性技术,为包装(尤其是食品软包装)行业提供理论基础。方法以聚乳酸薄膜材料为主,总结影响聚乳酸阻隔性的自身原因,从物理改性、复合改性、化学改性和表面涂覆处理等方面进行阐述。结果聚乳酸可生物降解,其制备和降解都不会污染环境,但阻隔性差,必须对其进行改性,各种改性方法均有优劣。结论聚乳酸薄膜材料的改性技术仍存在不足,有待开发和完善一种不牺牲材料的生物相容性、设备简单、成本又低的改性技术。     

Polyfunctional film coatings for medical use

The bioactive properties of multicomponent film polymeric structures, based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinyl pyrrolidon (PVP) and lactic acid (LA), containing heparin, trypsin and antibiotics (benzyl penicillin and kanamycin) were studied. The degree of degradation and biodegradation of multicomponent film coatings were directly regulated by the introduction of polyvinyl pyrrolidon and lactic acid, as well as by manipulating the conditions of their electroformation regime. The polymeric molecules forming the structure of the coating film do not undergo chemical changes with the breaking of the chain.     

The effect of the presence of Ag nanoparticles on the photocatalytic degradation of oxalic acid adsorbed on TiO2 nanoparticles monitored by ATR-FTIR

Photocatalytic degradation of oxalic acid adsorbed on the Ag/P25 TiO₂ composite nanoparticle films were investigated using ATR-FTIR technique under UV irradiation. Ag/P25 TiO₂ composite nanoparticle films with various Ag content were tested. Topography and chemical structure/composition of the composite nanoparticle films were analyzed by AFM and XPS respectively. It was found that in the degradation reaction of the oxalic acid, the presence of only 2% Ag nanoparticles leads to six times more oxalic acid degradation compared to that degraded in the presence of pure P25 TiO₂ nanoparticles. The degradation rate of the oxalic acid is three times higher in the case of Ag/TiO₂ composite nanoparticle film than in the case of pure TiO₂ nanoparticles. It was observed that both the rate of oxalic acid degradation and the degraded amount of the oxalic acid were significantly affected by Ag incorporation.     

磷钨酸修饰的纳米TiO_2薄膜的制备及光催化性能

以钛酸四丁酯为前驱物,乙酸为溶剂,用溶胶-凝胶法制备了磷钨酸修饰的纳米TiO2薄膜(PW12/TiO2)。通过FT-IR、UV-Vis、XRD、BET、SEM进行了表征。结果表明,磷钨酸修饰的纳米TiO2具有锐钛矿晶型和较大的比表面积,磷钨酸在TiO2中仍保持Keggin结构,并抑制了粒子烧结过程中的长大。研究了PW12/TiO2薄膜在对氯苯酚光降解中的催化活性。当磷钨酸与TiO2的摩尔比为0.02∶1,240℃焙烧,PW12/TiO2薄膜的光催化降解反应遵循L-H机理,一级反应速率常数为0.016min-1。磷钨酸与TiO2在光催化反应中有明显的协同作用。     

LDPE-AA光接枝产物的TG研究

研究了LDPE－AA光接枝产物的热特征及反应条件、氧气的影响,发现其前期降解明显比纯LDPE快而后期则变慢,推测产生该现象的原因是接枝过程中基材发生了交联反应,并且丙烯酸接枝链的存在会对其降解有一定抑制作用,光敏剂的含量和光照条件的改变、氧气的存在及活化能计算结果均能证实这一点。     

Photocatalytic degradation of paraoxon-ethyl in aqueous solution using titania nanoparticulate film

Photocatalytic degradation of paraoxon-ethyl (o,o-diethyl o-(4-nitrophenyl) phosphate), a well known surrogate of chemical warfare agents, in aqueous solution was studied by using titania nanoparticulate film. Reaction followed pseudo first order behaviour. Photolytic degradation reaction of paraoxon-ethyl demonstrated relatively low rate with a value of rate constant of 2.5 × 10^− 3 min^− 1. Whereas, degradation reaction in the presence of titania nanoparticulate film and UV light displayed enhanced rate with a value of rate constant of 6.9 × 10^− 3 min^− 1 due to photocatalysis. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed the formation of p-nitrophenol, o,o-diethyl phosphonic acid, o-ethyl, diphosphonic acid, phosphoric acid, dimerized product of o,o-diethyl phosphonic acid, acetaldehyde, and carbon dioxide due to photocatalytic degradation of paraoxon-ethyl. It indicates that, photocatalytic degradation reaction begins with destruction of P-O-C bonds. Subsequently, P, C atoms were found to be oxidized gradually, and contributed to its photocatalytic degradation.     

Effects of ionizing treatments on packaging -food simulant combinations

Research relating to ionizing treatment has been carried out on ‘food simulants polyethylene film’ combinations. Pouches have been irradiated by gamma photons or accelerated electrons at a 10kGy dose. Overall, the migration test has given some interesting results, particularly in the case of acid simulant, where a limit of validity has been found for the overall migration method. Many radiolytic products and degradation reactions have been indicated, and it has been established that the high permeability of packaging film to oxygen had influenced the radiolytic product yields. The results show some interactions between packaging film and food simulant under irradiation conditions.