Processing of yttria partially stabilized zirconia thermal barrier coatings implementing a high-power laser diode

Several studies have been undertaken recently to adapt yttria partially stabilized zirconia (YPSZ) thermal barrier coating (TBC) characteristics during their manufacturing process. Thermal spraying implementing laser irradiation appears to be a possibility for modifying the coating morphology. This study aims to present the results of in situ (i.e., simultaneous treatment) and a posteriori (i.e., post-treatment) laser treatments implementing a high-power laser diode. In both cases, the coatings underwent atmospheric plasma spraying (APS). Laser irradiation was achieved using a 3 kW, average-power laser diode exhibiting an 848 nm wavelength. Experiments were performed to reach two goals. First, laser post-treatments aimed at building a map of the laser-processing parameter effects on the coating microstructure to estimate the laser-processing parameters, which seem to be suited to the change into in situ coating remelting. Second, in situ coating remelting aimed at quantifying the involved phenomena. In that case, the coating was treated layer by layer as it was manufactured. The input energy effect was studied by varying the scanning velocity (i.e., between 35 and 60 m/min), and consequently the irradiation time (i.e., between 1.8 and 3.1 ms, respectively). Experiments showed that coating thermal conductivity was lowered by more than 20% and that coating resistance to isothermal shocks was increased very significantly.     

Hot-corrosion behavior of graded thermal barrier coatings formed by plasma-spraying process

The hot-corrosion behavior of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) has been studied by comparing double-layer coatings and graded coatings. Two types of oxide ceramics, 2CaO·SiO₂-15mass%CaO·ZrO₂ (C₂S-15CZ) and 8 mass% Y₂O₃·ZrO₂ (8YSZ), with a bond coating of NiCrAlY, were applied to metallic substrates in this study. After hot-corrosion testing with V₂O₅-Na₂SO₄ corrosive ash for 3 h at 1273 K, the TBCs were investigated by visual inspection, a scanning electron microscope, x-ray diffraction, and electron probe microanalysis. The findings for the resulting coating of C₂S-15CZ reacted with V₂O₅ only where it was in direct contact with the corrosive ash. The affected area from the reaction was limited to the coating surface where V₂O₅ was present. The coating showed adequate hot-corrosion resistance against V₂O₅-Na₂SO₄ corrosive ash for 3 h at 1273 K. The findings for the 8YSZ coating were that Y₂O₃, the stabilizing component, particularly reacted with V₂O₅ and lost its function, which led to partial spalling of the coating. It was observed that the hot-corrosion resistance of the double-layer TBC was largely influenced by the performance of a corrosion-resistant NiCrAlY bond coat, which provided protection against corrosive components penetrating through the ceramic topcoat. Last, the graded coating degraded due to the oxidation of NiCrAlY particles that existed near the topcoat surface and affected the durability of the TBC.     

三种热障涂层的组织性能

采用等离子喷涂技术制备了三种不同材料的热障涂层(TBC),对涂层进行了组织性能的分析比较.结果表明,Al-1075的TBC结合强度最高,为 24.66 MPa,具有良好的抗热震性能;KF-230的TBC结合强度最低,为 16.06 MPa;LG-210的TBC结合强度居中,抗热震性能最差.分析认为,氧化物层(TGO)在热障涂层中的失效起至关重要的作用,TGO是裂纹的产生源,是裂纹扩展的通道,是热障涂层系统中的最薄弱环节.因此抑制TGO是提高涂层结合强度、改善涂层抗热震性能的重要措施.     

Microstructures and erosion resistance of plasma-sprayed WCp/NiCrBSi composite coatings

WCp/NiCrBSi composite coatings have been deposited by plasma spraying with the mixed powders of WC-12Ni and NiCrBSi. The coatings consist mainly of WC, γ-Ni, Ni3B, CrB, Cr2B, M7C3, M23C6 and W2C phases. The W2C content increases with increasing WC mass fraction in the powders. The porosity and microhardness of the coatings are related to the coating WC content. The excessive WC results in decreasing the microhardncss due to increasing the porosity. The WCp/ NiCrBSi coating with 35 % WC mass fraction powder has more excellent erosion resistance. With an increase of impact angles from 15°to 90°the erosion rate of the coating increases, the erosion rate at 15°impact angle being approximately two times lower than that at 90°impact angle. Based on the wear morphology of the coatings at different impact angles, the wear mechanisms were discussed.     

激光重熔纳米氧化锆热障涂层的抗热冲击性能

采用纳米氧化锆团聚粉末和等离子喷涂技术制备了纳米氧化锆涂层,试验研究了激光重熔工艺参数（激光比能量）对纳米氧化锆涂层抗热冲击性能的影响.试验结果表明,激光重熔工艺参数对重熔涂层的抗热冲击性能影响显著,采用合适的工艺参数（激光比能量）,可以使重熔涂层获得最佳的抗热冲击性能.不同激光重熔工艺参数处理的涂层形成的组织结构不同,使得涂层的抗热冲击性能不同.合适的激光重熔工艺参数下涂层表现出高的抗热冲击性能,主要是因为重熔后的涂层组织结构有利于热应力的释放以及其相结构在高温冲击下具有良好的稳定性.     

Isothermal oxidation of physical vapor deposited partially stabilized zirconia thermal barrier coatings

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), consisting of physical vapor deposited (PVD) partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ, 8 wt.%Y₂O₃) and a diffusion aluminide bond coat, were characterized as a function of time after oxidative isothermal heat treatment at 1373 K in air. The experimental characterizations was conducted by X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive spectroscopy. During cooling to room temperature, spallation of the PSZ ceramic coatings occurred after 200 and 350 h of isothermal heat treatment. This failure was always sudden and violent, with the TBC popping from the substrate. The monoclinic phase of zirconia was first observed on the bottom surface of the PVD PSZ after 200 h of isothermal heat treatment. The failure of TBCs occurred either in the bond coat oxidation products of αAl₂O₃ and rutile TiO₂ or at the interface between the oxidation products and the diffusion aluminide bond coat or the PSZ coating.     

Thermal shock characteristics of plasma sprayed mullite coatings

Commercially available mullite (3Al₂O₃·2SiO₂) powders containing oxides of calcium and iron as impurities, have been made suitable for plasma spraying by using an organic binder. Stainless steel substrates covered with Ni-22Cr-10Al-1.0Y bond coat were spray coated with mullite. The 425 μm thick coatings were subjected to thermal shock cycling under burner rig conditions between 1000 and 1200 °C and less than 200 °C with holding times of 1, 5, and 30 min. While the coatings withstood as high as 1000 shock cycles without failure between 1000 and 200 °C, spallation occurred early at 120 cycles when shocked from 1200 °C. The coatings appeared to go through a process of self erosion at high temperatures resulting in loss of material. Also observed were changes attributable to melting of the silicate grains, which smooth down the surface. Oxidation of the bond coat did not appear to influence the failure. These observations were supported by detailed scanning electron microscopy and quantitative chemical composition analysis, differential thermal analysis, and surface roughness measurements.     

Effect of substrate surface roughness on the adherence of NiCrAlY thermal spray coatings

The adherence of plasma sprayed NiCrAlY bond coats can be improved by an appropriate substrate surface finish. The interface fracture energy for crack propagation along the coating/substrate interface has been measured for different surface roughness by means of a specially designed four-point bending test. An increase of the interface fracture energy of about 15% was observed for a three times higher surface roughness. In addition, four-point bending tests with the coating on the side face of bending specimens were performed to analyze the fracture and spalling behavior of the coatings both under large tensile and compressive substrate deformations.     

激光重熔对等离子喷涂热障涂层冲蚀行为影响

研究了等离子喷涂和激光重熔ZrO<,2>-7%Y<,2>O<,3>热障涂层的微观结构,同时考察了两种涂层的抗冲蚀性能,并探讨了其冲蚀破坏机理.试验发现,等离子喷涂热障陶瓷涂层呈典型的层状堆积特征;经过激光重熔处理后,涂层表面形成了沿热流方向生长的柱状品重熔区;相对于等离子喷涂试样,激光重熔涂层有较好的抗冲蚀性能;不管等...     

Influence of hydrogen on the microstructure of plasma-sprayed yttria-stabilized zirconia coatings

The influence of secondary hydrogen and current on the deposition efficiency (DE) and microstructure of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) coatings was evaluated. To better understand the influence of the spray process on coating consistency, a YSZ powder, −125 +44 μm, was sprayed with nitrogen/hydrogen parameters and a 9 MB plasma gun from Sulzer Metco. DE and coating porosity, which were produced using two different spray gun conditions yielding the same input power, were compared. Amperage was allowed to vary between 500 and 560 A, and hydrogen was adjusted to maintain constant power, while nitrogen flow was kept at a fixed level. Several power conditions, ranging from 32 to 39 kW, were tested. Different injection geometries (i.e., radial with and without a backward component) were also compared. The latter was found to produce higher in-flight temperatures due to a longer residence time of the powder particles in the hotter portion of the plasma. Porosity was based on cross-sectional micrographs. In-flight particle temperature and velocity measurements were also carried out with a special sensor for each condition. Test results showed that DE and coating density could vary significantly when a different hydrogen flow rate was used to maintain constant input power. On the other hand, DE was found to correlate very well with the temperature of the in-flight particles. Therefore, to obtain more consistent and reproducible DE and microstructures, it is preferable to maintain the in-flight particle temperature around a constant value instead of keeping a constant input power by adjusting the secondary hydrogen flow rate.     

Microstructures and environmental assessment of metallic NiCrBSi coatings manufactured via hybrid plasma spray process

The alternative coatings to electrodeposited hard chromium plating are studied nowadays, because of the chemical composition of the baths containing Cr(VI), forbidden by several European regulations. Thermal spraying is already used in industry, but the deposited coatings still need improvements for reasons of porosity and microstructures. In this study, atmospheric plasma spraying and in situ laser irradiation by diode laser processes were combined to modify the structural characteristics of NiCrBSi coatings. The microstructure evolution was studied, with the analysis of chemical composition using energy-dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Results show that in situ laser remelting induces the growth of a dendritic structure which strongly decreases the porosity of as-sprayed coatings and no phase transition after laser treatment. The adopted configuration drives to the achievement of coatings without solidification cracking, one of the major defects that can occur during the solidification of metallic alloys. Furthermore, to evaluate the environmental impacts of coatings in comparison with other conventional treatments developed to melt NiCrBSi layers, a Life Cycle Assessment was carried out. The ecodesign of surface coatings has not been reported in detail in the current literature, and nowadays, life cycle analysis is an important consideration for the thermal spray community. The good environmental assessment of the hybrid process is demonstrated in this paper.     

等离子体喷涂纳米结构热障涂层微观组织及性能

以纳米结构氧化钇部分稳定的氧化锆热喷涂粉末为原料,采用大气热等离子体喷涂法制备了纳米结构热障涂层。利用扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪对粉末原料及涂层的微观组织和结构进行分析,并对涂层的结合强度及热导率进行测定。结果表明,纳米结构热障涂层具有优异的性能,热导率为1.1 W/(m.K),界面结合强度为47 MPa。并分析了涂层纳米结构组织对涂层性能的影响,明确了优化涂层微观组织结构和提高涂层性能的具体方法。     

NiCrWFeSiBCCo合金涂层的组织与耐空蚀性

采用超音速火焰喷涂技术,在1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢基体表面制备NiCrWFeSiBCCo合金涂层. 采用金相显微镜(OM)、超景深体视显微镜(SM)、扫描电镜(SEM)观察涂层的显微组织和空蚀前后表面的微观形貌;采用表面粗糙度测试仪和显微硬度测试仪对涂层表面粗糙度和显微硬度进行表征;采用X-Ray衍射仪(XRD)分析涂层的相组成;采用磁致伸缩空蚀试验仪测定涂层的空蚀性能,并与1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢的空蚀性能进行比较. 结果表明,采用超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)制备的NiCrWFeSiBCCo涂层组织均匀,结构致密(平均孔隙率为0.63%),硬度为1 004 HV,NiCrWFeSiBCCo涂层的抗空蚀性能明显优于1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢.     

Ultrafast thermal plasma physical vapor deposition of yttria-stabilized zirconia for novel thermal barrier coatings

This research aims to develop advanced thermal plasma spraying technology for the next-generation thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) with a high power hybrid plasma spraying system. By using thermal plasma physical vapor deposition (TP-PVD), various functional structured yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) coatings were deposited. Parameters, such as powder feeding rate, hydrogen gas concentration, and total mass flow rate of the plasma gas, were optimized, and their influences on the evaporation of YSZ powder were investigated. Ultrafast deposition of a thick coating was achieved at a rate of over 150 μm/min. The deposited porous coating has a low thermal conductivity of 0.7W/mK and the dense coating with interlaced t′ domains possesses a high nanohardness of 27.85 GPa and a high reflectance. These characteristics show that the TP-PVD technique is a very valuable process for manufacturing novel TBCs.     

Microstructural and mechanical characterization of Ni-base thermal spray coatings deposited by HVOF

The present work has been conducted in order to determine the microstructural features, hardness and elastic modulus of two different Ni-base coatings deposited by means of HVOF thermal spray, onto a SAE 1045 plain carbon steel substrate. The morphology and chemical composition of the phases that are present in the coatings were characterized by means of SEM, EDS and XRD techniques. Image analysis was used for the evaluation of the coatings porosity. Both conventional and instrumented indentation tests were also carried out on the surface and cross section of the coatings, in order to evaluate the effect of coating microstructure on hardness and elastic modulus. Conventional indentation tests were conducted using a Knoop indenter and a maximum load of 9.8 N. Instrumented indentation tests, in which the indenter depth and applied load were recorded continuously, were carried out employing a Vickers indenter and maximum loads of 0.49, 0.98, 1.96, 4.9 and 9.8 N. Instrumented nanoindentation tests (in a continuous stiffness measurement mode) were also conducted employing a Berkovich indenter with a maximum load of 9.8 N. The elastic modulus was computed by means of the Oliver and Pharr method and compared with the values determined by means of the method earlier advanced by Marshall et al. The results obtained indicate that the elastic modulus values determined on the cross section of the coatings are higher than those obtained on the surface, clearly indicating the anisotropy of the structure. Also, the values found employing a Berkovich indenter are very similar to those derived by means of the Vickers indenter. In addition, the these values are in agreement with those determined by taking into consideration the elastic recovery of the short Knoop diagonal after removal of the load.     

Comparison of thermal shock behaviors between plasma-sprayed nanostructured and conventional zirconia thermal barrier coatings

NiCoCrAlTaY bond coat was deposited on pure nickel substrate by low pressure plasma spraying(LPPS), and ZrO2-8%Y2O3 (mass fraction) nanostructured and ZrO2-7%Y2O3 (mass fraction) conventional thermal barrier coatings(TBCs) were deposited by air plasma spraying(APS). The thermal shock behaviors of the nanostructured and conventional TBCs were investigated by quenching the coating samples in cold water from 1 150, 1 200 and 1 250 ℃, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) was used to examine the microstructures of the samples after thermal shock testing. Energy dispersive analysis of X-ray(EDAX) was used to analyze the interface diffusion behavior of the bond coat elements. X-ray diffractometry(XRD) was used to analyze the constituent phases of the samples. Experimental results indicate that the nanostructured TBC is superior to the conventional TBC in thermal shock performance. Both the nanostructured and conventional TBCs fail along the bond coat/substrate interface. The constituent phase of the as-sprayed conventional TBC is diffusionless-transformed tetragonal(t′). However, the constituent phase of the as-sprayed nanostructured TBC is cubic(c). There is a difference in the crystal size at the spalled surfaces of the nanostructured and conventional TBCs. The constituent phases of the spalled surfaces are mainly composed of Ni2.88Cr1.12 and oxides of bond coat elements.     

TiAl合金表面激光重熔MCrAlY涂层热腐蚀性能

采用等离子喷涂技术在TiAl合金表面制备了MCrAlY涂层,并用激光重熔工艺对涂层进行处理,研究了TiAl合金、等离子喷涂MCrAlY涂层及激光重熔MCrAlY涂层850℃下75%Na₂SO₄+25%NaCl(质量分数)混合盐浸泡热腐蚀性能,分析了不同试样的热腐蚀破坏机理,并讨论了激光重熔处理对涂层热腐蚀性能的影响.结果表明,等离子喷涂MCrAlY涂层能显著提高TiAl合金的耐热腐蚀性能,经过激光重熔后可进一步提高其耐热腐蚀性能.MCrAlY涂层在高温熔盐中的热腐蚀发生的是表面氧化反应和内部硫化反应,主要生成Al₂O₃,Cr₂O₃,NiO,NiCr₂O₄,Ni₃S₂及CrS等腐蚀产物.     

TiAl合金表面等离子喷涂层的形貌和抗氧化性分析

采用等离子喷涂方法在TiAl合金表面喷涂,得到由CoNiCrAlY粘结层和(ZrO2 Y2O3)陶瓷外层组成的双层结构的热障涂层。对涂层进行了高温抗氧化试验,并用SEM和金相法观察和分析了涂层的组织及形貌。结果表明,经喷涂后试样的高温抗氧化能力显著提高。