连续小波变换-支持向量回归用于植物样品多组分分析

采用连续小波变换（CWT）技术对近红外光谱（NIR）数据进行预处理,扣除光谱中的背景与噪音成分,再用支持向量回归（SVR）进行建模,建立了用于复杂植物样品多组分分析的建模方法（CWT-SVR）,并应用于烟草样品中常规成分（总糖、总植物碱和总氮）含量的测定。结果表明,CWT—SVR方法优于基于全谱数据的SVR和偏最小二乘（PLS）法,为近红外光谱定量分析提供了一种新的建模方法。     

近红外光谱法测定黄芩提取物中黄芩苷含量

应用近红外光谱技术探讨了黄芩提取物中黄芩苷含量的快速检测新方法.共收集12个不同厂家的100批黄芩提取物样品,利用Nicolet 6700型傅立叶变换近红外光谱仪采集样品近红外漫反射光谱,通过HPLC法测定黄芩苷含量值,结合偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立黄芩苷含量的近红外定量校正模型,并通过筛选合适的光谱预处理方法、建模区间和主成分数获得最优模型.所建最优校正模型的相关系数(R2)、校正均方差(RMSEC)和内部交叉验证均方差(RMSECV)分别为0.995、0.440和2.259;经外部验证,模型的预测相关系数(r2)、预测均方差(RMSEP)和平均回收率分别为0.988、0.486和100.190%.结果表明,该方法可用于不同厂家黄芩提取物中黄芩苷含量的直接测定,操作简便,无污染,结果准确可靠,可实现大批量样品的快速分析.     

饲料蛋白固态发酵过程参数的FT-NIR快速检测

为实现对整个固态发酵过程状态信息变量的在线监测,研究提出基于近红外光谱分析技术的饲料蛋白固态发酵过程参数快速检测新方法。利用近红外光谱采集装置获取固态发酵物样本的近红外光谱,引入不同的光谱预处理方法校正原始近红外光谱数据,采用PLS建立固态发酵过程参数pH和湿度的定量分析模型。在模型校正过程中,通过交互验证法优选光谱预处理方法和建模所需的主因子数。试验结果显示,pH和湿度的PLS模型在预测集中的相关系数R_p分别为0.9838和0.8707,RMSEP分别为0.0696和0.0152。研究结果表明,利用近红外光谱分析技术快速监测固态发酵过程参数是可行的。     

近红外光谱技术快速测定当归中藁本内酯含量

基于近红外光谱技术,运用偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)方法实现当归中藁本内酯含量的快速、无损检测.采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定当归中藁本内酯含量,一阶导数结合正交信号校正对原始光谱进行预处理,建立当归近红外光谱和藁本内酯含量之间的最小二乘回归定量分析模型.结果表明:模型在校正集上的均方根误差(RMSEE)、交叉验证均方根误差(RMSECV)和决定系数R2分别为0.199 9,0.3489和0.9932,在预测集上的预测均方根误差(RMSEP)和决定系数R2分别为0.23和0.9941.方法具有简单、快速、不破坏样品等特点,可用于当归中藁本内酯含量的快速检测.     

夏枯草中迷迭香酸近红外光谱定量分析模型的建立

目的:建立近红外漫反射光谱法快速测定夏枯草中迷迭香酸的含量方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法测定不同产地的170批次夏枯草中迷迭香酸的含量,同时采集近红外漫反射光谱,对原始光谱进行多元散射校正(MSC)、一阶导数(First derivative)和S-G(Savitzky-Golay filter)平滑等光谱预处理方法,采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立近红外定量分析模型,实现夏枯草中指标性成分迷迭香酸含量的快速测定。结果:所建立的迷迭香酸近红外定量分析模型,模型R~2为0.9768,RMSEC和RMSEP分别为0.0387和0.0441,表明所建近红外模型预测准确度高。交叉验证均方差RMSECV为0.0706,表明所建模型稳健性好。结论:本研究所建迷迭香酸近红外定量分析模型具有很好的预测准确度和稳健性,为市场上夏枯草质量的快速评价提供新的方法。     

基于近红外光谱的煤粉样品定量检测研究

针对煤质快速在线检测的需求,采用傅里叶变换近红外光谱结合不同的光谱预处理方法,即平滑处理方法、微分方法、多元散射校正方法、标准归一化处理方法分别建立了煤粉样品的水分、灰分和挥发分的偏最小二乘模型,并对模型的检测结果进行了十字交叉验证。结果表明,基于25点平滑处理方法建立的水分偏最小二乘模型较优,基于标准归一化处理方法建立的灰分偏最小二乘模型最佳,基于5点平滑处理方法建立的挥发分偏最小二乘模型精度最高,验证了应用傅里叶变换近红外光谱技术定量分析煤粉指标的可行性。     

基于近红外光谱的水蜜桃采摘期的鉴别方法

提出了一种利用近红外漫反射光谱技术结合光纤传感技术建立水蜜桃采摘期的鉴别方法.从无锡阳山镇的某大棚采摘了距最佳采摘期天数为3,2,1以及处于最佳采摘期的水蜜桃各48个,用近红外光谱仪对样品进行了光谱采集.对原始光谱进行平滑、一阶微分和多元散射校正预处理,采用主成分分析(PCA)结合偏最小二乘(PLS)法建立了水蜜桃采摘期的鉴别模型.研究显示:一阶微分和平滑组合预处理后的鉴别模型效果最好,校正集模型和预测集模型的决定系数分别为0.9279和0.9138;模型的内部交叉验证均方差(RMSECV)和预测均方根偏差(RMSEP)分别为0.3003和0.3349;水蜜桃样品校正集和预测集的鉴别正确率分别为95.13%和93.75%.结果表明:利用近红外漫反射光谱技术对水蜜桃采摘期的鉴别具有很好的应用前景.     

基于正交信号校正的喷气燃料近红外光谱去噪研究

为了提高喷气燃料近红外光谱模型的预测精度和稳健性,结合近红外光谱的特点,将正交信号校正法(OSC)用于喷气燃料近红外光谱的预处理.在正交信号校正过程中,通过K矩阵法建模选择正交信号校正的最佳主成分数.将正交信号校正后的光谱分别与K矩阵法、主成分回归(PCR)和偏最小二乘法(PLS)结合建立校正模型,对喷气燃料的密度和2...     

巴戟天水溶性浸出物近红外光谱测定方法的建立

目的:运用近红外光谱技术和化学计量学方法,建立巴戟天水溶性浸出物含量的近红外光谱测定方法。方法:冷浸法测定159批试验药材的水溶性浸出物含量,并采集近红外光谱数据,采用多元散射校正法、一阶导数法对光谱进行预处理,结合偏最小二乘法建立巴戟天中水溶性浸出物含量的近红外光谱分析模型,并对模型进行验证,得到水溶性浸出物含量的近红外光谱测定方法。结果:测定方法中建立的测定模型,内部交叉验证决定系数为0.9915,交叉验证校正标准偏差为0.4720,预测标准差为0.4890,交叉验证的标准偏差为0.8695。结论:建立的巴戟天水溶性浸出物近红外光谱测定方法稳定,准确可靠,可用于巴戟天药材的水溶性浸出物含量测定。     

NIRS快速测定制何首乌中二苯乙烯苷的含量

目的建立近红外光谱技术(NIRS)测定制何首乌中2,3,5,4'-四羟基二苯乙烯-2-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(二苯乙烯苷)含量的方法。方法中国药典方法测定样品中二苯乙烯苷的含量,采集样品的近红外光谱数据,利用TQ 8.0分析软件对光谱数据进行分析处理,建立制何首乌中二苯乙烯苷含量测定的近红外光谱校正模型。结果该模型的内部交叉验证系数(R~2)、校正均方差(RMSEC)、预测均方差(RMSEP)、内部交叉验证均方差(RMSECV)分别为0.98、0.04、0.04、0.12。结论所建立的方法可用于制何首乌中二苯乙烯苷的含量测定。     

Estimating attributes of deciduous forest cover of a sanctuary in India utilizing Hyperion data and PLS analysis

Continuous and comprehensive evaluation of biochemical and biophysical attributes of forest ecosystems is a key aspect for monitoring their health status in the current global change scenario. Traditional methods of monitoring forest cover such as inventorying are time consuming, cost intensive, and untimely in delivering the output. The present study was carried out to monitor three important deciduous forest covers of India (teak, bamboo, and mixed), utilizing Hyperion (EO1) data of two seasons and partial least squares regression analysis. Attributes measured were canopy chlorophyll, nitrogen, cellulose, lignin, and biomass of tree trunks. Measured attributes showed a wider range, indicating variation in the growth phase of the covers. PLS models developed in this study showed higher R² values (0.63–0.90 for chlorophyll and nitrogen, 0.52–0.80 for cellulose and lignin, 0.80–0.86 for bole biomass). From the spectral data analysis we conclude that PLS regression with selected bands is better for the computation of specific biochemical parameters. For parameters such as bole biomass, reflectance spectra of 165 bands worked better. Developed models are advantageous for monitoring two important tropical covers (teak and bamboo) by utilizing space-borne data. A PLS model developed for teak-cover biomass worked well with mixed species cover (tested as an independent data set), indicating the applicability of the model across similar tropical covers.     

Estimation and comparison of acid detergent lignin and acetyl bromide lignin in fallen leaves using near-infrared spectroscopy

Several analytical methods have been developed to measure the lignin content corresponding to different plant species and different regions. The sulphuric acid method is commonly used for objective determinations of lignin content using near-infrared spectroscopy. Lignin is a complex polymer of lignin units. The types and ratios of lignin units vary among taxonomic classes of plants. To compare the lignin content as determined by different methods of chemical analysis, fallen leaves of different species were analysed using both the acid detergent and acetyl bromide procedures. Near-infrared reflectance spectra were obtained for each sample of dried ground leaves, and stepwise multiple linear regression analyses were performed to compare the amounts of lignin determined using acid detergent and acetyl bromide. In monocotyledonous herbaceous plants, the lignin content determined by acetyl bromide was more than twice that determined by acid detergent. Despite the difference in the values, regression analysis provided acceptable results for both lignin preparations. Although the acid detergent procedure has generally been regarded as accurate for lignin determination, our results suggest that caution is required in the selection of the method of chemical analysis when using near-infrared spectroscopy to estimate the lignin content of different taxonomic classes of plants.     

基于改进CenterNet的竹条表面缺陷检测方法

在竹条表面缺陷检测中,竹条表面缺陷形状各异,成像环境脏乱,现有基于卷积神经网络（CNN）的目标检测模型面对这样特定的数据时并不能很好地发挥神经网络的优势;而且竹条来源复杂且有其他条件限制,因此没办法采集所有类型的数据,导致竹条表面缺陷数据量少到CNN不能充分学习。针对这些问题,提出一种专门针对竹条表面缺陷的检测网络。该网络的基础框架为CenterNet,而且为提高CenterNet在较少的竹条表面缺陷数据中的检测性能,设计了一种基于从零开始训练的辅助检测模块：在网络开始训练时,冻结采用预训练模型的CenterNet部分,并针对竹条的缺陷特点从零开始训练辅助检测模块;待辅助检测模块损失趋于稳定时,通过一种注意力机制的连接方式将该模块与采用预训练的主干部分进行融合。将所提检测网络与CenterNet以及目前常用于工业检测的YOLO v3在相同训练测试集上进行训练和测试。实验结果表明,所提检测网络的平均精度均值（mAP）在竹条表面缺陷检测数据集上比YOLO v3和CenterNet的mAP分别提高了16.45和9.96个百分点。所提方法能够针对形状各异的竹条表面缺陷进行有效检测,且没有增加过多的时耗,在实际工业运用中具有很好的效果。     

Global sensitivity analysis of PROSAIL model parameters when simulating Moso bamboo forest canopy reflectance

PROSAIL is a combination of the leaf optical properties spectra (PROSPECT) model and the scattering by arbitrarily inclined leaves (SAIL) canopy bidirectional reflectance model. When modelling forest canopy reflectance using the PROSAIL radiative transfer model, the sensitivities of parameters can affect the modelling accuracy. Traditionally, sensitivities have been assessed using local sensitivity analysis (LSA); however, drawbacks to this approach include a lack of consideration for coupled effects between different parameters. In this study, parameter sensitivities in the PROSAIL model were calculated using two global sensitivity analysis (GSA) methods (the Extended Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test (EFAST) method and the Morris method), field measurements, and Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) data for a Moso bamboo forest. The results of GSA were compared with those of LSA in order to identify the key parameters impacting the Moso bamboo forest canopy reflectance, and to provide a reference for model optimization and vegetation canopy inversion improvement. The results showed that: (1) the sensitivities of six major input parameters of the PROSAIL model were generally consistent with the sorting orders of the two GSA methods, but were not in accordance with those from the LSA method, especially in the mid-infrared band; (2) coupled effects among parameters acting on reflectance simulation in visible light bands were greater than those in infrared bands; (3) the simulated canopy reflectance was evaluated using Landsat 5 TM data, and the results simulated based on LSA analysis showed higher error than those based on GSA analysis, because the LSA method ignored the influence of some parameters on canopy reflectance, e.g. leaf mesophyll structure (N), average leaf angle (ALA), leaf water content (C_w), and leaf dry matter content (C_m). However, GSA was able to fully consider the coupled effects among parameters, and thus identified the sensitive parameters impacting on reflectance more accurately.     

Moso bamboo forest extraction and aboveground carbon storage estimation based on multi-source remotely sensed images

Using a combination of moso bamboo forest thematic maps derived from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images, field inventory data, and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) images, moso bamboo forest was extracted using the matched filtering (MF) technique and its aboveground carbon storage (AGC) was then estimated. This study presents a feasible method for extracting large-scale moso bamboo forests and for estimating moso bamboo forest AGC based on low-spatial resolution MODIS images. The results showed that moso bamboo forests in the majority of counties can be accurately estimated between actual area and estimates, with an R ² of 0.8453. The fitted accuracy of the AGC model was high (R ² = 0.491). The prediction accuracy of the AGC model was also evaluated using validation samples collected from Lin'an City, with an R ² and root mean square error prediction of 0.4778 and 3.06 Mg C ha^?1, respectively. The AGC in the majority of counties or cities in Zhejiang Province was between 0 and 15 Mg C ha^?1, and to a certain extent the predicted AGC estimates were close to observed ground truth data and representative of the study area.     

Object-based classification using SPOT-5 imagery for Moso bamboo forest mapping

This study proposed a multi-scale, object-based classification analysis of SPOT-5 imagery to map Moso bamboo forest. A three-level hierarchical network of image objects was developed through multi-scale segmentation. By combining spectral and textural properties, both the classification tree and nearest neighbour classifiers were used to classify the image objects at Level 2 in the three-level object hierarchy. The feature selection results showed that most of the object features were related to the spectral properties for both the classification tree and nearest neighbour classifiers. Contextual information characterized by the composition of classified image objects using the class-related features assisted the detection of shadow areas at Levels 1 and 3. Better classification results were achieved using the nearest neighbour algorithm, with both the producer’s and user’s accuracy higher than 90% for Moso bamboo and an overall accuracy of over 85%. The object-based approach toward incorporating textural and contextual information in classification sequence at various scales shows promise in the analysis of forest ecosystems of a complex nature.     

Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy of dissolved organic matter in surface waters: Application to airborne remote sensing

Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in surface waters is investigated as a method of inferring DOM composition. The synchronous fluorescence technique, which has previously been shown to provide structural information for polycyclic hydrocarbons, including crude oils, has been extended to DOM as a method for “fingerprinting” humic substance (HS) types. Fluorescence emission and synchronous fluorescence data were collected for 21 lake water samples. The lake sample synchronous spectra, which are compared with synchronous spectra of lignin and data derived from the literature of other model compounds, provide new insights into the structure of surface water DOM. Further support for this approach is provided by a comparison between the multiple linear regression result found when relating measured pH to fluorescence emission data (R² = 0.75) and that found when relating the measured pH to synchronous fluorescence data (R² = 0.90). Adapting the synchronous fluorescence spectral technique to a remote sensing context is discussed in terms of using the method for choosing optimal excitation wavelengths for a multiple-wavelength lidar.     

Estimation of aboveground carbon stock of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla var. pubescens) forest with a Landsat Thematic Mapper image

The extensive distribution of bamboo forests in South and Southeast Asia plays an important role in the global carbon budget. It is an urgent task to accurately and in good time estimate carbon stock within these areas. In this study, linear regression, partial least-squares (PLS) regression and backpropagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) with a Gaussian error function as the activation function of the hidden layers (Erf-BP) were used to estimate aboveground carbon (AGC) stock of Moso bamboo in Anji, Zhejiang Province, China. Based on the combined use of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and field measurements, the results indicate that the Erf-BP model provided the best estimation performance, and the linear regression model performed the poorest. This study indicates that remote sensing is an effective way of estimating AGC of Moso bamboo in a large area.     

A statistical model of fracture for a 2D hexagonal mesh: The Cell Network Model of Fracture for the bamboo Guadua angustifolia

A 2D, hexagonal in geometry, statistical model of fracture is proposed. The model is based on the drying fracture process of the bamboo Guadua angustifolia. A network of flexible cells are joined by brittle junctures of fixed Young moduli that break at a certain thresholds in tensile force. The system is solved by means of the Finite Element Method (FEM). The distribution of avalanche breakings exhibits a power law with exponent −2.93(9), in agreement with the random fuse model (Bhattacharyya and Chakrabarti, 2006) [1].     

Canopy level estimations of chlorophyll and LAI for two tropical species (teak and bamboo) from Hyperion (EO1) data

Current economic development in tropical regions (especially in India, China, and Brazil) is putting tremendous pressure on tropical forest cover. Some of the dominant and economically important species are planted at large scale in these countries. Teak and bamboo are two important species of tropical regions because of their commercial and conservation values. Accurate estimates of foliar chemistry can help in evaluating the health status of vegetation in these regions. An attempt has been made to derive canopy level estimation of chlorophyll and leaf area index (LAI) for these species utilizing Hyperion data. Partial least square (PLS) regression analysis was carried out to identify the correlation between measured parameters (chlorophyll and LAI) and Hyperion reflectance spectra. PLS regression identified 600–750 nm as a sensitive spectral region for chlorophyll and 1000–1507 nm for LAI. The PLS regression model tested in this study worked well for the estimation of chlorophyll (R ² = 0.90, root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.182 for teak and R ² = 0.84, RMSE = 0.113 for bamboo) and for the estimation of LAI (R ² = 0.87, RMSE = 0.425). The lower predictive error obtained indicates the robustness of the data set and also of the applicability of the PLS regression analysis. Wavelengths recognized by the PLS regression model were utilized for the development of vegetation indices for estimating chlorophyll and LAI. Predictive performances of the developed simple ratios (SRs) were evaluated using the cross-validation method. SR 743/692 gave the best results for the prediction of chlorophyll with the leave-one-out cross-validation (LOO-CV) method (R ² = 0.73, RMSE = 0.28 for teak and R ² = 0.71, RMSE = 0.15 for bamboo). The normalized difference ratio (ND 1457/1084) gave the best results for the prediction of LAI with LOO-CV (R ² = 0.66, RMSE = 0.57). Ratios developed here can be tested for teak and bamboo cover spread in tropical regions with similar environmental conditions.