A proposal for the classification of structural systems of tall buildings

In the early structures at the beginning of the 20th century, structural members were assumed to carry primarily the gravity loads. Today, however, by the advances in structural design/systems and high-strength materials, building weight is reduced, and slenderness is increased, which necessitates taking into consideration mainly the lateral loads such as wind and earthquake. Understandably, especially for the tall buildings, as the slenderness, and so the flexibility increases, buildings suffer from the lateral loads resulting from wind and earthquake more and more. As a general rule, when other things being equal, the taller the building, the more necessary it is to identify the proper structural system for resisting the lateral loads. Currently, there are many structural systems that can be used for the lateral resistance of tall buildings. In this context, authors classify these systems based on the basic reaction mechanism/structural behavior for resisting the lateral loads.     

Nonlinear seismic assessment of irregular coupled wall systems using high‐performance fiber‐reinforced cement composites

Reinforced concrete coupled wall systems that consist of multiple shear walls linked by coupling beams are known to be very effective for resisting lateral loads in high‐rise buildings. As to improving the seismic capacity of coupled wall systems, high‐performance fiber‐reinforced cement composites (HPFRCCs) have been recently considered. These materials are characterized by tension strain‐hardening behavior that can improve the ductility and toughness of structures subjected to reversed cyclic loading. In this study, nonlinear finite element analyses were conducted to investigate the effects of HPFRCCs on the seismic behavior of irregular tall buildings with coupled wall systems. The coupling beams were modeled using moment hinge elements, and the structural walls were modeled using fiber elements. Comparisons between analysis and test results of coupled wall specimens with and without HPFRCCs indicate that the modeling methods used well predict both the overall and local behaviors. The responses of a 56‐story irregular tall building with coupled walls are discussed with focus on the effects of HPFRCCs. It is noted that the use of HPFRCCs in coupling beams and structural walls of one‐fourth height from the base greatly affects the failure mode. For irregular tall buildings, nonlinear response history analysis indicates higher mode effects are critical.     

考虑二阶效应高层建筑结构地震反应分析

高层建筑结构计算分析中,若结构的轴向力较大而侧向刚度较小时,P-Δ效应不可忽视;针对高层建筑结构的二阶分析,建立了考虑P-Δ二阶效应的结构动力学基本方程;并采用小波包分解,将地震输入能量分解到不同频段上,分析了不同频段范围内结构的反应以及能量的分布。并采用文中的方法对一结构进行了分析,揭示了结构地震反应能量在时频域上的分布特性。     

高层建筑构成要素探究——浅析南京农业大学逸夫教学楼建筑设计

全面深入地剖析构成要素,既是理性认知高层建筑的基本途径,也是进行建筑创作设计的重要环节。文章以南京农业大学逸夫教学楼为例,依次从标准层设计、结构选型与概念设计、防火设计、设备系统以及立面与造型设计详细分析了高层建筑中常考虑的构成要素,分层理析地阐释了对高层建筑设计的理解。     

Influence of non‐structural components on lateral stiffness of tall buildings

A building is a complex assemblage of both structural and non‐structural components (NSC). Although many NSC, such as partition walls, external walls, parapet walls, stairwells, elevator shafts and so forth, are connected directly to the structural system, their behaviour and stiffening effects under lateral loading have normally been ignored by design engineers, despite significant advances in computer technology and the availability of modern computational resources. The performance of structures can be greatly improved by the increase in strength arising from the NSC; on the contrary, this increase in strength also accompanies an increase in the initial stiffness of the structure, which may consequently attract additional seismically induced lateral inertia forces. This paper is concerned with the estimation of the lateral stiffness contributed by the NSC to the total stiffness of three common forms of tall building structures constructed in Hong Kong. Both dynamic tests and numerical modelling of the buildings have been carried out for this purpose. Natural period estimates from dynamic tests and from analyses using calibrated finite element models were found to be in remarkable agreement. Significant stiffness contributions from NSC to the total lateral stiffness of tall buildings have been observed in the study. The extent of the contributions depends on the structural form and the type of components. Other contributions to the additional stiffness have also been analysed for comparison in the study. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

我国高层建筑结构综述(上)

本文介绍我国高层建筑的发展概况、一些结构体系的特点和适用范围(包括楼板体系)。文中还扼要介绍了高层建筑结构的一些科研成果和设计经验,其中包括:剪力墙的形式及其设计,地震区底层大空间剪力墙结构,框架一剪力墙结构中剪力墙的合理数量及柱截面的选定,楼板变形对高层建筑结构内力的影响,筒体结构的试验研究,高层建筑结构动力特性,高层建筑风荷载体型系数及沿高度分布的研究。     

浅谈高层建筑结构

以高层建筑结构为研究对象,简单介绍了按材料分类的三种结构体系,详细阐述了高层建筑结构的分析研究以及存在的问题,结合我国的高层建筑发展现状讨论了高层建筑结构的发展方向。     

Seismic evaluation of a 56‐storey residential reinforced concrete high‐rise building based on nonlinear dynamic time‐history analyses

In recent decades, shear walls and tube structures have been the most appropriate structural forms for the construction of high‐rise concrete buildings. Thus, recent Reinforced Concrete (RC) tall buildings have more complicated structural behaviour than before. Therefore, studying the structural systems and associated behaviour of these types of structures is very important. The main objective of this paper is to study the linear and nonlinear behaviour of one of the tallest RC buildings, a 56‐storey structure, located in a high seismic zone in Iran. In this tower, shear wall systems with irregular openings are utilized under both gravity and lateral loads and may result in some especial issues in the behaviour of structural elements such as shear walls and coupling beams. The analytical methodologies and the results obtained in the evaluation of life‐safety and collapse prevention of the building are also discussed. The weak zones of the structure based on the results are introduced, and a detailed discussion of some important structural aspects of the high‐rise shear wall system with consideration of the concrete time dependency and constructional sequence effects is also included. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An integrated topology optimization framework for three‐dimensional domains using shell elements

In the last decades, topology optimization has been widely investigated as a preliminary design tool to minimize the use of material in a structure. Despite this, applications to realistic three‐dimensional engineering problems are still limited. This study provides the instruments for the definition of a versatile and integrated framework in order to apply topology optimization to large‐scale 3‐D domains for the design of efficient and high‐performing structures. The paper proposes a novel topology optimization strategy to identify the optimal layout of lateral resisting systems for tall buildings through the adoption of Mindlin–Reissner shell elements for the discretization of the continuum design domain. The framework is based on the practical interoperability between MATLAB, Ansys, and computer‐aided design (CAD) environments to incorporate optimization routines in the conceptual design phase of structural systems. Finally, the paper examines a three‐dimensional tall building case study in order to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed procedure to realistic Civil Engineering design problems and its robustness in finding optimal layouts free from mesh‐dependency instabilities.     

Application of state-of-the-art in measurement and data analysis techniques for vibration evaluation of a tall building

Recent advancements in sensing and data acquisition technology have made monitoring of structures and infrastructure more affordable and, at the same time, more comprehensive. Examples of such advancements are application of wireless technology for communication, the utilisation of fully automated systems for long-term monitoring and the remote control of the sensing system over Internet. Although each of these technologies has been used in different structural health monitoring projects in the recent years, inclusion of an all-in-one sensing system represents the state-of-the-art in measurement techniques. This paper presents the integration of all of the above-mentioned advanced monitoring approaches in one sensing system for forensic quantification of an in-service tall building. The inclusive measurement and monitoring system along with advanced data analysis techniques enabled extraction of detailed information about dynamic characteristics of the building structure and development of reliable conclusions regarding its performance. It is shown that the performance of the investigated structural components is satisfactory in terms of strength demand. However, the level of vibration in some portions of the structure does not meet the limits of human comfort. In addition, wind-speed spectrum, acceleration response spectrum and the modes of lateral vibration are extracted to assist with evaluation of the structure's performance.     

强震作用下高层结构地震响应时程的多步预测

提出了一种结合经验模态分解(EMD)与极限学习机(ELM)的时间序列多步预测方法,对近断层强震作用下弹塑性高层框架结构的顶层加速度和位移响应时程进行了多步预测。首先,利用经验模态分解技术将高层结构非线性、非平稳地震响应分解为一系列具有不同特征尺度的固有模态函数序列(IMFs)。然后,利用极限学习机分别对固有模态函数子序列进行多步预测,再将各子序列的预测值叠加得到最终的预测值。预测结果表明,EMD-ELM预测方法能够高精度地实现强震作用下高层建筑动力响应的多步预测。建筑结构地震响应时程的短期预测可为主动、半主动控制系统预先提供准确的动力响应,从而有利于实现工程结构的在线实时减震控制。     

Optimal lateral stiffness design of tall buildings of mixed steel and concrete construction

This paper presents an optimal sizing technique for the lateral stiffness design of tall steel and concrete buildings. The minimum structure cost design problem subject to lateral drift constraints is first mathematically formulated and then solved by a rigorously derived Optimality Criteria (OC) method. The emphasis is particularly placed on the practical applicability of the optimization technique in engineering practice. Once the structural form of the lateral load resisting system of a building is defined, the optimal steel and concrete element sizes are then sought while satisfying all serviceability lateral stiffness and practical sizing requirements. The effectiveness and practicality of the optimization technique is illustrated through an actual application to the preliminary design of an 88‐storey building in Hong Kong. When complete, the building will be 420 m tall and will become the tallest building in Hong Kong. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

多高层建筑钢结构抗侧力体系综述

综述多高层建筑钢结构常用抗侧力体系的受力特性，并比较各自的优缺点。提出工程设计中应注意的若干问题和建议。     

建筑中的错列桁架结构体系

错列桁架结构体系是高层建筑钢框架结构中的一种新的结构体系 ,它具有侧向刚度大、结构重量轻、造价低等优点 ,同时又能提供在两倍柱距内无柱开间 ,使室内布置呈多样化。为此介绍交错桁架结构体系的结构布置、受力特点和相关构件的设计     

高层混凝土框架核心筒-木盒混合结构抗震性能研究

提出了一种以混凝土框架-核心筒结构为“主结构”,每层主结构间内嵌3层装配式轻型木结构为“子结构”的装配式高层建筑结构体系。该混合结构体系实现了建筑使用功能多样化,结构体系集成化,建筑材料绿色化,建造施工装配化的特点。着重研究了体系中主结构与子结构间的连接,根据连接的特点和强弱,提出了3种不同的结构模型：1）重力模型,其特点是主结构与子结构在侧向不连接或弱连接,不考虑子结构对整体结构抗侧刚度的贡献;2）刚度模型,主子结构间采用螺栓有效连接;3）隔震模型,其子结构底面与主结构采用隔震支座连接。采用有限元软件SAP2000对3种具有不同受力特点的模型结构进行抗震性能分析研究。结果表明：重力模型主结构受力安全合理;刚度模型中子结构对整体结构抗侧刚度的贡献可达6%~35%;隔震模型中隔震子结构可明显降低整体结构的地震反应。与建筑功能相同的混凝土框架核心筒结构相比,混凝土框架核心筒-木盒结构自重可减轻25%,地震作用可减小30%,有利于在地震设防区应用。     

Shear wall layout optimization of tall buildings using Quantum Charged System Search

This paper presents a developed meta-heuristic algorithm to optimize the shear walls of tall reinforced concrete buildings. These types of walls are considered as lateral resistant elements. In this paper, Quantum Charged System Search (QCSS) algorithm is presented as a new optimization method and used to improve the convergence capability of the original Charged System Search. The cost of tall building is taken as the objective function. Since the design of the lateral system plays a major role in the performance of the tall buildings, this paper proposes a unique computational technique that, unlike available works, focuses on structural efficiency or architectural design. This technique considers both structural and architectural requirements such as minimum structural costs, torsional effects, flexural and shear resistance, lateral deflection, openings and accessibility. The robustness of the new algorithm is demonstrated by comparing the outcomes of the QCSS with those of its standard algorithm.     

复杂高层建筑抗震与消能减震研究进展

复杂高层建筑的震害在近来的历次地震中都有发生,其抗震分析和设计难度较大,提高其抗震性能是当前建筑抗震的难点之一。通过对近10年来国内在复杂高层建筑抗震方面的研究进行回顾和总结,重点介绍了组合剪力墙及筒体结构、钢管混凝土结构、结构模型振动台试验和三种消能减震方法。提出了采用新型高效的结构体系及高性能抗震部件或消能减震新技术改善复杂高层建筑抗震性能。这些研究工作与工程实践紧密结合,大部分研究成果已在实际工程中成功应用。图18参28     

Studies on various structural system design options for twisted tall buildings and their performances

Employing twisted forms for tall buildings is a recent architectural phenomenon. This paper studies various structural system design options for twisted tall buildings and their performances based on lateral stiffness. Twisted tall buildings of various heights and rates of twist are designed with different types of contemporary tall building structural systems, such as diagrids, braced tubes and outrigger systems. The heights of the studied buildings range from 60 to 100 stories, and the rates of twist range from 0° to 3° per floor. As the rate of twist increases, the lateral stiffness of the tower decreases. The stiffness reduction rate caused by twisting is very much dependent upon the structural systems employed for twisted tall buildings. While an emphasis is placed on the structural performance of twisted tall buildings, other aspects, such as architectural and constructional issues, are also discussed holistically. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高层钢结构跨层支撑—框架设计

成达大厦采用了矩形钢管混凝土柱框架-钢支撑结构体系,该体系以外围大型跨层支撑作为主要的抗侧力体系,体系新颖.设计阶段采用了两种有限元分析软件SATWE和ETABS对该工程进行了详细的弹性及弹塑性的计算分析.计算结果表明,此结构体系有良好的工作性能.文中详细介绍了结构布置、主要抗震措施、节点构造,并进行了人体舒适度及经济分析,可供类似工程参考.     

高层建筑结构抗震弹塑性分析方法及抗震性能评估的研究

以反应谱理论为依据,建立了循环侧推的多振型高层建筑结构静力弹塑性分析方法。在此基础上,归纳、总结得到结构等效恢复力模型的骨架曲线及滞回特性,发展了较简单且较为精确的计算在地震作用下高层建筑结构顶层位移反应的方法。探讨了应用静力、动力弹塑性分析结果进行抗震性能评估的基本原则。最后给出算例对本文的研究进行了论证。