图像处理技术及其在泥沙运动研究中的应用

总结了在悬移质泥沙运动特性试验研究中常用的量测手段，介绍了图像处理技术的基本原理和系统的组成，针对图像处理中的几个具体问题，特别是光片厚度和粒子浓度的选择，结合实践经验进行了讨论．利用开发的颗粒示踪与图像处理系统，对明槽悬移质颗粒的运动特性进行了量测．实践表明，图像处理技术为悬移质颗粒运动特性的研究提供了有力的手段．     

颗粒反序现象及对滑坡碎屑流冲击作用的影响

滑坡碎屑流的堆积形态、运动速度及冲击力影响着滑坡碎屑流的致灾程度。颗粒反序现象是滑坡碎屑流动力行为的典型特征,探究反序现象的成因机制、反序堆积过程中冲击力变化的主控因素是滑坡碎屑流防灾减灾工作的重要切入点。运用三维离散元素法,结合模型试验的结果,以控制粒径d_(60)为参数,探索了滑体颗粒运动过程中的反序分离对滑体的堆积形态、运动速度及冲击力的影响,并对滑坡碎屑流颗粒反序现象的成因机制进行了讨论。研究表明,滑坡碎屑流运动过程中的颗粒分选能大大增强滑体的流动性、平均速度峰值及最大冲击力,滑体最终形成反序堆积结构。对于单一粒径滑体模型,粒径为14 mm时滑体流动性最差,滑体平均速度峰值和冲击力峰值随着粒径的增大而增大;对于混合粒径滑体模型,滑体流动性、平均速度峰值和冲击力峰值随控制粒径d_(60)尺寸的增大而增大;颗粒反序现象的形成是由消散压力、振动筛分、大颗粒碰撞分离、小颗粒率先停积等因素共同作用的结果。     

基于单粒压缩试验的堆石料破碎特性研究

堆石料的颗粒破碎是影响其强度及变形的主要因素,但堆石料在受力过程中的颗粒破碎规律仍不明确,缺乏准确判断堆石料颗粒破碎的标准。单粒压缩试验是研究堆石料破碎特性的重要手段,通过可视化单粒压缩试验对920组不同粒径玄武岩堆石料颗粒的破碎过程进行了研究。试验结果表明：玄武岩堆石料单粒压缩破碎的过程大致可分为4个阶段,破碎模式可分为3种类型,破碎程度随粒径的减小而增大;同一粒组的堆石料单粒强度较好地服从 Weibull模型,随着试验样本量的增加,峰值应力分布逐步趋向正态分布;破碎颗粒的级配分布与破碎模式相关,多应力峰值破碎颗粒的碎后粒径级配曲线服从分形分布。     

Growth, structure and oxygen penetration in particle supported autotrophic biofilms.

Particle supported autotrophic biofilms were cultivated in external-loop airlift reactors at two different pumice concentrations. Oxygen microelectrodes were used to investigate substrate transport and conversion. A special flow cell was designed for the measurement of oxygen concentration profiles in the particle supported biofilms under defined hydrodynamic conditions. The oxygen concentration profiles inside the biofilms were found to be steeper at high flow velocities in the bulk phase of the flow cell compared to those at low flow velocities. Furthermore, the oxygen flux increased and the thickness of the concentration boundary layer decreased with increasing flow velocity. This dependence was found to be more pronounced in less dense biofilms out of airlift reactors with lower pumice concentrations. In addition confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to visualize the biofilm structure. The volume fractions of bacteria and extracellular polymeric substances (lectin-specific EPS-glycoconjugates) were measured in living fully hydrated biofilms. Both the microelectrode and CLSM measurement showed the influence of shear stress on particle supported biofilms. A higher particle concentration led to dense biofilms with a homogeneous surface, lower thickness of the concentration boundary layer and steeper oxygen concentration profiles. The combination of both techniques allows a detailed and quantitative characterisation of particle associated biofilm structure and function.     

恒定流中泥沙运动速度实验

泥沙颗粒运动速度与水流运动速度是不一致的,进而会对水流输沙和河床演变产生影响。通过采用粒子追踪测速方法(Particle Tracking Velocimetry-PTV)和粒子图像测速技术(Particle Image Velocimetry-PIV)测量了水槽中2种粒径的泥沙颗粒运动速度及相应的水流运动速度。实验结果表明,泥沙颗粒运动速度沿垂线分布与水流速度不一致,在对数区,泥沙颗粒的运动速度略小于水流的速度,泥沙运动滞后于水流运动;在近壁区,泥沙颗粒的运动速度大于水流速度,且在本实验的粒径范围内,随着泥沙颗粒粒径增大,泥沙颗粒的运动速度也随之增大。     

基于回归分析的表面流场粒子匹配算法

针对表面流速图像测试中高浓度粒子条件下测量误差大的问题,改进了最邻近匹配算法,提出基于回归分析的表面流场粒子匹配算法,即多帧回归粒子匹配算法。该算法综合粒子距离、运动轨迹、运动趋势等因素,应用一元线性回归分析法拟合粒子中心坐标,通过相关系数完成粒子匹配,实现最佳同源粒子追踪。运用多帧回归粒子匹配算法开发了改进型大尺度模型表面流场图像测试系统(ILSPIV),并将ILSPIV应用到八卦洲河工模型,ILSPIV和旋桨流速仪测量的断面垂线平均流速分布形态及数值基本一致,表明多帧回归粒子匹配算法能提升高浓度粒子条件下流速测量精度,更好地满足工程实践研究需求。     

Tracking particle size distributions in a moving bed biofilm membrane reactor for treatment of municipal wastewater.

A study has been conducted to investigate the effect of loading rates on membrane fouling in a moving bed biofilm membrane reactor process for municipal wastewater treatment, especially analysing the fate of submicron colloidal particles and their influence on membrane fouling. Two operating conditions defined as low and high organic loading rates were tested where the development and fate of the particulate material was characterised analysing the particle size distributions throughout the process. Analysis of the membrane performance showed higher fouling rates for the high-rate conditions. The fraction of colloidal submicron particles was higher in the membrane reactor indicating that fouling by these particles was a dominant contribution to membrane fouling.     

PDA MEASUREMENTS OF TWO-PHASE FLOW STRUCTURE AND PARTICLE DISPERSION FOR A PARTICLE-LADEN JET IN CROSSFLOW

The two-phase flow structure and particle dispersion for a dilute particle-laden jet in crossflow(JICF) were experimentally investigated by means of Phase Doppler Anemometry(PDA) measurement.The two-phase flow experiments were conducted for different flow conditions and solid particle parameters,including the ratio of the jet velocity to crossflow velocity,the particle size and mass loading.The experimental results indicate that the fine particles with the size of 70 micron and the mass loading of 0.05% hav...     

循环流化床环核结构速度分布PIV测试

利用粒子图像测速仪（PIV）对循环流化床中颗粒流场进行了系统的实验研究。运用适合于高粒子浓度的最小方差法（MQD）图像处理算法得到了截面内典型环核流动颗粒速度矢量场。采用速度矢量场的方法可以确定出环核结构分界。定量上获得了不同时刻颗粒轴向上升和下落平均速度大小及沿床径向分布特性。在统计颗粒轴向上升速度和下落速度代数和基础上,获得了总体上颗粒轴向速度沿床径向在整个截面内形成抛物线型的环核分布规律。     

水力提升管道大颗粒运动特性的高速摄影分析

为提高管道水力输送安全性,本文利用高速摄影技术对水力提升系统中大颗粒的运动规律进行了试验研究,观察了颗粒及颗粒群体的运动状态.通过数字图像处理技术,得到了单颗粒的运动轨迹和颗粒群分布规律,同时获得了颗粒轴向速度、径向速度等各种运动参散,并分析了颗粒粒径对其轴向速度的影响.研究发现单颗粒基本上属于螺旋式上升的状态;颗粒群主要集中于管道的中心;颗粒的轴向速度在沿管径的分布类似于抛物线分布,大小基本上与颗粒的粒径成反比;径向速度沿管径基本符合正态分布.     

Measurements of the sediment flocculation characteristics in the Three Gorges Reservoir,Yangtze River

The flocculation of fine sediments in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) was confirmed in previous studies, but the flocculation characteristics have yet to be fully clarified. In this study, field measurements were conducted in the TGR to investigate the sediment flocculation characteristics. First, the instantaneous flow velocity and sediment concentration were measured through Acoustic Doppler velocimeter and sediment sampling. Then, the effective settling velocity was calculated based on the sediment diffusion theory to deduce the floc size and flocculation degree. Finally, the influences of particle size, flow velocity, and sediment concentration on flocculation were analyzed. Results showed that flocculation occurred in more than half of the sediments in the TGR, and the maximum flocculation degree was between 10 and 30. Flocculation weakened as particle diameter increased, with the critical particle size being approximately 0.018 mm, meaning that flocculation was unlikely to occur when the particle size exceeded the critical value. As the flow velocity increased, the flocculation degree first increased and then decreased, with the critical flow velocity being approximately 0.7 m/s, but the critical flow velocity increased with an increase in sediment concentration and tended to be a constant. The flocculation degree also increased with increasing sediment concentration and tended to be constant when the sediment concentration exceeded approximately 0.5 kg/m³. The results provide new information on the flocculation characteristics of the TGR and should be useful for understanding and simulating fine sediment transport in the TGR.     

BIAS ERRORS INDUCED BY CONCENTRATION GRADIENT IN SEDI- MENT-LADEN FLOW MEASUREMENT WITH PTV

Sediment-laden flow measurement with Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV) introduces a series of finite-sized sampling bins along the vertical of the flow. Instantaneous velocities are collected at each bin and a significantly large sample is established to evaluate mean and root mean square (rms) velocities of the flow. Due to the presence of concentration gradient, the established sample for the solid phase involves more data from the lower part of the sampling bin than from the upper part. The concentration effect causes bias errors in the measured mean and rms velocities when velocity varies across the bin. These bias errors are analytically quantified in this study based on simplified linear velocity and concentration distributions. Typical bulk flow characteristics from sediment-laden flow measurements are used to demonstrate rough estimation of the error magnitude. Results indicate that the mean velocity is underestimated while the rms velocity is overestimated in the ensemble-averaged measurement. The extent of deviation is commensurate with the bin size and the rate of concentration gradient. Procedures are proposed to assist determining an appropriate sampling bin size in certain error limits.     

煤浆管道输送颗粒级配降级研究

针对目前管道输煤颗粒级配降级影响因素及煤颗粒降级对输送参数的影响规律方面的研究不足,采用试验方法研究了煤颗粒管道输送时浆体流速、颗粒大小、泵送时间对颗粒级配降低的影响,同时还通过试验以及理论分析相结合的方法,研究了煤浆级配降低后对浆体黏性、管道输送阻力和临界淤积流速等输送参数的影响。研究指出浆体流动速度越大,泵送时间越长,颗粒粒径越大,颗粒的降级率越大。试验观测和理论分析结果表明,浆体级配降级导致浆体黏度升高,阻力降低,不淤流速相应减小,且黏度和阻力值可用费祥俊黏度和阻力模型进行准确预测。在此基础上,结合有关研究,推导了临界淤积流速的计算模型。     

渗流的颗粒流细观模拟

本文基于颗粒流理论,运用PFC^2D计算程序的FISHTANK函数库和FISH语言,定义了细观角度概念——流体域,并分别定义了流体域的流动方程和压力方程,将颗粒体与流体域耦合,推导出颗粒流理论显式求解的稳定条件,成功地对土中的渗流进行了模拟,得到了渗流过程中压力和流速的变化规律。结果表明,运用PFC^2D程序模拟的渗流规律符合达西定律,这一结果为PFC^2D在渗流和渗透破坏等方面的深入研究应用提供了一定的理论基础。     

推移质颗粒平均运动特性的试验研究

采用三维粒子示踪测速技术,通过分别变化示踪粒子的粒径、比重以及水力比降等条件,观测了10种不同水沙条件下推移质颗粒的三维运动,对推移质颗粒的平均运动规律进行了统计分析。研究结果表明,推移质颗粒的纵向速度既不是Einstein假定的11.6u,也不是Bagnold假定的比清水流速小一个ω值。在分析坡降、粒径和比重对推移质平均纵向速度影响的基础上,根据Bagnold和Einstein两种表述方法以及实测资料分别得出推移质纵向平均速度的两个表达式。     

一种改进的粒子图像测速混合算法研究

粒子图像测速技术作为一种新的流场测速方法能够在不干扰流场的情况下获得整个流场的速度信息。粒子图像测速技术最关键的步骤在于粒子匹配。针对粒子密度分布不均匀、流场不同等实际情况,提出了混合算法,即结合互相关和松弛算法能够更准确地搜索粒子,进而对粒子进行匹配。对3种匹配算法的匹配概率进行比较分析,发现混合算法能更准确地分析粒子的运动状态,减少错误矢量的产生;另外,对松弛算法进行改进,通过优化筛选加权因子发现改进的松弛算法在运行速度上相比原始算法有了较大提高,匹配率与原始算法基本一致。     

Particle detachment during hydraulic shock loads in granular media filtration.

Particle breakthrough can occur by either the breakoff of previously captured particles (or flocs) or the direct passage of some influent particles through the filter. Filtration experiments were performed in a laboratory-scale filter using spherical glass beads with a diameter of 0.55 mm as collectors. A single type of particle suspension (Min-U-Sil 5) and three different destabilisation methods (pH control, alum and polymer destabilisation) were used to destabilise particles. The filtration velocity of 5 m/h was similar to that used in standard media filtration practice. To assess the possibility of particle detachment during normal filtration, a hydraulic shock load (20% increase of flow rate) was applied after 4 h of normal filtration. The magnitude of particle detachment was proportional to the particle size for non-Brownian particles. At the same time, less favourable particles, i.e. particles with larger surface charge, were easily detached during the hydraulic shock load. Therefore, proper particle destabilisation before filtration is crucial for maximum particle removal, as well as minimum particle breakthrough.     

PIV MEASUREMENT OF THE GAS-SOLID FLOW PATTERN IN A CFB RISER

Particle Imaging Velocimetry (PIV) is a valuable measuring tool for studying multiphase flows, such as liquid-gas and gas-solid flow. It can be used to carry out many hydrodynamic studies, in particular, to determine accurately the gas-solid flow structure in CFB (Circulating Fluidized Beds). In this paper, the technique characteristics was described in applying the PIV to measure the gas-solid flow in circulating fluidized beds. A primary experiment was completed on a CFB unit with the PIV, yielding the velocity vector fields of high-density particles for different gas-solid superficial velocities and solid recycle rates. Velocities of the transported particles were calculated with cross-correlation method. The major factors influencing the successful measurement of particle velocity with the PIV technique were also described.     

Measurement of particle size based on digital imaging technique

To improve the analysis methods for the measurement of the sediment particle sizes with a wide distribution and of irregular shapes, a sediment particle image measurement, an analysis system, and an extraction algorithm of the optimal threshold based on the gray histogram peak values are proposed. Recording the pixels of the sediment particles by labeling them, the algorithm can effectively separate the sediment particle images from the background images using the equivalent pixel circles with the same diameters to represent the sediment particles. Compared with the laser analyzer for the case of blue plastic sands, the measurement results of the system are shown to be reasonably similar. The errors are mainly due to the small size of the particles and the limitation of the apparatus. The measurement accuracy can be improved by increasing the Charge-Coupled Devices (CCD) camera resolution. The analysis method of the sediment particle images can provide a technical support for the rapid measurement of the sediment particle size and its distribution.