Shaking table model test and numerical analysis of a long‐span cantilevered structure

This paper presents an earthquake‐resistance study program of a long‐span cantilevered story building. The program consists of a shaking table test study and nonlinear seismic analysis using finite element modeling technique. A 1/30 scale model of the prototype structure was designed and manufactured and then tested via the shaking table facility. Dynamic responses of the prototype structure under different earthquake excitation loadings were simulated. Dynamic properties, acceleration, and deformation responses of the scale down model under different intensity levels of earthquake were studied. The dynamic behavior, cracking pattern, and the likely governing failure mechanism of the structure were analyzed and discussed as well. The seismic responses of the prototype building were deduced and analyzed in terms of the similitude law. Furthermore, elaborate finite element models were established, and nonlinear numerical analysis of the prototype structure was conducted. The errors in the seismic response of the structure caused by structural simplification of scale down modeling are found small, and the dynamic behavior of the structure was not altered in the earthquake excitations. This test study provides a benchmark to calibrate the finite element model and a tentative guide in seismic design of such long‐span cantilevered story buildings.     

Seismic performance evaluation of tall and nonseismic‐designed wall‐type structures by shaking table tests

Two 1/5‐scaled models of a nonseismic‐designed wall‐type structures were constructed and tested on a shaking table to evaluate their seismic performances. The prototype structure had shear walls only along the short side of the structure, which was a typical structural plan of apartment buildings constructed by tunnel forms before the seismic design code was enforced in Korea in 1989. Of the two models, one model was reinforced by steel angle sections placed on the walls and under the slabs for seismic retrofit. They were tested on a shaking table to investigate performance for earthquake ground excitations with various intensities. The experimental results showed that the nonseismic‐designed wall‐type structure without seismic retrofit failed to satisfy the life‐safety and collapse‐prevention performance objectives, whereas the retrofitted structure satisfied all the performance objectives. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Shaking table test on hybrid structure with SRC frame and steel frame strengthened concrete core tube

针对工程中采用的钢梁SRC柱框架-型钢混凝土核心筒混合结构的抗震性能进行了试验研究。设计并完成了一幢17层的1∶10模型结构,并对其进行了不同地震工况下振动台试验。分析了该结构体系固有动力特性以及在不同类型、不同强度水准的地震动输入下位移、速度、加速度响应及破坏机理;研究了布置于钢筋混凝土核心筒内的型钢框架对结构整体抗侧能力及变形性能的影响。结果表明：在不同类型、不同强度的地震动作用下,该结构体系的破坏始于型钢混凝土核心筒与外部钢梁SRC柱框架连接节点处,而后向核心筒体内部连梁发展,最终扩展到核心筒体。在核心筒体混凝土局部出现严重开裂破坏后,内置的型钢框架及外部的SRC钢梁框架仍处于弹性工作状态,表明该结构体系可实现多道防线的抗震设计目的且传力途径明确,抗震性能良好。     

Study on seismic performance of a super‐tall steel–concrete hybrid structure

Many steel–concrete hybrid buildings have been built in China. The seismic performance of such hybrid system is much more complicated than that of steel structure or reinforced concrete (RC) structure. A steel–concrete hybrid frame‐tube super‐tall building structure with new type of shear walls to be built in a district of seismic intensity 8 in China was studied for its structural complexity and irregularity. Both model test and numerical simulation were applied to obtain the detailed knowledge of seismic performance for this structure. First, a 1/30 scaled model structure was tested on the shaking table under different levels of earthquakes. The failure process and mechanism of the model structure are presented here. Nonlinear time‐history analysis of the prototype structure was then conducted by using the software PERFORM‐3D. The dynamic characteristics, inter‐story drift ratios and energy dissipation conditions are introduced. On the basis of the comparison between the deformation demand and capacity of main structural components at individual performance level under different earthquake level, the seismic performance at the member level was also evaluated. Despite the structural complexity and code‐exceeding height, both experimental and analytical results indicate that the overall seismic performance of the structure meet the requirements of the Chinese design code. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

子结构隔震的巨型框架结构地震反应分析与振动台试验研究

为考察基于子结构隔震的巨型框架结构的实际振动控制效果,对一巨型框架结构和采用子结构隔震的巨型框架结构进行数值分析和振动台试验。介绍了巨型框架结构原型,采用有限元方法对巨型框架结构和采用子结构隔震的巨型框架结构进行分析,研究子结构隔震技术对外部主框架和内部子框架的地震反应控制效果。介绍了缩尺模型结构及其试验方案,对其进行了模拟地震的振动台试验,测量和分析了主框架和子框架的地震反应。有限元分析和振动台试验结果表明：子框架隔震后,巨型框架结构的基本周期得到延长,但隔震结构前6阶振型的振动都是以子框架振动为主,而非隔震结构前6阶振型的振动都是以主框架的振动为主。子框架隔震后,主框架和子框架的地震反应都显著减小,位置较低的子框架2的地震反应及其隔震效果一般要比上部子框架3的大。隔震子框架的变形主要集中在隔震层上,但隔震层变形小于主、子框架间的隔震缝宽度。     

Shaking table model test and FE analysis of a reinforced concrete mega‐frame structure with tuned mass dampers

To study the damage characteristics and to evaluate the overall seismic performance of reinforced concrete mega‐frame structures, a shaking table test of a 1/25 scaled model with a rooftop tuned mass damper (TMD) is performed. The maximum deformation and acceleration responses are measured. The dynamic behavior and the damping effect with and without TMD are compared. The results indicate that the mega‐frame structure has excellent seismic performance and the TMD device has a significant vibration reduction effect. A finite element (FE) model simulating the scaled model is also developed, and the numerical and experimental results are compared to provide a better understanding of the overall structural behavior in particular those related to the dynamic characteristics and damping effect. Upon verification of the FE model, other important structural behavior can also be predicted by the FE analysis. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Shaking table test and numerical analysis of an asymmetrical twin‐tower super high‐rise building connected with long‐span steel truss

The asymmetrical high‐rise building investigated in this paper is composed of a 299.1‐m‐high tower and a 235.2‐m‐high tower, which are diagonally and rigidly connected by two steel truss systems with the maximum span of 65.43 m. Given the great structural irregularities and complexities, the structural seismic performance is necessary to be investigated. A shaking table test of a 1/45 scaled model is conducted in this study, by which the structural damage pattern and dynamic responses are analyzed. The results show that the connecting trusses and rigid connection joints behave well during strong seismic excitations. The damages concentrate on the connecting floors, and the whole structural damage is slight. Most of the lateral resistance components remain elastic. The structure presents high seismic resistance against strong ground motions. Subsequently, a three‐dimensional finite element model of prototype structure is established and validated by the experimental results. The analyses indicate that performance of the connecting trusses is capable of coordinating translational and torsional deformation of the two towers and making them resist lateral seismic force together even subjected to maximum considered earthquakes. And this performance is still reliable although the high torsional modes are triggered.     

基于三维隔震的巨子结构多维地震反应分析

为解决高层结构三维隔震的难题,针对一种巨子结构和基于子结构三维隔震的巨子结构进行振动台试验和三维地震作用下的数值分析。首先介绍了巨子结构的原型结构、缩尺模型结构和振动台试验方案。随后进行了模型结构振动台试验,测量和分析了结构的地震响应,并与数值分析结果进行了对比。最后对原型结构进行了三维地震作用下的地震反应数值分析。试验及数值分析结果表明：在子框架底部设置三维隔震支座不同于基础隔震的形式和减震机理,但仍延长了整个结构的水平和竖向自振周期。数值分析结果与试验结果吻合较好,误差较小。隔震子框架对各类场地地震动作用下的主框架三维地震响应具有明显的调谐减震作用。三维隔震支座对各类场地地震动作用下的子框架三维地震响应具有显著的隔震作用。罕遇地震作用下的隔震层位移反应没有超过隔震缝宽,子框架不会与主框架发生碰撞。     

上海世博会中国馆抗震分析与振动台模型试验研究

2010年上海世博会中国馆建筑造型和结构体系独特,主体结构为4个钢筋混凝土筒体加组合楼盖,筒体间楼盖向上层层展开出挑,呈四棱台斗冠状.倒梯形的建筑造型使上部楼层的转动惯量增大,导致结构的第一振型为扭转振型,不满足现行高层结构设计规范的要求.为了研究该结构的抗震性能,检验和改进结构设计,利用有限元程序ANSYS对整体结构...     

巨型框架结构的动力性能研究及设计建议

根据采用巨型框架结构体系的南京多媒体综合大楼 1∶2 5微粒混凝土模型的模拟地震振动台试验 ,着重研究了巨型框架结构的动力特性、弹性和弹塑性地震反应及结构的破坏形式 ,并对巨型框架结构体系提出了一些具体的设计建议     

上海中心大厦抗震性能分析和振动台试验研究

上海中心大厦塔楼高632m,该结构为巨型框架-核心筒-外伸臂结构体系,钢 混凝土混合结构。应用ABAQUS软件对该结构进行了7度多遇、基本和罕遇地震作用下的弹塑性时程分析,得到各水准地震作用下结构动力特性和位移反应,分析了结构的地震损伤破坏过程及损伤分布情况。同时,为进一步评价其抗震性能,进行了1/50比例的整体模型振动台试验,研究其地震破坏机理及抗震薄弱部位。弹塑性时程分析和振动台试验结果表明：该结构能够满足预先设定的抗震性能目标,且有较高的安全储备。     

Shaking table model test of a mega‐frame with a vibration control substructure

A mega‐frame with a vibration control substructure (MFVCS) is a tuned mass damper system that converts substructures into a tuned mass. In this study, a kind of MFVCS using lead–rubber bearings (LRBs) to connect the vibration control substructure to the mega‐frame was proposed. To investigate the damping effect of this MFVCS, a series of shaking table tests were conducted, and the seismic responses of the MFVCS were compared with those of the traditional mega‐frame structure (TMFS). The results show that the seismic responses of the MFVCS are clearly smaller than those of the TMFS; additionally, the proposed MFVCS can provide a sufficient damping effect under different ground motions. Finite element (FE) models of the TMFS and MFVCS were established and validated by experimental results. Finally, the simulation results adopting different LRB models (equivalent linear and nonlinear elements) were compared, and the results indicate that simulation results can be obtained with greater accuracy from the FE model with a nonlinear LRB model than that with a linear LRB model.     

大型火电厂主厂房钢支撑-框架结构振动台试验模型

为了在振动台上实现大型复杂钢支撑-框架结构的模拟地震试验,以某现役大型火电厂主厂房结构为原型,根据结构静、动力性能等效原则,设计制作了大缩比振动台试验整体模型。采用钢板模拟钢-混凝土组合楼板,工形钢梁模拟钢桁架,小螺栓节点连接模拟高强螺栓连接等尽可能反映结构实际情况的制作方案和措施,探索了细部构造对整体模型影响的途径,为中国首次实现同类结构的抗震性能试验研究奠定了基础。     

Detail design,building and commissioning of tall building structural models for experimental shaking table tests

In the areas of seismic engineering, shaking table tests are powerful methods for assessing the seismic capacity of buildings. Since the size and capacity of existing shaking tables are limited, using scale structural models seems to be necessary. In recent years, many experimental studies have been performed using shaking table tests to determine seismic response of structural models subjected to various earthquake records. However, none of the past research works discussed practical procedure for creating the physical model. Therefore, in this study, a comprehensive procedure for design, building and commissioning of scale tall building structural models has been developed and presented for practical applications in shaking table test programmes. To validate the structural model, shaking table tests and numerical time history dynamic analyses were performed under the influence of different scaled earthquake acceleration records. Comparing the numerical predictions and experimental values of maximum lateral displacements, it became apparent that the numerical predictions and laboratory measurements are in a good agreement. As a result, the scale structural model can replicate the behaviour of real tall buildings with acceptable accuracy. It is concluded that the physical model is a valid and qualified model that can be employed for experimental shaking table tests. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Shaking table test and numerical analysis of a high‐rise building with steel reinforce concrete column and reinforce concrete core tube

This paper assesses the seismic performance of a high‐rise building with steel reinforce concrete column and reinforce concrete core tube in Shanghai, China. This building has 54 floors above the ground and 4 basements, and it has two strengthened layers, which are composed of outrigger truss and belt truss. In order to validate the reliability and the safety of this structure, besides the conventional analysis, shaking table test of scale model was conducted. In the test, the maximum responses of acceleration and deformation were measured and evaluated, as well as the dynamic characteristics, crack pattern, and failure mechanism of the building. Meanwhile, elastic‐plastic time‐history analysis for prototype structure was carried out by the finite element analysis program, and the experimental data were compared with the analytical results to gain a better understanding of the seismic performance of the building. The conclusions are summarized below:

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高层钢-混凝土混合结构弹塑性地震反应简化分析模型

将高层钢 混凝土混合结构分为外部钢框架和内部混凝土核心筒两部分。外部钢框架进一步简化为半刚架和相应的弹性阶梯形等效弯曲杆的串联体系 ,这种简化模型能考虑柱轴向变形对结构动力反应的影响 ;内部混凝土核心筒则采用弯剪两弹簧墙单元模型 ,简化后的框架和混凝土芯筒之间通过位于楼面标高处的水平刚性连杆连接。考虑到几何非线性对高层结构动力反应的影响 ,再用一竖向受载杆与上述简化结构并联 ,从而得到了高层混合结构简化动力分析模型。对一个 2 5层混合结构的 1 /2 0试验模型进行了理论分析 ,并与模拟地震振动台试验结果进行对比。分析表明 ,提出的简化模型能反映混合结构主要的动力特征 ,可大大减少计算自由度和降低计算工作量 ,且具有较好的计算精度。     

Dynamic characteristics and seismic response of frame–core tube structures,considering soil–structure interactions

In order to study the dynamic characteristics and seismic response of high‐rise buildings with a frame–core tube structure, while considering the effect of soil–structure interactions (SSIs), a series of shaking table tests were conducted on test models with two foundation types: fixed‐base (FB), in which the superstructure was directly affixed to the shaking table, and SSI, consisting of a superstructure, pile foundation, and soil. To increase the applicability of the model to the dynamic characteristics of real‐world tall buildings, the superstructure of test models was built at a scale of 1/50. This simulated a 41‐floor high‐rise building with a frame–core tube structure. The mode shape, natural frequency, damping ratio, acceleration and displacement response, story shear, and dynamic strain were determined in each of the test models under the excitation of simulated minor, moderate, and large earthquakes. The SSI effect on frame–core tubes was analyzed by comparing the results of the two test models. The results show that the dynamic characteristics and seismic response of the two systems were significantly different. Finally, these results were verified by performing a numerical analysis on the differences in the seismic responses of the FB and SSI numerical models under various simulated seismic conditions.     

高耸塔台结构地震模拟振动台试验研究及有限元分析

对顶部两层钢框架的高耸筒体塔台结构在地震作用下的动力特性与反应,从模型振动台试验和有限元计算两方面进行了研究。对一个1∶30比例的机场控制塔台模型进行了振动台模拟地震试验,根据试验结果,通过相似关系得到原型结构在地震作用下的动力特性与反应。同时,应用结构有限元分析程序对模型及原型结构进行动力计算,并将两种结果进行比较分析。     

Shaking table model test and numerical analysis of a supertall building with high‐level transfer storey

The seismic behaviour of a 53‐storey tower with the height of 250 m is investigated in this paper. This supertall building is composed of a reinforced core, two outrigger trusses (a strengthened storey at 20th ～ 21st floor and a high‐level transfer storey at 37th ～ 38th floor) and eight composite (steel‐encased concrete) mega‐columns below the high‐level transfer storey in the exterior perimeter of the building. Due to the discontinuity of the eight composite mega‐columns, they are replaced by 33 upper‐close columns at the 37th ～ 38th level. This paper describes tests performed on a 1/30 scaled model of the building to study its dynamic characteristics and to evaluate its earthquake resistant capacity. The model test results indicate that the prototype structure is able to withstand an earthquake of intensity 7 without severe damage. In addition, a 3D finite element analysis of model structure was carried out and the analytical results were compared with the experimental ones to gain a better understanding of the structural behaviour. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

考虑三维地震动作用下振动台试验隔震层简化

基于等效原则、相似理论,考虑三维地震动作用下振动台试验中原型结构隔震层的简化,并对模型结构隔震层进行系统研究。针对不同高宽比隔震结构,提出完全等效简化方法和部分等效简化方法,包括隔震垫等效、模型支座参数及坐标确定、相似关系确定等。利用不同高宽比隔震结构振动台试验,结合有限元数值模拟,进行方法验证。理论推导与数值模拟证明简化方法具有良好的准确性,且在误差允许范围内,简化后的隔震层所获得的加速度、速度、位移等动力特性与简化前相同,可以用于振动台试验模型设计。