Composite beam composed of steel and pre‐cast concrete. (Modularized Hybrid System,MHS) Part II: analytical investigation

This paper introduces the concept of a wide flange steel beam with the bottom flange encased in pre‐cast concrete. These composite beams utilize the merits of both steel and concrete materials. The effective interaction between the two materials can reduce the size of the steel beams. The reinforcement and the concrete are pre‐integrated with the bottom flange of the steel beam at a manufacturing plant. In this paper, the analytical investigation of the flexural moment strength of the composite beams at both the yield limit state and the maximum load limit state is performed and compared with the experimental results. The depth of the equivalent rectangular stress block of the beams is obtained using an equilibrium equation when both the compression steel reinforcements are present. The post‐yield behaviour of the composite beams is also investigated based on the normalized effective stiffness versus the normalized drift ratio . The stiffness of the composite beams degrades gradually with sufficient ductility and dissipating energy capability. A six‐step procedure provides a fast, effective and accurate way of investigating the post‐yield behaviour of the composite beams. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Flexural behavior of strengthened steel–concrete composite beams by various plating methods

The effect of pre-intermediate separation on the flexural behavior of strengthened steel–concrete composite beams by either adhesively bonded carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) sheet or welded/bonded steel plate was studied. In the case of strengthened by CFRP sheet, two different attachment patterns, namely, CFRP sheet wrapped around the flange of the I-beam and CFRP sheet wrapped around the flange along with a part of the web, were examined by testing four different strengthened steel–concrete composite beams under four point bending (4PB). Two of these beams were strengthened by fully bonded CFRP sheet with the two different patterns, while, the others are similar but have pre-intermediate debonding area of 50 mm length × flange width at the bottom surface of the lower flange. In the case of strengthened by steel plate, three different attachment patterns of steel plate to the soffit of the beams, namely, discontinuously welded, end welded, and bonded/welded steel plates, were also tested under 4PB.The experimental results showed that, there is no growth of the intermediate debonding before the yield of the lower flange occurred for all strengthened beams by CFRP sheet. After yielding, the beams with pre-debonding area showed lower flexural capacity than those with fully bonding due to the rapid growth of the intermediate debonding. On the other hand, there is a difference in the yield load between the three different patterns of the welded steel plates with a marginal difference in the elastic stiffness.     

部分外包混凝土简支组合梁受弯性能试验研究

为了研究部分外包混凝土组合梁在正弯矩作用下的受力性能,考察钢梁腹部钢筋混凝土对组合梁承载力及刚度的影响,对4根简支梁试件进行了试验研究,其中包括1根普通钢-混凝土组合梁试件和3根钢梁腹板与腹部混凝土界面采用不同连接方式的部分外包组合梁试件。试验结果表明：钢梁腹板与腹部混凝土界面采用不同连接方式对部分外包组合梁的受弯承载力和刚度没有显著的影响;与普通钢－混凝土组合梁相比,由于钢梁腹部钢筋混凝土的贡献,部分外包组合梁的受弯承载力和抵抗变形的能力均有较大的提高;承载力极限状态时部分外包组合梁中钢梁与腹部混凝土之间的相对滑移值较小,其滑移效应对组合梁截面受弯承载力的影响可以忽略不计。在试验研究的基础上,推导了部分外包组合梁塑性受弯承载力的计算公式,计算结果表明,简化塑性理论可以较准确地预测该类组合梁的受弯承载力。     

波形钢腹板组合槽型梁静载试验与有效预应力分析

波形钢腹板组合槽型梁是一种新型下承式开口薄壁桥梁结构,对4片按照1/4相似比进行设计的试验梁进行两点对称加载和有限元分析,研究两组试验梁在对称荷载作用下的荷载位移关系、截面应变分布、裂缝发展规律和破坏形态等,分析张拉预应力和释放预弯力后试验梁底板混凝土的有效预压应力。研究表明：竖向荷载作用下试验梁符合平截面变形规律,应忽略波形钢腹板对抗弯刚度的贡献和底板混凝土对抗弯承载力的抵抗作用;试验梁混凝土受压区受限于上翼缘板,其应变分布为梯形而非常规的三角形分布;下承式槽型截面的中性轴偏低,波形钢腹板预弯钢梁反弹能够有效地对混凝土施加预压应力;采用波形钢腹板能有效提高槽型梁的预应力施加效率,文中建议的波形钢腹板组合梁预应力等效荷载法,能准确计算此类结构的混凝土有效预压应力;两组试验梁由于配筋量的不同分别发生塑性和脆性弯曲破坏;波形钢腹板组合槽型梁的自重轻、抗弯刚度较大、具有较好的延性和抗裂性能。     

Strength and post‐yield behavior of T‐section steel encased by structural concrete

In this study, the seismic performance of unsymmetrical steel–concrete composite precast beams with T‐shaped steel section were numerically explored and validated by their earlier experimental investigation. This design is based on the proposed calibrated finite element model in which key damage parameters for the evaluation of the nonlinear, post‐yield behavior of the precast composite steel beams were identified. The proposed nonlinear finite‐element‐based numerical model uses various parameters, including the dilatation angle and concrete‐damaged plasticity, to simulate the nonlinear behavior of unsymmetrical composite precast beams with T‐section steel. Greater seismic capacity with greater ductility, contributing to a maximized structural capacity within the composite precast beams was introduced by the effective use of the 2 materials, steel and concrete, and shown by the nonlinear hysteretic investigation of unsymmetrical steel–concrete composite precast beams that was validated experimentally. The post‐yield structural capacity found via the numerical analysis agrees with experimental results when the concrete‐damaged plasticity of the plastic‐damaged seismic model for concrete and the von Mises criteria of the steel section were introduced into the finite element model. Practical design parameters and recommendations were eventually suggested by examining the influence of precast composite beams with unsymmetrical steel sections on the concrete degradations and damage evolution.     

翼缘非等厚矩形钢管混凝土梁受弯性能研究

为了研究翼缘非等厚矩形钢管混凝土梁的受力性能,进行了7根钢管混凝土梁的四点弯曲试验,试件的变化参数为钢管上、下翼缘厚度和混凝土强度。结果表明,钢管上下翼缘厚度之比越小,承载力极限状态下的截面中性轴越靠下,表明参与工作的混凝土越多,组合截面承载性能越好;当上下翼缘厚度之比约为1/3时,通过提高混凝土的强度能有效增大构件的受弯承载力。采用有限元软件ABAQUS对受弯试验进行了全过程模拟,得到的结果与试验结果吻合。模拟分析还表明,优化后的翼缘非等厚矩形钢管混凝土截面不仅增大了钢管分担的弯矩,同时也增加了混凝土的工作面积,两者共同作用提升了构件的受弯承载力,当含钢率约为0.2时,承载力相较于等壁厚构件可提升15%以上。在平截面假定的基础上推导了翼缘非等厚矩形钢管混凝土组合截面受弯承载力的解析表达式,并探讨了对构件截面的优化问题,特别对含钢率较高的高强混凝土构件,优化截面的承载力提高效果显著。研究结果表明,翼缘非等厚矩形钢管混凝土梁具有良好的承载性能和变形性能。     

预制装配部分外包混凝土组合梁受弯承载力试验研究

为降低大跨、重荷建筑的建设工程造价,提出一种预制装配部分外包混凝土组合梁(PPECB).设计了7根受弯组合梁试件进行静力试验以研究其受弯性能,考虑浇筑方式、工字钢翼缘厚度、混凝土强度等级、配箍形式对其承载力的影响,研究破坏模式、应变发展和受弯承载力,明确预制装配部分外包混凝土组合梁的破坏机制.结果表明:7根组合梁表现出...     

深圳北站组合梁抗弯承载力及稳定性分析

组合梁抗弯承载力和稳定性分析对组合梁的结构设计很关键,但组合钢梁上翼缘受混凝土楼板约束,其稳定性分析应与我国现行规范规定的自由梁弯扭失稳不同,我国《钢结构设计规范》GB50017—2003采用限制绕弱轴的长细比的方法,未能考虑楼板作用,不适用于组合钢梁稳定性分析。此外,在连续组合梁的负弯矩区,局部稳定性问题也要考虑。结合深圳北站站房楼盖组合梁的工程实例,采用GB50017—2003和欧洲规范EC4,对组合梁抗弯承载力和稳定性进行计算分析,同时,利用通用有限元程序SAP2000对组合钢梁进行弹性屈曲分析,进一步确保了结构的安全。     

预应力再生混凝土叠合梁受弯性能试验研究

为研究无黏结预应力再生混凝土叠合梁构件的受弯性能,以再生混凝土在叠合梁中的位置、叠合层高度、构件的配筋率为参数,对1根预应力普通混凝土整浇梁、1根预应力再生混凝土整浇梁和6根预应力再生混凝土叠合梁构件进行弯曲加载试验,分析了试验梁构件的受力过程和破坏形态,探讨了各参数对试验梁构件极限承载力的影响.基于试验数据,对承载力...     

部分预制装配型钢混凝土梁受弯性能试验研究

为充分发挥型钢混凝土在受力性能及预制装配结构在施工等方面的优势,提出两种部分预制型钢混凝土梁。通过7个T形截面梁试件的弯曲静力试验,对部分预制装配型钢混凝土梁（PPSRC）、部分预制装配型钢混凝土空心梁（HPSRC）及全现浇型钢混凝土梁（SRC）的受弯破坏形态和承载能力进行对比分析,研究了预制装配、梁截面空心和现浇混凝土强度对PPSRC梁和HPSRC梁受弯性能的影响。研究结果表明：HPSRC梁和PPSRC梁具有相似的受弯承载力与破坏形态,预制装配与截面空心对两种梁的受力性能影响较小;随着现浇混凝土强度的提高,HPSRC梁和PPSRC梁的受弯承载力均有所提高;对两种部分预制装配型钢混凝土梁进行截面受弯承载力分析,其计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。     

钢-高强混凝土组合梁抗弯承载力分析简

钢一高强混凝土组合梁抗弯承载力对组合梁的结构设计很关键,组合钢梁上翼缘受混凝土楼板约束,其承载力必然受到一定的限制,此外,在连续组合梁的负弯矩区,随着荷载不断增加,整个结构就会在负弯矩区会发生破坏。为了避免这种破坏的产生,利用通用有限元程序SAP2000对钢一高强混凝土组合梁进行了抗弯承载力分析,研究其抗弯承载力的影响因素,有利于确保钢一高强混凝土组合梁的安全性。     

凹槽销栓型竹-混凝土组合梁的受弯性能

文章将混凝土与竹材组合,提出一种新型凹槽销栓型竹-混凝土组合结构,为研究凹槽销栓型竹-混凝土组合梁的受弯力学性能,对5组组合梁和1组对比竹梁进行四点弯曲试验,试验参数包括连接件间距及其数量,试验主要测试试验荷载、跨中挠度、竹梁与混凝土翼缘的应变以及竹梁与混凝土翼缘的界面相对滑移。试验结果表明,凹槽销栓型竹-混凝土组合梁的破坏模式表现为两种:第Ⅰ类以混凝土翼缘斜向剪切破坏为控制,脆性特征明显,发生于连接件间距较密时;第Ⅱ类是以凹槽混凝土剪压破坏为控制,发生于连接件间距较疏时,连接件的凹槽内混凝土破损严重,破坏之前有明显的预兆。相对于对比竹梁,组合梁在各级荷载下的跨中位移大幅降低,截面刚度得到大幅度的提高,与对比竹梁相比,组合梁的承载力提高了1.23～1.61倍,对应跨中挠度为L/250和L/300时的荷载P_L/250和P_L/300平均提高了3.81倍和3.95倍,在正常使用荷载下,凹槽销栓型竹-混凝土组合梁的组合系数为0.86～0.98,组合截面的混凝土和竹材两种材料呈现良好的整体工作状态,凹槽销栓型连接件表现出刚性连接件的特征,具有较高的组合...     

Behavior of T-shaped reinforced concrete beams partially confined by structural steel

External confinement of reinforced concrete (R/C) members with structural steel sections or fiber reinforcing wraps is commonly used to improve the flexural behavior of structural members. Flexural strengthening of R/C beams by external steel members is among the most effective and convenient techniques. A study is presented in this paper investigating the flexural behavior of R/C beams having T cross-sections partially confined (P/C) by a combination of various steel members connected together by intermittent batten plates. Four R/C specimens, representing dropped beams in solid slabs, were tested. One control beam had no confinement whereas the three other beams had four steel angles simply wrapped and tied around the stem by batten plates, two angles at the bottom corners of the stem and the other two angles at the stem-flange junctions. Two plates were placed on the top surface of the flange and connected by studs to the two angles at the bottom of the flange. The resulting P/C beams are categorized as partial composite beams because no shear connectors were used between the R/C beam and the jacketing bottom-tension steel angles as in the case of conventional composite beams. All specimens were tested in positive bending under two points loading. Test results revealed an enhancement in the flexural behavior, particularly in the post-yield range of loading, and ductility due to the proposed strengthening and partial composite effect. The number and spacing of the intermittent battens played a significant role in the behavior of the strengthened specimens. Analytical values of loads and deformations at yield and ultimate loading showed good agreement with the measured values.     

负弯矩区Π型组合梁的连接强度与刚度

研究了加肋腹板连续组合梁的横向连接刚度和强度。采用横向腹板劲肋 ,加强了组合梁刚性上翼缘 (混凝土板 )对工字梁下翼缘的横向约束 ,能有效提高组合梁的侧向失稳荷载 ,但在钢梁上翼缘与钢筋混凝土板连接区域会产生较大的横向集中力。该集中力会导致混凝土板与下部钢梁上翼缘连接区的强度破坏 ,在设计中必须予以考虑     

Losses of prestressed forces of pre‐tensioned precast composite beams

Herein, the authors propose prestressed composite beams with steel sections at both ends of the precast beams in order to provide flexural strength against negative moments at both ends. This study extends the use of prestressed precast composite beams by understanding the instantaneous and time‐dependent losses of prestressed forces. This study also attempts to find out whether the currently available equations predicting instantaneous and time‐dependent losses of prestress can be used to predict the performance of prestressed precast composite beams. In this study, analytically calculated prestress losses of precast composite beams were compared with the loss of prestress observed during experiment to evaluate the eligibility of the proposed analytical approach and to calculate the losses of prestressing forces for precast composite beams. The influence of steel sections installed at both ends of the precast beams on the loss of prestress was also investigated to estimate prestress loss of the prestressed precast composite beams. The 20% loss was recommended for the instantaneous prestress loss for the precast composite beams, accounting for the contribution of T steel members of precast beams to the elastic contraction.     

Experimental study of lateral load behavior of H‐shaped precast reinforced concrete shear walls with bolted steel connections

This paper presents an experimental study of H‐shaped precast reinforced concrete shear walls involving vertical connections under combined vertical and lateral loading. The H‐wall is composed of two prefabricated flange wall panels: one prefabricated web wall panel and vertical bolted steel connections between the flange and web panels. The assembling of the H‐wall is completely dry without any in situ casting. Three H‐wall specimens were constructed and tested to investigate the mechanical behavior and seismic performance of them. The lateral load‐bearing capacity, ductility, energy dissipation, lateral stiffness, strain in the connecting steel frame, and sliding within the bolted steel connections are presented and discussed to evaluate the effectiveness of the vertical connections. The ultimate shear‐resistance mechanism of the precast H‐wall assembly is also analyzed. The H‐wall assemblies generally possess high load‐bearing capacity, favorable ductility, and good energy‐dissipating capacity. The thickness of the steel plates in the connecting steel frame affects the lateral stiffness and the ultimate load‐bearing capacity of the H‐walls. Furthermore, the encasing steel plates for the web wall panel not only helps transfer the stress in the wall steel bars but also confines the concrete resulting in improved ductility.     

Numerical analysis on mechanical behavior of steel-concrete composite beams under fire

This paper investigated the fire behavior of steel-concrete composite beams (SCB) and partially encased steel-concrete composite beams (PEB) through numerical analysis. The numerical models established by the software ABAQUS were verified against experimental results. Parametric studies were performed to study the influences of load ratio, strength of concrete and steel, width of concrete slab, size of steel beam, fire protection layer, and degree of shear connection on the fire behavior of SCB and PEB. The analysis results show that the deformation stages of SCB and PEB under fire both go through four stages: elastic, elastic–plastic, plastic small deformation, and plastic large deformation. The web of SCB experiences a tension–compression–tension process under fire, and the bottom flange of PEB may even change from tension to compression at a lower load ratio. The failure mode of PEB, whether the concrete is crushed, depends on the load ratio. When SCB fails, the concrete is crushed and only the bottom flange of the steel beam yields. Under various parameters, the fire resistance of SCB is about 22 min, while the fire resistance of PEB is 82–93 min under a load of 0.4. When the load ratio increases from 0.2 to 0.6, the fire resistance of SCB decreases by 8 min, while that of PEB decreases by 110 min. To meet class I fire resistance rating under a normal service load ratio of 0.4, additional measures for PEB are still required, and at least 15 mm of fire protection layer is required for the steel beam of SCB. Finally, considering the temperature internal fore, a coefficient related to the fire time was introduced to modify the formula of ultimate flexural capacity of SCB and PEB, which showed good accuracy.     

干节点连接装配式混凝土梁静力性能试验研究

为了解决装配式混凝土预制构件连接时节点湿作业带来的施工不便,设计制作了7根混凝土简支梁,其中包括1根现浇混凝土简支梁、1根按《装配式混凝土结构连接节点构造》中湿节点连接而成的预制混凝土简支梁以及5根由构造不同干节点连接而成的预制混凝土简支梁,对梁进行两点加载,完成了简支梁静载作用下力学性能试验,获得承载力、变形及裂缝分布等试验数据。结果表明:采用钢板焊接连接和钢板螺栓连接的干节点混凝土试验梁的承载力不弱于现浇混凝土梁,而采用钢板对焊连接、预应力连接和植筋连接的干节点试验梁承载力稍弱于现浇混凝土梁,且其挠度实测值与最大裂缝宽度实测值均比现浇混凝土梁略大。     

Flexural behavior of GFRP-reinforced concrete encased steel composite beams

To improve the ductility and meanwhile ensure satisfactory corrosion-resistant performance, a new type of FRP-reinforced concrete encased steel (FRP-RCS) composite beams comprised of ductile structural steel shapes in combination with corrosion-resistant FRP-reinforced concrete was proposed and studied. An experimental investigation on flexural behavior of the proposed FRP-RCS beams was conducted by testing a total of seven simply supported beam specimens subjected to four-point bending loads. The test specimens included one FRP-reinforced concrete (FRP-RC) beam reinforced with GFRP bars only and six FRP-RCS beams reinforced with both GFRP bars and encased structural steel shapes. The main parameters considered in this study were concrete compressive strength, amounts of GFRP reinforcement as well as ratio and configuration of encased structural steel shapes. The test results indicate that using encased steel shapes can provide a significant enhancement in load carrying capacity, stiffness, ductility and energy absorption capacity of tested beams. The tested FRP-RC beam suffered a brittle failure caused by the sudden fracture of tensile GFRP bars whereas the proposed FRP-RCS beams behaved in a ductile manner mainly due to the beneficial residual strength of encased steel shapes following concrete crushing. In addition, an analytical method was suggested to predict the load carrying capacity of the proposed FRP-RCS beams.