岩石衰减系数与物理力学参数关系分析

纵波在岩石传播过程中,随着传播距离的增加,表现出一定能量衰减特性。本次研究中,通过采用长短岩样对比法测定波幅的衰减系数,分析了衰减系数与多个物理力学参数的数学关系。试验结果表明：衰减系数与岩石的密度、含水率、单轴抗压强度、动静弹性模量、纵波波速、阻尼比具有正相关性,与孔隙率具有负相关性,线性相关系数多为0.6～0.9。衰减系数在不同状态（饱和、天然、干燥）岩石中,表现出不同的衰减特征,一般饱和状态的衰减系数最大,天然状态次之,干燥状态最小。本文对两种衰减系数进行了对比分析,证明了衰减系数是反映岩石本身特性的一种性质;同时用衰减系数反演物理力学参数进行了分析,说明衰减系数可以作为判定工程地质中岩石物理力学性质的一种基本参数。     

Physical and mechanical properties of chemically grouted sand

It is generally accepted that only chemical grouts or solutions are available to penetrate and fill narrow joints or soils with very small pore size. Over the last 30 years a few hundreds of different compounds have been used for this purpose showing a wide spectrum of properties. Epoxy resins are among the compounds that are commonly used in building restoration because of their high strength and durability against mechanical or physical erosion. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the improvement of the physical properties (water permeability, porosity and dry unit weight) and mechanical properties (compressive strength, elastic modulus, splitting tensile strength and strength under triaxial stress conditions) of fine sand mixed with a water-soluble two component epoxy resin is, since there is not any published data about the efficiency of such high strength material in ground improvement. The experiments were carried out using different solutions of epoxy resin, which had epoxy resin/water (ER/W) ratio of 2.0, 1.5, 1.0 and 0.5. Cylindrical specimens were prepared by mixing fine sand with an adequate quantity of epoxy resin and were used for compression, splitting tensile and triaxial strength tests. Development of compressive and splitting tensile strength was evaluated from tests at the ages of 3, 7 and 28 days whereas strength under triaxial conditions was determined on specimens cured for 28 days.The results of this study indicate that the epoxy resin solutions, especially the solutions with low water content resulted in higher strength, lower porosity and lower water permeability of the sand, improving significantly the physical and mechanical properties of the fine sand.     

岩体物理力学参数取值方法研究

对目前常用的求取岩体物理力学参数的试验法、经验分类法、综合法等方法作了简要的总结介绍,并作出有关评价,在合理确定岩体力学参数的基础上保证岩体工程的可靠性。     

Improved design and data interpretation of a multi-purpose borehole testing device for soft rock

The authors previously developed a multi-purpose borehole testing device (BTD). The purpose of the BTD was designed for obtaining mechanical properties including anisotropic elastic modulus and interface shear strength properties for soft rock that may be easily disturbed during sampling. Since the creation of the previous BTD, a few minor problems were experienced during in situ testing operation. In the present work, improvements both in equipment design and data interpretation were made. Improved design of BTD successfully reduced the chance for pressure meter test (PMT) membrane breakage, allowed larger expansion of borehole jack test (BJT), improved the waterproof of the bottom compartment and made easy for the whole equipment setup. The refined design has improved the in situ performance of BTD. New approach of data interpretation was also proposed. A series of BTD tests, including BJTs, borehole plate loading tests and borehole shear tests were carried out to demonstrate the capability of the refined borehole test device.     

深部软弱岩体峰后等效力学模型及数值计算研究

软弱岩体给深部开采工程中的巷道支护等带来一系列棘手的问题,深入研究深部软弱岩体峰后非线性破坏行为,对于保证深部巷道围岩的安全稳定性具有十分重要的意义。基于连续介质理论及量化GSI围岩评级系统,依据Hoek-Brown强度准则,通过理论分析并结合前人的研究成果详细论证了等效节理岩体应变软化模型在深部岩体力学理论上的科学性与可行性。采用程序语言在FLAC^3D中编写等效节理岩体应变软化模型,分别采用常规弹塑性模型与应变软化模型对比分析深部围岩开挖面空间效应曲线;结合深部竖井支护工程设计及现场应用等进行了算例验证。得出结论如下：等效节理岩体应变软化模型所体现软弱岩体峰后强度参数衰减规律表明：岩体峰后行为受岩体质量等级和围压的影响较大,围岩在峰后卸载过程中软化参数并不是恒定值,而是随着围压的大小而变化;通过对深部软弱围岩开挖面空间约束效应曲线的计算可知,基于Mohr-Coulomb和Hoek-Brown强度准则的理想弹塑性模型计算结果基本一致,弹塑性模型与应变软化模型的计算结果相差较大,主要体现在中等地质指标范围;现场实际应用表明,等效节理岩体应变软化模型能够较为真实的反映深部软弱岩体的峰后力学行为,并在围岩地质强度指标与岩体连续介质理论之间建立联系,便于工程应用,并可为类似工程提供借鉴。     

武汉地区典型软土物理力学指标间的相关性研究

武汉地区深基坑工程中的土体强度指标一般都是通过直接快剪试验获得,获得的参数往往较为独立,虽然较为简洁,但由于其较强的区域适用性以及未能模拟出土体的天然状态,由此得到的土体强度指标具有一定的局限性,且物理力学指标的相关性较为模糊。为了更好地研究武汉地区典型软土物理力学指标,以武汉地区软土深基坑工程为基础,研究基于武汉地区近10个典型软土深基坑工程共计400余组数据,对武汉地区软土物理力学参数性质进行了详细的研究。结合传统的数学分析方法,较为客观地分析了武汉地区工程地质特征、系统的分析了武汉地区深厚淤泥质土物理力学参数及其指标间的相关性,得出结论：典型软土层中物理指标天然密度、干密度、液限、塑限、饱和度等服从正态分布;在抗剪强度指标的统计分布规律中,在不同试验条件下,针对不同的土层,服从正态分布的物理量会随之发生一定的变化。     

节理岩体中锚杆剪切力学模型研究及试验验证

依据最小余能原理,在考虑节理岩体中锚杆剪切变形的基础上,分析了节理面水平剪切位移与锚杆轴向及切向变形之间的关系。结合锚杆受力特点拟定了锚杆屈服模式的判定流程。建立了考虑"等效剪切面积"的加锚节理面抗剪强度理论计算模型,并通过室内物理试验验证了理论计算模型的准确性。讨论了锚杆倾角、围岩抗压强度、锚杆直径、法向应力等因素对加锚节理面抗剪强度的影响规律。结果表明:所建立的锚杆剪切力学模型能够较好的反映锚杆轴向力及剪切力对节理面抗剪强度的贡献;考虑"等效剪切面积"的加锚节理面抗剪强度计算结果与试验结果较为吻合;锚杆倾角及围岩抗压强度越大,锚杆轴向力越小,剪切力越大;锚杆直径增大,锚杆轴向力及剪切力都会增大;节理面法向应力会显著影响剪胀效应,法向应力越大,节理面抗剪强度越高。     

Investigation of mechanical properties of fractured marbles by uniaxial compression tests

Uniaxial compression tests(UCTs)on 34 naturally fractured marble samples taken from the transportation tunnels of Jinping II hydropower station were carried out using the MTS815 Flex test GT rock testing system.Rockburst proneness index WET is determined for the marble samples with the UCTs.According to the number,size and spatial structure characteristics of the internal natural fractures of the marble samples,fractures are basically divided into 4 types,namely,single fracture,parallel fracture,intersectant fracture and mixed fracture.The mechanical properties of naturally fractured rocks(4 types)are analyzed and compared with those of intact rock samples(without natural fractures).Experimental results indicate that failure characteristics of fractured rocks are appreciably controlled by fracture distribution or fracture patterns.In comparison with intact rocks,the failure of fractured marbles is a locally progressive failure process and finally rocks fail abruptly.Statistically,the uniaxial compressive strengths(UCSs)of rocks with single,parallel,intersectant and mixed fractures are 0.72,0.69,0.59 and 0.46 times those of the intact rocks,respectively.However,the elastic modulus of the fractured Yantang marbles is generally not different from that of intact rocks.But the elastic moduli of Baishan marble with single,intersectant and mixed fractures are 0.61,0.62 and 0.45 times those of intact rocks,respectively.Experimental results also indicate that WET of fractured marbles is generally smaller than that of intact marbles,which implies that rockburst intensity of fractured marble in field may be controlled to some extent.In addition,the bearing capacity of surrounding rocks is also reduced,thus the surrounding rocks should be supported or reinforced timely according to practical conditions.     

A load-transfer function for the side resistance of drilled shafts in soft rock

The shear stress and shear displacement relationship for the rock socket sidewalls is required for the calculation of the drilled shaft butt settlement under the service loads. This paper first introduces a comprehensive database of in situ axial load tests on drilled shafts, anchors and plugs that are embedded in different soft rock formations. The database includes measurements of (i) the initial shear stiffness, (ii) the peak shear stress and (iii) the post-peak reduction in shear stresses for the socket sidewalls. In addition to the load test results, information on soft rock mass mechanical properties and rock socket geometry is also included. It is found that (i) the initial shear stiffness is directly related to the deformation modulus of the soft rock mass and inversely proportional to the rock socket diameter and length, (ii) the mobilized peak shear stress is related to the drained friction angle of the rock mass and normal stress on the socket sidewalls at failure. The rock mass friction angle is related to the rock type and the geological strength index, and the normal stress at failure is directly related to deformation modulus of rock mass and inversely to the product of rock socket length and diameter, and (iii) the post-peak brittleness is related to the soft rock type and the post-peak shear displacement. An empirical framework for the prediction of the load-transfer function for side resistance of sockets in soft sedimentary and fine-grained rock is developed using the load test database introduced herein. The proposed framework accounts for the socket geometrical characteristics, and the rock mass engineering properties. The pre-peak range in the load-transfer function is modeled using a hyperbolic function, and the post-peak range is modeled using a brittleness index to account for the reduction in shear stresses with post-peak displacement.     

饱水对岩溶灰岩力学性质与纵波波速的影响

为研究饱水对岩溶灰岩力学性质和纵波波速的影响,进行自然和饱水状态下岩样的力学性能和弹性波测试。试验结果表明:饱水对岩溶灰岩的单轴抗拉强度、抗拉强度和弹性模量有明显的软化作用,饱水状态试样的峰值应变和泊松比整体上大于自然状态的对应值;岩溶灰岩试样在饱水条件下的纵波波速均明显高于自然状态下的纵波波速,试样的单轴抗压强度和抗拉强度与纵波波速具有较高的线性相关性。基于目前的研究现状,阐述了研究成果在隧道与周边高压充填隐伏溶腔间防突岩层稳定性评价及最小防突厚度确定中的应用。     

Experimental relation between shear strength under low pressure and S-wave velocity of rock subjected to mechanical weathering

The reduction in the shear strength of rock exposed on slope surfaces due to mechanical weathering is a ubiquitous phenomenon in regions where extreme environmental conditions prevail, i.e., repeated changes in temperature and moisture. In dealing with the slope instability problems in such regions, the long-term effects of weathering on the strength, deformation and durability characteristics of exposed rock are envisaged in this study. Therefore, in addition to conducting multiple-cycle standard slake durability tests on rock samples taken from the lithologies of Pakistan and Japan, and on artificial soft rock, the decrease in strength and stiffness is also studied by reproducing mechanical weathering in the laboratory. The reproduced laboratory weathering (RLW) is conducted with a new device that enables vacuumed saturation, freezing, thawing, drying and cooling under a maintained level of confining pressure. The decrease in strength, stiffness and durability is elucidated from the test results, which indicate that rock having a very low level of reference strain (shear strength/modulus at small strain) is resistant to RLW and slaking. Intact rock exhibits very low reference strain and this reference strain increases with an increase in the degree of weathering, which is the case of weathered rock. The decrease in the strength of rock is an important property for judging the safety of rock slopes undergoing weathering. Thus, the relation between the strength and the S-wave velocity of rock undergoing weathering is established. The authors recommend the use of this relation for a quick assessment of the strength of rock by briefly measuring the S-wave velocity of the weathered surface layer. The relationship will assist practitioners in quickly screening potentially unstable slopes.     

Prediction of thermal conductivity of rock through physico-mechanical properties

The transfer of energy between two adjacent parts of rock mainly depends on its thermal conductivity. Present study supports the use of artificial neural network (ANN) and adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) in the study of thermal conductivity along with other intrinsic properties of rock due to its increasing importance in many areas of rock engineering, agronomy and geo environmental engineering field. In recent years, considerable effort has been made to develop techniques to determine these properties. Comparative analysis is made to analyze the capabilities among six different models of ANN and ANFIS. ANN models are based on feedforward backpropagation network with training functions resilient backpropagation (RP), one step secant (OSS) and Powell–Beale restarts (CGB) and radial basis with training functions generalized regression neural network (GRNN) and more efficient design radial basis network (NEWRB). A data set of 136 has been used for training different models and 15 were used for testing purposes. A statistical analysis is made to show the consistency among them. ANFIS is proved to be the best among all the networks tried in this case with average absolute percentage error of 0.03% and regression coefficient of 1, whereas best performance shown by the FFBP (RP) with average absolute error of 2.26%. Thermal conductivity is predicted using P-wave velocity, porosity, bulk density, uniaxial compressive strength of rock as input parameters.     

Field investigation and model tests on differential settlement of houses due to liquefaction in the Niigata-ken Chuetsu-Oki earthquake of 2007

A massive earthquake struck the Niigata Chuetsu-Oki region of Japan on July 16th, 2007, claiming 11 lives and damaging about 6000 houses. The earthquake had a magnitude of 6.8, with data from an accelerograph managed by a nationwide strong-motion observation network known as Kyoshin Net (K-net) showing a maximum value of 668 gal (NS). In the Matsunami district of Kashiwazaki city (located on land filled and developed as a residential area from around 1970 onward) about 3 km northeast of Kashiwazaki Railway Station, many houses were damaged due to liquefaction. A field investigation, including a boring survey, surface wave exploration and measurement of differential settlement of houses knocked aslant by soil liquefaction, was conducted to determine the relationship between the extent of damage to houses and the area׳s geological structure. It was found that most houses severely damaged due to liquefaction were located around the boundary between sand dunes and the local river delta. Additionally, the relationships linking sloping geological structure, the thickness of the liquefaction layer and total/differential settlement of houses were clarified from the results of shaking table model tests conducted in this study. Test results showed that it is important to consider multidimensional influences caused by sloping geological structure in the estimation method of liquefaction potential in order to predict and assess degree of damage to houses due to liquefaction.     

岩石厚壁圆筒试验破坏的细观力学机制

 目前采用传统颗粒体模型较难表征岩石内部不规则矿物颗粒的结构特征。以颗粒流理论及PFC程序为平台,采用平面黏结接触模型,构建能反映矿物颗粒结构特征的岩石厚壁圆筒数值模型,从细观力学角度深入探究岩石厚壁圆筒试样在不同内外部围压条件下的破裂机制与规律。研究表明：当内部围压为0时,试样张拉型微破裂占主导优势;层状剥离的破碎颗粒体以轴线为中心形成近似对称的“V”型破坏区域。当内部围压不为0时,随着内部围压不断增大,试样承受的极限外部围压逐渐增大;试样剪切型微破裂逐渐占主导优势,以轴线为中心产生的近似对称的“V”型破坏区域逐渐消退,破坏逐渐从内径岩壁向各个方向扩展。无论内部围压是否为0,试样外部围压、外部体应变等破坏参量演化曲线均可近似划分为3个阶段。     

岩石地基承载力的几个认识问题

我国工程界对岩石地基承载力问题有不同认识,作者就其中的一些重要问题提出了自己的看法。包括Mohr-Coulomb准则是否适用于岩石地基?可否用抗剪强度指标计算岩石地基承载力?用单轴抗压强度指标确定岩石地基承载力是否合理?岩石地基承载力是否可做深宽修正?怎样看待岩石地基承载力的理论计算和经验方法估计?并对用剪切波速进行岩土分级和承载力估计、地基承载力的综合判断问题提出了看法。     

砂板岩岩体力学特性的水岩耦合试验研究

利用MTS815 Flex Test GT岩石力学试验系统,经过岩体受力状态模拟、无水压岩体力学特性测试、水岩耦合试验等几个阶段试验,对砂板岩岩体力学特性的高空隙水压效应进行了试验研究。结果表明：砂板岩岩体强度与变形性能随水压升高而降低,其中水压对黏聚力c的影响最大,对内摩擦角φ的影响甚微,对变形模量的影响居于二者之间。随着水压升高,岩体的黏聚力c急剧下降,当水压较高时,岩体可能完全丧失黏聚力;随着水压升高,变形模量E₅₀和E₀均有降低,两个参数的变化梯度相差不大。这些成果揭示了砂板岩岩体力学特性的高空隙水压力效应,并建立了主要力学参数预测模型,成果对于解决工程实际问题具有重要的参考价值。     

层状盐岩及泥岩夹层动态力学特性对比试验研究

为对比研究盐岩和泥岩夹层的动态力学特性,以应城盐矿的盐岩及泥岩夹层为研究对象,利用带围压的分离式Hopkinson(SHPB)试验装置,进行不同围压(5,15,25 MPa)下的动载冲击试验研究,分析盐岩和泥岩夹层动力特性的围压效应与应变率效应,基于联合的热活化与黏性机制相互竞争的材料强度–应变率依赖的简化模型拟合出盐岩及泥岩夹层的动力强度公式。研究结果表明:(1)盐岩和泥岩夹层均属于率敏感性材料,其峰值应力和延性随应变率的增大而增加,但低围压(如5 MPa)作用下应变率强化效应较高围压(如25 MPa)作用下更加显著;(2)盐岩和泥岩夹层在动力荷载条件下的力学行为的围压效应没有静力荷载条件下明显,动力放大系数(DIF)随着围压增加而减小,泥岩夹层的围压效应要小于盐岩的围压效应;(3)动力强度计算公式拟合效果较好,盐岩平均相对误差为2.51%,泥岩夹层平均相对误差为6.58%。     

不同接触状态岩石节理的剪切力学性质试验研究

除粗糙度外,节理上、下面壁的接触状态是影响其剪切力学性质的重要因素。采用水泥砂浆制备若干不同形貌的节理,对其上、下面壁沿剪切方向错开不同的位移量、形成不同的接触状态以模拟不同偶合度的节理,在常法向应力条件下进行试验研究。试验结果表明:峰值剪切强度随错开位移量的增加而呈非线性减少,但错开位移对峰值剪切强度的影响随法向应力的增加而减弱;峰值剪切位移随错开位移量的增加逐步变大;剪切刚度随错开位移量的增加逐步减少直至某一恒定值,且在高法向应力下错开位移量对剪切刚度的影响更为明显。采用几种不同的简单函数分析峰值剪切强度与错开位移量之间的关系,在偶合节理峰值剪切强度准则的基础上提出不同接触状态节理的峰值剪切强度准则。与已有的准则相比,新准则采用的描述节理接触状态的参数易于确定且更为客观。     

脑畔梁滑坡土体及接触试样物理力学特性研究

脑畔梁滑坡是由黄土和红黏土接触形成的“双层异质”接触型滑坡,研究黄土、红黏土以及黄土-红黏土接触试样的物理力学特性对脑畔梁滑坡治理工作具有一定借鉴意义。通过常规土工试验、激光粒度分析试验、核磁共振试验、崩解性试验和三轴压缩试验,查明了黄土和红黏土的物理力学性质;制备天然含水率和饱和含水率的黄土-红黏土接触试样,对其进行单轴压缩试验和三轴压缩实验,研究表明,天然含水率与高围压饱和含水率接触试样破坏方式为红黏土试样剪胀破坏,低围压饱和含水率则为黄土试样剪胀破坏;脑畔梁滑带埋深较深,受到围压较大,接触面处红黏土更易形成滑带,与勘查结果相同。本文从黄土、红黏土及黄土-红黏土接触试样的物理力学特性入手,初步探究了黄土-红黏土接触面滑坡的形成机理,为该类型滑坡的形成演化机理等研究提供了新的思路。