Dynamic rheological behavior and mechanical properties of PVC/ACS blends

In order to increase the processability and mechanical properties of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), the terpolymer of acrylonitrile-chlorinated polyethylene-styrene (ACS) is used to modify the PVC. The plasticizing, rheological, and dynamic mechanical properties of PVC/ACS blends are investigated by means of torque rheometer, oscillation rheometer, and dynamic mechanical analyzer. The measurements of torque rheometer showed that both plasticizing time and stabilization torque are decreased with increasing ACS content. The PVC/ACS melts displayed larger dynamic storage modulus (G′), loss modulus (G′′), and complex viscosity (η*) than that of pure PVC, and these values reached maximum for the blend with 10 wt% ACS. When ACS content was below 10 wt%, PVC and ACS showed good compatibility in the blends by displaying a single T _g; however, when ACS content was more than 15 wt%, the phase separation phenomena occurred in the blends. PVC/ACS blends showed larger storage modulus (E′) and loss modulus (E′′) than that of pure PVC, but these values decreased with increasing ACS content. ACS can enhance both tensile and impact strength of PVC, and the impact strength reached maximum with 15 wt% ACS content which is higher 2.5 kJ/m² than the pure PVC. These results suggested that ACS is an efficient processing aid and toughening modifier for PVC at appropriate content.     

The effect of graft copolymers of maleic anhydride and epoxy resin on the mechanical properties and morphology of PP/ABS blends

In this work, maleic anhydride‐grafted polypropylene (PP‐g‐MAH) and maleic anhydride‐grafted poly(acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene) (ABS‐g‐MAH) at 2 : 1 mass ratio were added as a compatibilizer in the PP/ABS blends. The compatibilizing effect was evaluated by adding the graft copolymers together with epoxy resin/imidazole curing agent (E51/2E4MZ). The reaction in reactive extrusion, morphological structure, and properties of PP and ABS blends were investigated by using infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray spectrum, transmission electron microscope (TEM), dynamic thermomechanical analysis (DMA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and mechanical properties tests. The results showed that the compatibilizing effect was greatly improved because of the addition of the graft copolymers together with epoxy resin/imidazole curing agent (E51/2E4MZ) because the link structure of PP‐g‐MAH and ABS‐g‐MAH was formed by the reaction of anhydride group with epoxy group catalyzed by the imidazole. The size of the dispersed phase decreased dramatically, the interfacial adhesion between ABS particles and PP matrix was improved, and the tensile strength and flexural modulus of the PP/ABS blends increased further. The optimizing properties were obtained at 3 phr E51/2E4MZ. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40898.     

Mechanical properties of blends of polycarbonate with unmodified and maleic anhydride grafted ABS

Blends of polycarbonate/acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene terpolymer (PC/ABS) and polycarbonate/maleic anhydride grafted ABS (PC/MABS) were prepared over the whole range of compositions using a single-screw extruder. Tensile, flexural, notched Izod impact properties, and the heat deflection temperature of these blends were determined. Mechanical properties of PC/MABS blends are nearly equal to or higher than, those predicted by the rule of mixtures, whilst those of PC/ABS blends show nearly equal, or negative deviation, from the rule of mixtures. The notched impact strength of PC/MABS blends shows a positive blending effect and proportionate increase from 25wt% PC to 75wt% PC. Scanning electron micrographs were taken of etched surfaces of selective blends. © 1998 SCI.     

Influence of compatibilizer on mechanical,morphological and rheological properties of PP/ABS blends

The objective of this work was to study the compatibilizer effect on polypropylene (PP) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) blends. The blends were coextruded and injection molded in various ratios of ABS with and without compatibilizers. Universal testing machine was employed to analyze the tensile properties of basic PP/ABS binary blends. From the mechanical testing, the impact and tensile properties of PP/ABS blend were optimized at 80/20 weight ratio. Various compatibilizers such as PP-g-MAH, SEBS-g-MAH and ethylene α-olefin copolymer were used and their comparative performance on binary blend was enumerated. Hybrid compatibilization effect was also studied and reported. However, the addition of compatibilizers showed the maximum increase in impact strength attributed to rubber toughening effect of ABS. The effect of compatibilizers on morphological properties was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM micrographs depicted the more efficient dispersion of ABS particles in PP matrix with the addition of compatibilizers. Further, interparticle distance analysis was carried out to evaluate the rubber toughening effect. The ABS droplet size in compatibilized PP/ABS blend was brought to minimum of 3.2 μm from 9.9 μm with the addition of compatibilizers. The melt rheology of PP/ABS blend systems was investigated through parallel plate arrangement in frequency sweep. Linear viscoelastic properties like storage (G′) and loss (G″) modulus and complex viscosity (η*) have been reported with reference to the virgin materials. It is understood that the combination of compatibilizers (hybrid compatibilizer) had a considerable effect on the overall blend properties.     

Evaluation of the etching and chrome plating on the ABS,PVC, and PVC/ABS blends surface

As replacement for acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS), which is commonly used in the manufacture of chrome parts, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and PVC/ABS blend parts were produced by injection process, etched in sulfochromic solution in different concentrations, immersion time, and temperature, and they were subsequently chrome‐plated by conventional method. After etching, the sample surfaces were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), roughness, and contact angle, and compared with the ABS surface. The metal deposition was assessed by visual inspection and adhesion test. The roughness influenced the adhesion of the metal layer directly. The chemical etching increased the surface wettability. To achieve a good metal layer adhesion, higher temperatures, immersion time, and etching solution concentration were necessary. A concentration of 350 g/L chromic acid and 400 g/L sulfuric acid, a 70 °C temperature and a 15 min immersion time resulted in good adhesion in PVC and PVC/ABS blends. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134, 44571.     

Effect of functionality levels and compatibility of polycarbonate blends with maleic anhydride grafted ABS

ABS was melt grafted with maleic anhydride at three different levels of 1, 2, and 3 wt %. These three different modified ABSs were melt blended with polycarbonate using a single‐screw extruder to choose a suitable maleic anhydride grafting level on ABS for better performance. For the compatibility study, binary blends of polycarbonate with ABS and maleic anhydride‐grafted ABS were prepared over the entire range of compositions. Compatibility of these blends was studied using a Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer and by Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Both techniques suggest more partial compatibility for modified blend systems. In addition to this, DSC thermograms show multiple peaks between the transition points of ABS fractions and polycarbonate fractions for the polycarbonate/maleic anhydride‐grafted ABS blends. These multiple peaks are characteristic of better partial compatibility with fine microstructure. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 74: 2102–2110, 1999     

Enhancing the mechanical,morphological, and rheological behavior of polyethylene/polypropylene blends with maleic anhydride-grafted polyethylene

This is the first study to showcase the use of maleic anhydride-grafted polyethylene (MAPE) to compatibilize polyethylene (PE)-rich blends, where polypropylene (PP) represents the minor phase. By first mixing PP with MAPE, and then adding PE, MAPE was assumed to be localized at the PE/PP interface. Microscopy analysis confirmed that MAPE led to a remarkably fine PE/PP/MAPE morphology, with PP being uniformly dispersed into PE and having an average diameter 267% smaller than that in the PE/PP blend. According to mechanical and rheological tests, this translated into a 14%, 20%, and 14% enhancement of tensile strength, tensile modulus, and tensile toughness, respectively, as well as a 10% and 20% drop in PE/PP viscosity mismatch and interfacial tension, respectively. Finally, PE/PP/MAPE tensile toughness and elongation at break were greater than those of virgin PP, while PE/PP/MAPE strength and stiffness were similar to the ones of neat PP. Therefore, this study provides industries with the possibility to utilize products rich in PE instead of those made of more expensive PP, while still keeping the level of performance high; hence, creating a paradigm shift in the development of advanced lightweight polyolefin materials with tuned functionalities.     

ABS-g-MAH在PA 6/ABS合金中的应用

采用固相接枝的方法制备了马来酸酐(MAH)接枝丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯三元共聚物(ABS)(ABS-g-MAH),并以ABS-g-MAH为相容剂,制备了聚酰胺6(PA 6)/ABS合金.ABS-g-MAH能有效改善合金的相容性,提高合金的力学性能,当w(ABS-g-MAH)为10%时.合金的冲击强度与未添加相容剂的合金相比提高了30%左右,其拉伸强度、弯曲强度也显著提高.PA 6中加人ABS和ABS-g-MAH影响了其结晶形态,球晶显著减少,并出现了大量的片晶.PA 6的α松弛温度为70℃左右,而加入ABS和ABS-g-MAH后α松弛温度为115℃左右,并且出现明显的β松弛,γ松弛温度也从-50℃降到-70℃左右.     

Compatibility enhancement of ABS/PVC blends

The compatibilizing effect of poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN) whose acrylonitrile (AN) content is 25 wt % (SAN 25) in poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-styrene) (ABS)/poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) blend was studied when the AN content of the matrix SAN in ABS was 35 wt % (SAN 35). When some amount of matrix SAN 35 was replaced by SAN 25 in a ABS/PVC (50/50 by weight) blend, the mixed phase of SAN and PVC at the interface was thickened, and about a twofold increase of impact strength was observed. The changes in morphology, dynamic mechanical properties, and rheological properties by the compatibilizing effect of SAN 25 were observed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 70: 705–709, 1998     

Grafting maleic anhydride onto EVA and effect on the physical and rheological properties of PETG/EVA-g-MAH blends

Maleic anhydride (MAH) was grafted onto ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) in the internal mixer in the presence of dicumyl peroxide (DCP), and a prepared reactive compatibilizer, MAH-g-EVA, was blended with Poly (ethylene glycol-co-cyclohexane-1,4-dimethanol terephthalate) (PETG). The gel content determination and element analysis (EA) was performed to confirm the grafting reaction. It was found that grafting reaction of MAH on to EVA could compete with crosslinking reaction of DCP during the modification process. In addition, the introduction of small amount of MAH showed a great effect on reducing gel content by decreasing crosslink reaction. As MAH content increased, grafted MAH concentration increased, whereas the grafting yield decreased. It was also confirmed that MAH-g-EVA acted as a reactive compatibilizer in the blend with PETG, and enhanced compatibility by reacting with the hydroxyl end groups, OH, of PETG. Addition of EVA in the blend leads a plastic deformation of PETG, and MAH had a great effect on enhancing interfacial adhesion resulting in significant increasing of % strain; however, improved compatibility could not be changed much in low strain tensile strength and Young's modulus. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Mechanical properties and morphology of LCP/ABS blends compatibilized with a styrene–maleic anhydride copolymer

A co‐polyester liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) was melt blended with an acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene copolymer (ABS). LCP fibrils are formed and a distinct skin/core morphology is observed in the injection moulded samples. At higher LCP concentration (50 wt%), phase inversion occurs, where the dispersed LCP phase becomes a co‐continuous phase. While the tensile strength and Young's modulus remain unchanged with increasing LCP content up to 30 wt% LCP, a significant enhancement of the modulus at 50 wt% LCP is observed due to the formation of co‐continuous morphology. The blend modulus is lower than the values predicted by the rule of mixtures, suggesting a poor interface between the LCP droplets and ABS matrix. A copolymer of styrene and maleic anhydride (SMA) was added in the LCP/ABS blends during melt blending. It is observed that SMA has a compatibilizing effect on the blend system and an optimum SMA content exists for mechanical properties enhancement. SMA improves the interfacial adhesion, whereas excess of SMA reduces the LCP fibrillation. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

Morphological,rheological and thermal studies in melt processed compatibilized PA6/ABS/clay nanocomposites

Multicomponent compatibilized blends of polyamide 6 (PA6) and styrene-butadiene-acrylonitrile (ABS) with co-continuous morphology are among commercial alloys with an interesting combination of properties. To further enhance the properties different amounts of nanoclay were incorporated into these blends through a one step melt mixing process. The effect of nanoclay addition on rheological, thermal stability, crystallization and morphological properties of the nanocomposites were investigated and compared with those of the neat blends. The nanoscale dispersion of the clay layers in the blends were confirmed through X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy methods. Rheological investigation indicated an increased viscosity and melt elasticity for the nanocomposite systems. The viscosity of nanocomposites followed a shear thinning flow behavior and decreased with increasing shear rates. The changes in the rheological properties were accompanied by refinement of the co-continuous morphology. For thermal degradation under N₂ atmosphere, the onset and maximum of degradation temperatures for the nanocomposites were as high as the neat blends, while significant improvement in thermal stability (about 60 °C by 3 wt% clay addition) was observed in the air environment. In addition agglomerated clay particles did not significantly affect thermal stability of the polymer matrix. Non-isothermal crystallization results indicated that the clay layers had a retarding effect on the crystal growth rate and facilitated the formation of α crystalline form. In addition no nucleation effect was observed during the crystallization process due to incorporation of nanoclay into the blends.     

Crystallization and dynamic mechanical properties of polypropylene/polystyrene blends modified with maleic anhydride and styrene

Polypropylene (PP)/polystyrene (PS) blends modified with reactive monomers, such as maleic anhydride (MAH) and styrene (St), and in situ formed PP/PS blends were prepared by melting extrusion. The crystallization and melting behavior and the dynamic mechanical properties of the PP/PS blends, including the structure of the grafted copolymer, were investigated with differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, and Fourier transform infrared. The results indicated that the addition of MAH hardly influenced the crystallization temperature of PP in the blends, but the addition of MAH and St increased the crystallization temperature of PP in its blends. The blends showed no remarkable variety for the melting temperature, but the shapes of the melting peaks were influenced by the addition of the reactive monomers. In addition, a significant increase in the storage and loss moduli of all the modified PP/PS blends was observed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 2038–2045, 2005     

Effects of maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene on rheological,thermal, and mechanical properties of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene/poly(ethylene glycol) blends

Ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) has gained considerable fame due to its excellent wear and mechanical properties, though the inferior processability has restricted its further extensive applications. In this study, a combination of UHMWPE and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) was considered based on the recent reports, and aiming to further exploit the potential of PEG that acts as processing aid, and also to obtain greater enhanced processability along with other properties, the effects of incorporating maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (MAPE) was thoroughly investigated. Rheological tests revealed a further significant reduction in melt viscosity of UHMWPE/PEG blends after MAPE introduced, showing a potential of better processability, while the flexural strength and toughness of UHMWPE blends experienced a satisfying increase without any obvious compromises in other mechanical properties. A slight improvement of thermal stability in UHMWPE ternary blends along with an increase of vicat softening temperature were characterized by thermal tests, while the crystallinity of UHMWPE was diminished after the introduction of MAPE. Morphology analysis indicated that better dispersion and decreased size of PEG particles were achieved in UHMWPE matrix when MAPE was incorporated, which confirmed the improved interfacial interactions and other reinforcements obtained in UHMWPE/PEG/MAPE blends. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42701.     

马来酸酐固相接枝ABS树脂

采用固相接枝法制备了马来酸酐(MAH)接枝丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯三元共聚物(ABS)(ABS-g- MAH),研究了反应温度、反应时间及单体和引发剂用量对接枝率的影响。确定最佳接枝条件为:反应温度70℃,反应时间5～6 h,引发剂质量分数8％,单体质量分数10％,此时可得到接枝率为1．4％的ABS-g-MAH。对ABS的组分分离证明,接枝发生在ABS的丁二烯部分。     

PVC／ABS共混体系的相容性与形态结构研究

采用种子乳液聚合技术在聚丁二烯（PB）乳胶粒子上接枝共聚苯乙烯（St）、α-甲基苯乙烯（α—MSt）和丙烯腈（AN）单体,合成了一系列不同AN结合量的ABS和α—MABS接枝共聚物。将其与聚氯乙烯（PVC）树脂熔融共混制得了PVC／AtkS共混物,利用扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）和动态力学分析仪（DMA）对共混物的相容性和相结构进行了表征。结果发现,在PVC／ABS共混体系中,尽管改变接枝SAN共聚物的AN结合量,PVC和ABS接枝共聚物均为不相容体系;在ABS接枝共聚物中引入α-MSt后,当接枝SAN共聚物的AN结合量为18．7％～23．6％（质量分数）时,共混物在室温以上只存在1个tanδ峰,共混物成为相容体系,当AN结合量达到32．1％（质量分数）时,共混物成为部分相容体系。共混物的相区尺寸明显地依赖于接枝SAN共聚物中的AN结合量,与动态力学性能结果表现出良好的吻合。     

Thermal,dynamic mechanical,and rheological behavior of linear low-density polyethylene/poly(octadecene-co-maleic anhydride) blends

Blends of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) and a 50:50 copolymer of octadecene and maleic anhydride (C₁₈-MAH) were characterized by calorimetry, dynamic mechanical testing, and rheometry. In the solid state, the blends are essentially immiscible. No evidence was obtained for cocrystallization of the LLDPE with the paraf-finic side-chains of the C₁₈-MAH. Interactions between the blend components were observed in three ways. First, presence of the C₁₈-MAH in the LLDPE melt increases the nucleation rate for LLDPE crystallization. Second, side-chain crystallization in a portion of the C₁₈-MAH component equivalent to approximately 15% of the total blend is apparently suppressed in the blends. Third, although the mechanical loss of the blends is essentially a sum of the pure components, the β relaxation of the LLDPE is absent in blends containing more than 20% C₁₈-MAH. The blends are also immiscible in the melt. The steady and dynamic shear rheology is dominated by the immiscibility and mismatch in viscosity, η, between the two polymers. A linear dependence on blend composition was found for log η in dynamic (small strain) tests. Nonlinear behavior with positive and negative deviations from linearity was found for log η in steady shear (large strain) tests.     

Adhesion of maleic anhydride functionalized polyolefins and blends

We study three new classes of olefin‐based polymer, low‐molecular‐weight homopolypropylene (LMW‐hPP), syndiotactic‐rich polypropylene (srPP), and random propylene polymer (RPP). RPP is a random propylene/ethylene copolymer. By blending LMW‐hPP with 20 wt % of a maleic anhydride (MA) functionalized srPP (MA‐srPP) or MA functionalized RPP (MA‐RPP) instead of a commercial MA‐iPP (maleic anhydride‐grafted‐isotactic polypropylene), adhesion to a polar substrate, such as polyester (Mylar), is greatly enhanced. Effects of crystallinity controlled by either stereoregularity or comonomer incorporation and molecular weight of these MA functionalized propylene‐based polymers on adhesive performance are discussed. To further understand the mechanisms of enhanced adhesion, Sum Frequency Generation (SFG) spectroscopy is used to evaluate the migration of MA‐srPP in LMW‐hPP towards the interface when contacting a polar sapphire substrate. It shows that the buried interface between the LMW‐hPP/MA‐srPP blend (wt ratio = 80/20) and sapphire has the same characteristic spectrum as the MA‐srPP/sapphire interface, suggesting the enrichment of MA‐srPP in the interfacial polymer when the blend is in contact with sapphire. Also, vibrational modes of C=O have been detected at both the blend/sapphire and MA‐srPP/sapphire interfaces, further indicating that the interfacial polymer contains MA groups. Besides Mylar, adhesion to the non‐polar iPP substrate is also studied. The adhesion mechanisms to these polar and non‐polar substrates are explained in terms of our adhesion model. Applications of these MA functionalized polyolefins and blends are envisioned in the tie‐layer and adhesive areas. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 39855.     

马来酸酐和苯乙烯接枝改性对天然橡胶/聚丙烯共混物物理机械性能的影响

用动态硫化法制备了天然橡胶(NR)/聚丙烯(PP)热塑性弹性体(TPV)。研究了马来酸酐/苯乙烯/过氧化二异丙苯(MAH/St/DCP)多单体熔融接枝交联改性及纳米二氧化硅用量对NR/PP TPV物理机械性能的影响,讨论了NR/PP TPV的重复加工性能。结果表明,当MAH/St/DCP用量为3.750/1.875/0.375质量份、纳米二氧化硅用量为3质量份时,NR/PP TPV的物理机械性能最好,达到了国内外有关通用橡胶/PP TPV的水平,并且具有较好的重复加工性能。     

Effect of the graft yield of maleic anhydride on the rheological behaviors,mechanical properties,thermal properties,and free volumes of maleic anhydride grafted high‐density polyethylene

The rheological behavior, thermal properties, and molecular mobility of a series of maleic anhydride (MA) grafted high‐density polyethylenes were characterized and evaluated. The rheological behavior was studied with a Haake minilaboratory. The viscosity of the samples in their melt state decreased with an increase in the graft yield, and this could be attributed to the higher molecular mobility for samples with a higher degree of grafting. The thermal properties were investigated with dynamic mechanical analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Positron annihilation lifetime measurements were used to study the effect of the degree of grafting on the chemical environment and the atomic‐scale free‐volume properties. It was found that the grafted MA group played a significant chemical inhibition role in positronium formation when the graft yield was low. The results also indicated that the higher the degree of grafting was, the broader the free‐volume distribution was. The relationship between the microstructure and rheological behavior is discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008