粉土干化过程中微观结构的演变

对黏粒含量为34%的粉土泥浆样进行无宏观裂缝出现的慢速干化试验,对干化至不同目标含水率的试样进行压汞试验,获得孔隙分布曲线,系统地研究干化过程中粉土微观结构的演变规律,分析微观裂隙的形成及发展机制。研究结果表明:随着干化的发展,最大进汞量逐渐减小,当含水率达到缩限后,最大进汞量保持不变;不可侵入孔随干化逐渐增多,当含水率小于缩限后,不可侵入孔增大的趋势减缓;当含水率大于缩限前,孔径分布(PSD)曲线峰值对应孔径随干化呈单调递减的关系,含水率继续减小至缩限以下时,峰值对应孔径逐渐增大至固定值;由饱和到非饱和过渡时,PSD曲线在0.1~1?m范围有隆起并达到最大,随着干化的深入,隆起减小直至消失。PSD曲线峰值孔径随干化先减小后增大的趋势以及隆起随干化的变化规律,均证明干化过程中有可能产生微观裂隙,并反映了微观裂隙的演变过程。粉土泥浆样干化过程中,当由饱和过渡到非饱和状态时,黏土会像"外套"一样裹在粉土颗粒周围,微观裂隙在黏土颗粒间及黏土颗粒与粉土颗粒间的交界面上开始出现,该微观裂隙和宏观干燥裂缝在本质上是不同的,是对土体龟裂研究机制的补充。     

Effect of different types of wetting fluids on the behaviour of expansive soil during wetting and drying

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation into the mechanical behaviour of an expansive soil during wetting and drying cycles. The experimental tests were conducted in a modified oedometer under two different surcharge pressures (10 and 20 kPa). During the tests, the samples were inundated with different types of wetting fluids (distilled water, saline water and acidic water). The volumetric deformation, void ratio and water content of the samples were determined during cycles of wetting and drying. The results show that the swelling potential increases with an increasing number of wetting and drying cycles. The effect of the distilled water on the swelling potential is not the same as that of the saline water or the acidic water, particularly for different surcharge pressures. The variations in void ratio and water content show that, at the equilibrium condition, the wetting and drying paths converge to nearly an S-shaped curve. This curve consists of a linear portion and two curved portions, and the majority of the deformation is located between the saturation curves of 90% and 40%.     

Cyclic resistance of two unsaturated silty sands against soil liquefaction

The changes of the cyclic resistance of two silty sands under unsaturated, partially saturated and fully saturated conditions are examined based on a series of undrained cyclic tests conducted using triaxial test apparatus specially equipped for testing unsaturated soils as well as ordinary triaxial test apparatus for testing partially saturated and fully saturated soils. Based on the observations of volumetric strain, pore air and pore water pressures of unsaturated soil specimens, the possibility of soil liquefaction triggering under different degrees of saturation is examined and discussed. The changes in the cyclic resistance under different degrees of saturation are then examined. Those two unsaturated silty sands with different grain size compositions are found to give rise to different responses on the volumetric strain as well as pore air and pore water pressure developments during undrained cyclic loading, leading to different relations between cyclic resistance and degree of saturation, covering unsaturated, partially saturated and fully saturated conditions.     

Laboratory measurement of hydraulic conductivity functions of two unsaturated sandy soils during drying and wetting processes

The importance of applying unsaturated soil mechanics to geotechnical engineering design has been well understood. However, the consumption of time and the necessity for a specific laboratory testing apparatus when measuring unsaturated soil properties have limited the application of unsaturated soil mechanics theories in practice. Although methods for predicting unsaturated soil properties have been developed, the verification of these methods for a wide range of soil types is required in order to increase the confidence of practicing engineers in using these methods. In this study, a new permeameter was developed to measure the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils using the steady-state method and directly measured suction (negative pore-water pressure) values. The apparatus is instrumented with two tensiometers for the direct measurement of suction during the tests. The apparatus can be used to obtain the hydraulic conductivity function of sandy soil over a low suction range (0–10 kPa). Firstly, the repeatability of the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity measurement, using the new permeameter, was verified by conducting tests on two identical sandy soil specimens and obtaining similar results. The hydraulic conductivity functions of the two sandy soils were then measured during the drying and wetting processes of the soils. A significant hysteresis was observed when the hydraulic conductivity was plotted against the suction. However, the hysteresis effects were not apparent when the conductivity was plotted against the volumetric water content. Furthermore, the measured unsaturated hydraulic conductivity functions were compared with predictions using three different predictive methods that are widely incorporated into numerical software. The results suggest that these predictive methods are capable of capturing the measured behavior with reasonable agreement.     

土体干燥过程中的体积收缩变形特征

通过开展室内试验,分别研究了初始饱和的糊状试样和不同压实状态的压实试样的体积收缩变形特征。对于糊状试样,采用液体体积置换法测量了试样干燥过程中的体积变化,获得了完整的收缩曲线,试验结果表明：糊状试样的收缩过程可分正常收缩、残余收缩和零收缩 3 个阶段;绝大部分收缩变形发生在进气点之前即土体处于饱和状态。对于压实试样,初始干密度和含水率对收缩特征有重要影响：初始干密度增加对体积收缩变形起抑制作用,而初始含水率的增加对体积收缩变形起促进作用。此外,压实试样的体积收缩存在明显的各向异性,且对初始含水率的敏感程度高于初始干密度。最后,根据试验结果,提出了压实试样收缩应变与初始干密度和含水率之间的函数关系式。     

有荷条件下膨胀土的干湿循环胀缩变形及强度变化规律

为获取符合工程实际的设计参数,对宁明原状膨胀土进行了有荷载条件模拟干湿循环过程的试验研究,得到其胀缩变形和强度的变化规律。结果表明膨胀土的胀缩变形过程并不完全可逆。在一定荷载变化范围内,经历相同的干湿循环次数,荷载越大膨胀土的绝对和相对胀缩率越小;土的抗剪强度随上覆压力的增大而增大,且在同一级荷载下随着干湿循环次数的增多而衰减,但随着荷载增大其衰减率变小。荷载对干湿循环过程中膨胀土的胀缩幅度及强度衰减具有明显抑制作用。     

Consolidation behavior of dredged ultra-soft soil improved with prefabricated vertical drain at the Mae Moh mine,Thailand

The effectiveness of the prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) in the consolidation of ultra-soft dredged soil with various soil water contents (W) in Mae Moh mine, Lampang, Thailand was researched via a series of large-scale model tests and numerical analysis. Large settlements with the delay of excess pore pressures is a distinct behavior of ultra-soft soil. The PVD dimensions were found to have a significant effect on the rate of consolidation and the delay of excess pore pressure at low total vertical stress (σ_v). The smaller PVD dimension resulted in the smaller rate of consolidation and longer delay of excess pore pressure. The undrained shear strength (S_u) of ultra-soft clay at various degrees of consolidation could be approximated by the vertical effective stress (σ′_v) based on the SHANSEP where the σ′_v was determined from the Asaoka's observational method. The finite element analysis with axisymmetric and plane strain models showed that the axisymmetric model produced an excellent settlement prediction. However, the excess pore pressures were not well predicted by the axisymmetric model, due to the delay of excess pore pressures at the early stages of consolidation. In practice, the plane strain models proposed by Chai et al. and Indraratna and Redana's methods are suggested to predict the consolidation settlement of the Mae Moh dredged soil improved with PVD. The outcome of this research will facilitate the geotechnical design of reclamation of ultra-soft dredged soil in Mae Moh mine and other similar soils.     

膨胀土增湿过程中吸力–孔隙比–含水率关系

通过不同初始孔隙比条件下的土水特征试验及增湿试验,研究了膨胀土的土水特征曲线拟合参数及体积膨胀曲线拟合参数与初始孔隙比的关系,采用曲面拟合法建立了孔隙比与重量含水率及初始孔隙比的关系曲面、孔隙比与吸力及初始孔隙比的关系曲面、重量含水率与吸力及初始孔隙比的关系曲面、体积含水率与吸力及初始孔隙比的关系曲面。试验结果表明,在重量含水率(或吸力)–初始孔隙比–孔隙比坐标系中的体变曲面由饱和部分及非饱和部分组成;在增湿过程中,曲面由非饱和区进入饱和区的转折点对应的重量含水率随着初始孔隙比的增大而增大,转折点对应的吸力随着初始孔隙比的增大而减小;在吸力–初始孔隙比–重量含水率或体积含水率坐标系中,与特定初始孔隙比对应的土水特征曲线是纵坐标恒定的平面曲线;在吸力–孔隙比–重量含水率或体积含水率坐标系中,与特定初始孔隙比对应的土水特征曲线是纵坐标在变化空间曲线,它能同时表示初始孔隙比的影响及试验过程中孔隙比的变化。     

Rate dependence on mechanical properties of unsaturated cohesive soil with stress-induced anisotropy

The strain rate during shearing has been shown in experimental studies to strongly affect the mechanical behaviour of soil. For saturated soil, sufficient knowledge has been obtained to achieve equilibrium conditions for the pore water pressure. Nevertheless, little is known about unsaturated soil. Therefore, this study used a hollow cylindrical torsional shear apparatus to investigate the rate dependence on the deformation and strength properties of unsaturated soil. First, unsaturated specimens were anisotropically consolidated with different directions of major principal stress to assess the rate dependence of the anisotropic behaviour. Then, the shear stress was removed to produce an isotropic stress state. Shearing was applied using the specimens to evaluate the strain rate effects on the mechanical properties of unsaturated cohesive soil. The results indicate that the secant shear modulus increased with the strain rate in both constant suction (CS) and constant water content (CW) conditions. The shear strength did not change with the strain rate under a CW condition, but it decreased with the strain rate under a CS condition.     

Impact of cyclic wetting–drying on swelling behavior of lime-stabilized soil

In this study, the impact of cyclic wetting and drying on swelling behavior of lime-stabilized clayey soils has been investigated. Swelling potential and swelling pressure tests have been carried out on soil mixtures with various amounts of kaolinite–bentonite clays, and on a high plasticity clayey soil sample. The tests have been repeated after the addition of lime to the lime-treated samples in different preparation. In each cycle the tested samples were allowed air dry to their initial water content thus shrinking to their initial height, which is called ‘partial shrinkage’ method. The results showed that the initial beneficiary effect of lime stabilization was lost after the first cycle and the swelling potential increased at the subsequent cycles. On the other hand, the swelling potential and the swelling pressure of the untreated soil samples started decreasing after the first cycle and they reached equilibrium after the fourth cycle.     

非饱和土性状及其与工程问题的联系

首先讨论非饱和土研究的现状,指出目前存在的几种观点及其特点,然后针对不同类型的工程问题分别讨论了非饱和土性状与这些工程问题的联系,最后对非饱和土理论实用化发展方向进行了思考和讨论。     

Analysis of behavior of melted dark green silty soil

The behavior of dark green silty soil of the 6th storey is studied by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The shape, size and contact condition of the basic elements of the soil microstructure, and the shape and the size of the pore are further studied. In addition, a comparative study is made to analyze the experiment results of Cu and dynamic test. The mechanic characteristics of common soil and those of melted soil are presented and their influences on dark silty soil after being frozen are theoretically illustrated from a microscopic perspective. __________ Translated from Journal of Tongji University (Natural Science), 2007, 35(1): 6–9 [译自: 同济大学学报(自然科学版)]     

Upper bound seismic limit analysis of geosynthetic-reinforced unsaturated soil walls

The assessment of the internal stability of geosynthetic-reinforced earth retaining walls has historically been investigated in previous studies assuming dry backfills. However, the majority of the failures of these structures are caused by the water presence. The studies including the water presence in the backfill are scarce and often consider saturated backfills. In reality, most soils are unsaturated in nature and the matric suction plays an important role in the wall's stability. This paper investigates the internal seismic stability of geosynthetic-reinforced unsaturated earth retaining walls. The groundwater level can be located at any reinforced backfill depth. Several nonlinear equations relating the unsaturated soil shear strength to the matric suction and different backfill type of soils are considered in this study. The log-spiral failure mechanism generated by the point-to-point method is considered. The upper-bound theorem of the limit analysis is used to evaluate the strength required to maintain the reinforced soil walls stability and the seismic loading are represented by the pseudo-dynamic approach. A parametric study showed that the required reinforcement strength is influenced by several parameters such as the soil friction angle, the horizontal seismic coefficient, the water table level, the matric suction distribution as well as the soil types and the unsaturated soils shear strength.     

Cohesion of unsaturated residual soils as a function of volumetric water content

Soil cohesion changes with the moisture state of a soil. This paper presents an empirical equation to predict the cohesive component in the shear strength of unsaturated residual soils as an exponential function of volumetric water content. The formulation originated from a multiple linear-regression analysis for data sets obtained from shear tests using undisturbed soils with varying moisture contents. The empirical equations can realistically predict the reduction in soil cohesion due to wetting (R ²=0.88, 0.93). The methodology described in this paper provides a convenient alternative to the quantitative estimation of unsaturated shear strength, especially in an engineering practice such as a slope stability analysis as no matrix suction data are required.      

非饱和土土水特性试验研究

在改进的非饱和土三轴仪上对洛阳地区非饱和土开展了三轴试验,并依此对非饱和土土水特性、试样重塑对基质吸力的影响进行了分析研究。研究表明:试件的基质吸力随围压的增大而非线性减小,基质吸力随饱和度的增大而连续减小,饱和度与基质吸力的关系是连续的。     

压缩过程中非饱和膨胀土体变特征与持水特性的水力耦合效应

土体压缩是岩土工程领域的基本问题。压缩过程中非饱和土的力学与水力学行为是同时发生且相互影响的,有必要统一考察体变特征与持水特性的水力耦合效应。为此,以荆门弱膨胀土为研究对象,开展土中水密度试验、饱和与控制吸力下的非饱和一维压缩试验,准确测量了压缩与卸荷回弹过程中孔隙比–重力含水率–吸力–竖向净应力关系,探讨了水力耦合状况下非饱和膨胀土的体变特征与持水特性规律,并建立相应本构描述。结论如下:1加载段,非饱和压缩曲线均发生明显转折,体现出屈服行为;随吸力增大,压缩曲线依次发生"穿越"现象;卸载段大体呈线性,其斜率随吸力增大而降低。提出能够描述干缩、压缩、卸荷体胀、屈服、压缩性与卸荷回弹性随吸力变化等行为的非饱和土体变方程,可直接用于分层总和法计算。2不同吸力下重力含水率变化存在较大差异;压缩至2941.8 k Pa时,不同吸力下含水率非常接近。吸力与竖向净应力对含水率变化的耦合影响可用3参数Logistic函数描述。3压缩过程中饱和度随竖向净应力增大而增大,卸荷过程中随竖向净应力降低亦增大。采用饱和度或重力含水率,对压缩过程中的水力路径会出现"湿化"与"脱湿"的不同判断,即水力耦合状况下土体表现出复杂的持水状态变化特征。     

Shear strength of an unsaturated weakly expansive soil

To study the weakly expansive clay obtained from a slope along Wuhan—Shiyan expressway in Hubei Province,soil-water property tests and some unsaturated triaxial tests with suction control were conducted,and the soil-water retention curve（SWRC） and unsaturated shear strength of this soil were obtained.Results show that the air-entry suction and the residual degree of saturation of the tested soil are 106 kPa and 8%,respectively.The boundary effect zone and the transition zone can be identified on the desorption curve,but the residual zone is not so obvious.The unsaturated shear strength increases as suction increases within the range of controlled suction in the test,and friction angle,b,in the triaxial shear test is 17.6°.Based on the results,constitutive models for predicting the unsaturated shear strength using the SWRC were evaluated,and comparisons between prediction and measurement were made.It is concluded that for engineering purpose,the constitutive model should be carefully selected based on soil properties when predicting the unsaturated shear strength using the SWRC.     

粉土与淤质互层土中管桩压入过程孔隙水压力试验研究

为了解管桩沉桩过程中孔隙水压力的变化情况,通过对杭州萧山某工地的沉桩挤土效应进行现场监测,得出以下结论:场地中央的超孔隙水压力明显大于应力释放孔两侧相应深度处的超孔隙水压力,且应力释放孔内侧的超孔隙水压力也要大于应力释放孔外侧同一深度的超孔隙水压力;超孔隙水压力的动态变化规律绝大多数呈先增长后减少的趋势,沉桩距离较远时,超孔隙水压力整体变化呈缓慢增长趋势,而沉桩距离较近的时候,超孔隙水压力变化多呈先增长后减少趋势;本工程3～7m左右为粉土与淤泥质土的交界面,由于粉土与淤泥质土的渗透性不同,导致超孔隙水压力在3～7m左右会发生突变;PTC-500(65)管桩沉桩时,周围超孔隙水压力的变化明显要大于PTC-400(60)管桩沉桩时周围超孔隙水压力的变化。当沉桩距离小于5m的时候,超孔隙水压力变化比较明显;当沉桩距离超过5m的时候,超孔隙水压力变化逐渐减缓,趋于均速。     

非饱和粉质砂土中铜离子迁移的离心模型试验研究

本文利用土工离心机进行了非饱和土中重金属铜离子迁移的模拟研究,考察在污染物泄漏后的6个月、12个月和24个月时土壤中铜离子的变化和污染物的迁移机理及其对地下水的影响,同时也研究了土性对污染物迁移机理的影响。     

非饱和粉砂临界状态的试验研究

非饱和土临界状态给出了土变形过程的终点,对于分析土的基本力学性质和建立相应的本构模型十分重要。以非饱和粉砂为研究对象,利用非饱和土双压力室三轴试验系统(GDS)开展相关试验研究,对不同干密度粉砂在不同净应力和吸力条件下剪切至临界状态过程中,分别测定了强度、体变、含水率及饱和度等相关状态参量的变化规律。结果表明:剪切至临界状态过程中,不同干密度非饱和粉砂的强度和变形特性差异明显;随轴向应变的不断增加,不同初始干密度粉砂试样的偏应力、体应变以及饱和度曲线最终趋于稳定值,试样剪切达到临界状态。基于试验结果,揭示了临界状态条件下非饱和粉砂强度、孔隙比、孔隙水比体积随吸力的变化规律,并建立了q–p?、ν–ln p?、νw–ln p?平面内的临界状态线方程,提出了从强度、变形和孔隙水三个方面对非饱和粉砂临界状态进行综合描述的方法。