Effect of initial water content and shear stress on immersion-induced creep deformation and strength characteristics of gravelly mudstone

Soft sedimentary rocks undergo deterioration due to weathering induced by dry–wet cycles in a process known as slaking. To investigate the effect of the initial water content and shear stress on the immersion-induced creep deformation and strength characteristics of gravelly mudstone (slaking index = 1 and 2), creep tests were conducted using a modified direct-shear-test apparatus under different creep-stress ratios. Crushed mudstone with different degrees of compaction and initial water content was subjected to immersion under the creep-shear-stress conditions. After the creep shear and vertical displacements stabilized, a monotonic shear loading was applied. During creep immersion, the increment in the creep-shear displacement increases as the creep-stress ratio increases and the initial water content and/or degree of compaction decrease. Retaining a high initial water content in crushed mudstone is recommended to maintain its shear-stress stability. Under the same density, the peak shear strength decreased with an increase in the increment of the creep-shear displacement during creep immersion. The results indicate that the occurrence of immersion-induced creep deformation in addition to slaking can result in the deterioration of slope stability.     

Effects of slaking and degree of compaction on the mechanical properties of mudstones with varying slaking properties

An earthquake in Suruga Bay off Shizuoka Prefecture in 2009 caused an embankment near the Makinohara Service Area of the Tomei Expressway to fail. One of the causes of this failure was the slaking progression of the Neogene Period mudstone in the lower portion of the embankment.The objective of this study is to understand how the degree of slaking affects the compressive and shearing behaviors of crushed mudstone aggregates. A drying-immersion cycle test is proposed; it illuminates how the number of repeated drying and immersion cycles affects the slaking of fine-grained material. Unconfined compression, triaxial compression, and one-dimensional consolidation tests were carried out on crushed mudstone aggregate specimens created by compaction.Consequently, the unconfined compressive strength and maximum deviator stress in the triaxial compression tests on the crushed mudstone aggregates dropped as the grains became finer due to slaking even if the initial density was the same. The compressibility increased and the consolidation yield stress decreased as the grains became finer particles. The degree to which slaking had progressed affected these characteristics as well.     

Modified stress and temperature-controlled direct shear apparatus on soil-geosynthetics interfaces

In this paper, a bespoke stress and temperature controlled direct shear apparatus to test soil-geosynthetics interfaces is introduced. By adopting the apparatus, a series of ‘rapid loading’ shear tests and creep tests were conducted on the Clay – Geosynthetic Drainage layer (GDL) interfaces to assess the functionality of the apparatus. The experimental results indicate that, the modified apparatus can allow the shear deformation behaviour of soil-geosynthetics interfaces under environmental stress during thermal and drying-wetting cycles to be investigated, with a reliable performance. The resistance of Clay-GDL interfaces to shear deformation under the rapid loading of shear stress decreases after drying-wetting cycle and at elevated temperature. In the creep tests, the interfaces subjected to drying-wetting cycles and thermal cycles fail under a lower shear stress level than that of the interfaces without experiencing drying-wetting cycles and thermal cycles, respectively. The impacts of drying cycles on the horizontal displacement is significantly larger than that of wetting cycles. The first drying cycle has the largest impacts on the horizontal displacement than those of the following drying cycles. The impacts of drying alone on the horizontal displacement of Clay-GDL interfaces during drying cycles are small, and the main influence factor is the elevated temperature.     

基于正交设计的复杂环境下土石混填体大型直剪试验研究

为了更加系统、全面的研究土石混填体处于复杂环境时的强度特性,综合考虑含水率、浸泡时间、干湿循环、含石量、岩性与土性等因素,采用美国Geotest公司生产的大型直剪仪,并基于正交设计方法开展了一系列土石混填体室内大型直剪试验研究,进而确定出了不同因素对土石混填体抗剪强度有何影响及影响程度,为此类受多因素、多水平影响的试验研究探讨出了一种新的思路。试验结果表明：土石混填体抗剪强度主要源于内部石料间的相互嵌入、咬合及摩擦等作用;含石量是影响土石混填体强度特性最主要的因素,随着试样中含石量的增加其内摩擦角近似呈线性增加;对于试验中所涉及的3种水作用环境,含水率对土石混填体抗剪强度的影响最为显著,且含水率对其剪应力-剪切位移关系曲线亦存在非常重要的影响,相比之下,浸泡时间与干湿循环对试样抗剪强度影响较弱,且试样在浸泡48 h或干湿循环4次后其抗剪强度基本不会再继续弱化;当试样中含石量≥55%时,其抗剪强度受岩性影响较为明显。     

循环三轴应力路径下钙质砂颗粒破碎演化规律

钙质砂广泛分布于中国南海区域,是吹填造陆的重要材料。钙质砂颗粒容易破碎,使得其力学特性相比于普通的陆源硅质砂有显著差异。对取自中国南海西沙群岛某岛礁的钙质砂开展了三轴排水循环剪切试验,研究了围压、循环应力比、循环振次对钙质砂颗粒破碎发展过程的影响。在试验所采用的围压范围内,钙质砂在固结过程中产生的颗粒破碎较少,但是在随后的循环剪切过程中产生了显著的颗粒破碎。在循环剪切作用下,钙质砂的颗粒破碎形式主要是尖角的磨损,剪切后试样的颗粒中出现了一些碎屑和微细颗粒,大颗粒的棱角有一定程度的磨圆,但粒径无明显减小。在常围压下的等幅循环剪切中,颗粒破碎程度随着循环剪切次数的增大而增加,增长速率逐渐降低,可以采用对数曲线来描述相对破碎指数的发展过程。再考虑围压和循环应力比的影响规律,初步建立了一个描述颗粒破碎演化过程的数学模型。     

全风化灰绿色及红色泥岩物理力学性质对比研究

 灰绿色、红色泥岩在干旱或半干旱气候条件下形成,富含黏土矿物,遇水后物理力学性质发生显著变化,对工程建设的安全有重要影响,对其物理力学特性开展研究在地质灾害防治和工程设计施工中都具有重要意义。不同泥岩具有不同的物理力学性质,为进一步研究其差异,对甘肃省天水秦州区西河乡灰绿色泥岩以及天水花南村滑坡(310国道K1428+200段)滑带处红色泥岩进行了基本土工试验、矿物成分分析、易溶盐成分分析以及高含水率下的直接剪切试验。研究发现灰绿色泥岩级配更好,且含有较多的黏土矿物,而红色泥岩则含有较多的石英及原生矿物,二者的黏土矿物都以伊利石为主,高岭石次之,蒙脱石含量较少。2种泥岩遇水后都溶解出较多的Na+,K+, 以及少量的Ca2+,使土体颗粒水膜增厚,带电分子间的引力减弱,黏结力降低,并使矿物更易遭受破坏,灰绿色泥岩溶于水后的易溶盐总量相对较多。在高含水率情况下,2种泥岩的抗剪强度参数都随含水率及干密度发生变化,灰绿色泥岩的抗剪性能明显优于红色泥岩。当含水率达到25%时,红色泥岩抗剪强度较绿色泥岩显著降低,含水率超过30%后,二者都基本丧失抗剪能力。     

Engineering geological properties of weathered swelling mudstones and their effects on the landslides occurrence in the Yanji section of the Jilin-Hunchun high-speed railway

To identify the mechanisms that caused landslides during the construction of the Jilin-Hunchun high-speed railway line in Yanji, China, the engineering properties of weathered swelling mudstones extracted from a representative landslide site were investigated. The experimental results indicate that both yellow-brown and magenta mudstones exhibit significant swelling and shrinkage behaviour due to significant amounts of swelling clay minerals. The yellow-brown mudstone has an obvious schistose structure with stacked flaky plates interconnected with a face-to-face pattern, while the magenta mudstone has an aggregated structure cemented by iron oxides. Both mudstones are prone to disintegration when soaked in water. The shear strengths of swollen samples decrease dramatically compared with those of unsaturated samples, and the lower the initial water content is, the smaller the shear strength of a sample after swelling. By repeatedly increasing the repeated drying-wetting-freezing-thawing cycles, the shear strength decreases. According to the experimental findings, the effects of the engineering properties of mudstones on the landslides occurrence in the Yanji section are discussed. Heavy rainfall and the weathering of mudstones induced by fluctuating climatic conditions are regarded as the principal factors that triggered the landslides. Given the high landslide incidence on south-facing slopes, the influence of slope orientation on the stability of mudstone slopes is studied and discussed.     

冻–融及干–湿循环对泥质岩崩解特性影响的试验研究

为研究中国东北地区典型气候条件对泥质岩崩解特性的影响,以阜新海州露天矿泥质岩为研究对象,探讨了干–湿循环和冻–融循环作用对泥质岩崩解特性的影响。对不同试验条件下泥质岩浸泡液的p H值、TDS进行了测试;分析了泥质岩的崩解比、空隙率和吸水率变化情况;利用X射线衍射(XRD)、荧光光谱分析,测试岩样矿物化学成分。结果表明,相对于干–湿循环作用而言,冻–融循环作用会对泥质岩崩解性产生明显影响;空隙率及吸水率均对泥质岩的崩解有重要作用;冻–融循环对泥质岩可溶性盐类的溶解影响不大;考虑冻–融循环对泥质岩崩解特性的影响对东北地区工程建设有重要意义。     

Shear behaviour of methane hydrate bearing sand with various particle characteristics and fines

It is recognized that methane hydrate (hereafter referred to as MH) is trapped in the sand sediments of alternating sand and mud layers in the turbidite of the Nankai Trough, Japan. The existence of fines within the marine sediment significantly affects its mechanical and physical properties. A series of plane strain compression tests at high pressures were performed in order to investigate the effect of the particle characteristics and fines content of the host sands on the shear behaviour of MH bearing sands. MH bearing sands were artificially produced using rounded glass beads and three other silica sands with different fines contents. A high-pressure low-temperature testing apparatus was equipped with a camera to observe deformation of the specimens during shearing and particle image velocimetry analysis was conducted on pictures taken during the experiments. The experimental results show that strength enhancement due to the bonding effect in MH bearing sand increases with the level of fines content. Values for both the cohesion and friction angle of MH bearing sand composed of Toyoura sand increased along with increasing MH saturation. However, in the case of MH bearing glass beads, only the value for cohesion increased when MH was formed. The maximum shear strain of MH bearing glass beads was mostly concentrated near the shear band. While the maximum shear strains of the three other MH bearing sands were concentrated within the shear band, some was widely distributed in the region outside of the shear band. A rise in the degree of MH saturation increased the angle and narrowed the width of the shear band, regardless of the fines content.     

变形钢筋与机制砂混凝土黏结性能试验研究

通过混凝土试块中心的钢筋拉拔试验,研究了机制砂原料形态、石粉含量和混凝土强度对变形钢筋与机制砂混凝土黏结性能的影响规律.机制砂原料形态为碎石和卵石,石粉含量（质量分数）为5%,9%和13%,混凝土强度等级为C30,C40,C50和C60,月牙肋变形钢筋直径为12mm.结果表明：所有试件均因钢筋肋前的混凝土齿发生剪切破坏而使钢筋拔出,其黏结滑移关系曲线可以通过特征点的黏结应力和滑移值表达为四阶段变化关系;变形钢筋与混凝土的黏结性能随着混凝土强度的提高而增加,钢筋与碎石破碎机制砂混凝土的黏结性能优于钢筋与卵石破碎机制砂混凝土;石粉含量的增加会降低黏结强度并使得黏结滑移关系曲线的内劈裂段延长和下降段变陡.根据试验统计分析,建立了变形钢筋与机制砂混凝土的黏结滑移本构关系.     

Cyclic properties of dense to very dense silica sand

This paper presents results of a series of cyclic laboratory test performed on dense to very dense silica sand. Triaxial and direct simple shear tests were performed on reconstituted sand. The test program aimed to determine the cyclic shear strength and soil deformation properties for foundation design of offshore wind turbine structures on the Dogger Bank site, offshore United Kingdom, but is also applicable for foundation design of other offshore structures and other locations. Two sand batches were used, one with clean silica sand and one with 20% silt content. Normally consolidated specimens from both batches were reconstituted to a target relative density approximately equal to 100% and 80%. On the clean sand with a target relative density of 80%, tests were also performed on specimens with an overconsolidation ratio of OCR = 4. Various contour diagrams, presenting cyclic shear strength and average and cyclic shear strains for different number of cycles, are presented. These diagrams can be used in the front-end engineering design (FEED) stage of commercial design projects on similar soil conditions, to define soil behavior when limited cyclic data is available, or in the planning stage of a cyclic laboratory test program. Effects of precycling and fines content on the cyclic behavior of triaxial and DSS specimens are discussed.     

常用屋顶绿化基质材料的保水性能

研究在饱和状态、反复干湿循环和自然蒸发3种情况下常用屋顶绿化基质材料陶粒、草炭和保水剂的保水性能。通过抽真空饱和试验得到基质材料的蓄水性能,试验发现基质材料混合后实测饱和含水量大于理论推算值,分析了导致材料混合使得蓄水性能大幅提高的原因。采用反复干燥吸水试验证明陶粒和草炭具有良好的热稳定性,而保水剂在较高温度烘干时主分子链易断裂,反复吸水和烘干后其保水性能大幅降低。常温常压蒸发试验表明在含水量较高时,三者蒸发速率与自由水面蒸发的相当,随着含水量降低,保水性能越差的基质材料蒸发速率降低越快,合理添加保水剂能有效改善基质材料保水性能。     

The effect of Persian Gulf tidal zone exposure on durability of mixes containing silica fume and blast furnace slag

In this research the performance of cement paste and concrete mixes incorporating 7% and 10% of silica fume (SF) as a cement replacement was investigated in three exposure conditions. The results showed that plain type II portland cement performed better than blended SF cement under cyclic wetting and drying conditions. Silica fume specimens under cyclic wetting and drying conditions in simulated seawater exhibited higher strength loss compared to plain type II portland cement where cured under potable water. In addition, the greater the silica fume amount used in the mixes, the more the capillary water absorption under tidal zone exposure or/and under wetting and drying simulation. Further, the ternary blended ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) mix was the worst performing mix in all exposure conditions.     

Liquefaction and post-liquefaction resistance of sand reinforced with recycled geofibre

The present study provides an insight into the effect of recycled carpet fibre on the mechanical response of clean sand as backfill material subjected to monotonic loading and cyclic loading as well as post-liquefaction resistance of both unreinforced and carpet fibre reinforced soils. To achieve these goals, a series of multi-stage soil element tests under cyclic loading event resulting in liquefaction followed by undrained monotonic shearing without excess pore water pressure dissipation as well as a series of monotonic undrained shear test is conducted. All the specimens are isotropically consolidated under a constant effective confining stress of 100 kPa by considering the effect of cyclic stress ratio and carpet fibre content ranging from 0.25% to 0.75%. The obtained results revealed the efficiency of carpet fibre inclusion in increasing the secant shear modulus and ductility of clean sand under monotonic shearing without previous loading history. The impact of carpet fibre inclusion on the trend of cyclic excess pore water pressure generation and cyclic stiffness degradation was minimal. However, adding carpet fibre significantly improved both liquefaction and post-liquefaction resistances of clean sand. The liquefaction resistance of clean sand, at a constant 15 loading cycles, improved by 26.3% when the soil was reinforced with 0.75% recycled carpet fibre. In addition, the initial shear modulus of the liquefied specimen significantly increased by adding recycled carpet fibre.     

干湿循环作用下固化淤泥的抗剪强度变化规律

河、湖等的疏浚淤泥多采用固化方式进行处理。针对固化淤泥材料的干湿稳定性问题,系统开展了干湿循环作用下水泥固化疏浚淤泥的抗剪强度特性试验研究,揭示了固化淤泥在干湿循环作用下抗剪强度的变化机理,并对各影响因素进行了定量分析。结果表明:随着干湿循环次数的增加,固化淤泥的抗剪强度逐渐变化,且先快后慢,最后趋于稳定;干湿循环后,水泥掺量100kg/m~3固化淤泥试样的抗剪强度降低,而水泥掺量150、200kg/m~3试样干湿循环后的抗剪强度不降反增,说明干湿循环对固化淤泥的影响与水泥的掺量有关。较高的干燥温度促进了水泥水化,从而导致水化产物增加,固化淤泥的抗剪强度增大;同时,干湿循环过程中,微裂缝的发育导致固化淤泥的抗剪强度降低,干湿循环对固化淤泥抗剪强度的影响取决于二者的综合作用。     

Static Fatigue Controls Particle Crushing and Time Effects in Granular Materials

Based on observations from constant strain rate experiments and from creep and stress relaxation experiments initiated at different stress levels it is found that sand exhibits patterns of time effects different from those observed in clays. It appears that time effects in sand may be associated with crushing of particles, and a mechanistic picture of time effects in granular materials is constructed in which time effects depend on interparticle friction, grain crushing and grain rearrangement. This mechanistic picture is based on measured behavior in drained triaxial compression tests on three different sands in which strain rate effects are observed as small to negligible. While creep and relaxation are caused by the same underlying phenomenon, it appears that results of creep tests cannot be obtained from results of relaxations tests, and vice versa. The phenomenon of static fatigue of individual particles seems to be at the root of time effects in sand. A review of previous studies of static fatigue is presented. Triaxial tests on a beach sand incorporating creep and stress relaxation are followed by grain size analysis to prove that grain crushing relate to the observed time effects. Additional triaxial tests are presented in which the effect of water is demonstrated in support of the static fatigue mechanism. Load-controlled tests on individual sand particles in the form of spherical glass beads (quartz) were performed by maintaining constant loads lower than the short term crushing loads. As do rock and concrete specimens in triaxial compression, the glass beads show effects of time to crushing.     

泥质岩在不同pH值溶液中的崩解特性试验研究

为了研究泥质岩在不同pH值溶液中的崩解特性,为酸雨地区泥质岩的利用提供理论依据和技术指导,选取阜新海州露天矿泥质岩为例,进行室内浸水崩解试验。对泥质岩在不同pH值溶液中的崩解现象、崩解物的颗粒含量和崩解比进行分析、利用X射线衍射(XRD)、荧光光谱分析,测试岩样矿物化学成分。试验得到以下结论:不同pH值溶液中崩解强度大小关系是:酸碱中性;随着循环的进行,泥质岩的崩解程度不断加深,崩解速度先增大后逐渐减小甚至消失;泥质岩中许多不能溶于水的矿物成分可以和酸发生化学反应生成可溶性盐类,是泥质岩在酸中崩解最剧烈的主要原因;考虑泥质岩所处环境pH值不同对工程建设有重要意义。     

再生细骨料地基动力特性试验研究

建筑固废的处理再利用是使得建筑垃圾资源化的重要措施。为了进一步推进建筑固废动力特性的研究和工程应用,以建筑固废破碎筛分后的再生细骨料为材料,制备成地基土试样。利用三轴动力测试,分析了排水条件下,不同级配（级配良好、级配较差）、相对密度Dr（45%、70%）、围压σc（25、50、100、200 kPa和400 kPa）和含水率（0%、5%、15%、25%和30%）对再生细骨料地基动力特性的影响,并与标准砂地基的动力特性进行对比分析。试验结果表明：再生细骨料的比重为1.912,小于标准砂的（2.65）,使得再生细骨料试样动剪切模量小于标准砂的;阻尼比在剪应变γ较小（γ<0.03%）时与标准砂的差别不大,而剪应变较大（γ>0.03%）时小于标准砂的;在四个影响因素中,围压的变化对动剪切模量的影响最大,围压增大时,动剪切模量明显增大,其次影响较大的是相对密度以及含水率,级配的影响相对最小。通过对可破碎性的分析发现,再生细骨料在小围压（σc<200 kPa）条件下基本未发生破碎,即使在围压为400 kPa、等效循环应力比rcs为0.3的条件下也只发生了少量破碎,此破碎量符合国家标准。     

尾矿砂石混凝土的干缩性能研究

分别以铁尾矿砂和铁尾矿石代替天然砂和普通碎石配制了C30和C60两个强度等级的混凝土。测定了试件在自然养护条件下的干燥收缩率。结果表明,不论是C30等级,还是C60等级,尾矿砂石混凝土的干燥收缩率均小于天然砂石混凝土的收缩率。不论是天然砂石混凝土,还是尾矿砂石混凝土,C60强度等级的混凝土的干燥收缩率均大于C30强度等级的混凝土。     

石墙灰缝抗震性能与受力机理试验研究

为研究条石砌筑石墙灰缝在地震作用下的破坏机理和变形特征,开展了27个石墙灰缝试件在水平低周往复荷载作用下的抗震性能试验。主要研究参数包括竖向压应力水平和砂浆强度。基于试验结果,分析了石墙灰缝在模拟地震作用下的破坏特征、变形特征、滞回性能和受力机理等。研究结果表明,试件均发生灰缝剪切滑移破坏,整个破坏过程经历了弹性、裂缝发展、强度退化和摩擦滑移四个受力阶段。在循环往复荷载作用下,随着灰缝中砂浆的破坏和石垫片的碾压破碎,灰缝发生明显的竖向压缩变形。灰缝的竖向变形幅值随着竖向压应力、水平位移幅值和往复循环次数的增加而增大。所有试件的滞回曲线均呈饱满的矩形,表现出灰缝破坏过程具有良好的耗能性能。随竖向压应力水平和砂浆强度的提高,灰缝抗剪强度和总耗能量均有所增加。最后,提出干砌甩浆砌筑石墙灰缝在往复荷载作用下的抗剪强度计算公式。研究结果可为石墙灰缝精细化力学计算模型的建立和石结构地震反应分析提供参考。