A numerical simulation study on mechanical behaviour of coal with bedding planes under coupled static and dynamic load

To investigate the bedding influence on coal mechanical behaviour in underground environments such as coal or rock burst, simulations of dynamic SHPB tests of pre-stressed coal specimens with different bedding angles were carried out using a particle flow code 2-dimensional(PFC2D). Three impact velocities of 4, 8 and 12 m/s were selected to study dynamic behaviours of coal containing bedding planes under different dynamic loads. The simulation results showed that the existence of bedding planes leads to the degradation of the mechanical properties and their weakening effect significantly depends on the angle h between the bedding planes and load direction. With h increaseing from 0° to 90°, the strength first decreased and subsequently increased and specimens became most vulnerable when h was 30° or 45°.Five failure modes were observed in the specimens in the context of macro-cracks. Furthermore, energy characteristics combined with ultimate failure patterns revealed that maximum accumulated energy and failure intensity have a positive relation with the strength of specimen. When bedding planes were parallel or perpendicular to loading direction, specimens absorbed more energy and experienced more violent failure with increased number of cracks. In contrast, bedding planes with h of 30° or 45° reduced the specimens' ability of storing strain energy to the lowest with fewer cracks observed after failure.     

Fracture evolution characteristics of sandstone containing double fissures and a single circular hole under uniaxial compression

The uniaxial compression experiments on the sandstone samples containing double fissures and a single circular hole were carried out by using electro-hydraulic servo universal testing machine to investigate the effect of rock bridge angle β and fissure angle α on mechanical properties and evolution characteristics of cracks.The results show that the peak strength,peak strain and elastic modulus of defected specimens decrease comparing with those for intact sample,and show a decreased trend firstly and then increase with β changing from 0° to 90°.The peak strength and elastic modulus achieve the minimum value as the rock bridge angle is 60°,while the peak strain reaches the minimum value with the rock bridge angle of 45°.The crack initiation of tested rock samples occurs firstly in stress concentration areas at tips of prefabricated fissures under uniaxial compression,and then propagates constantly and coalescences with the prefabricated hole.Some secondary cracks initiate and propagate as well until buckling failure happens.The rock bridge angle has a great influence on crack initiation,coalescence,final failure mode,crack initiation stress and transfixion stress.The peak strength varies significantly,while the elastic modulus and peak strain change slightly,and the failure modes are also different due to the influence of fissure angle.     

基于数字图像的微观尺度下方解石脉对页岩各向异性的影响

通过对牛蹄塘组页岩岩芯进行显微薄片观察和岩芯X射线全岩矿物衍射分析,并进行7组不同方位角下的直接拉伸数值试验.试验结果表明:方解石脉对页岩抗拉强度各向异性影响显著,随着方位角α的增大,抗拉强度逐渐递减,抗拉强度的方解石脉结构效应系数随方位角α的增大呈曲线型增长趋势,在α=90°达到最大,为0.127;不同角度下的页岩试...     

Size effect of fracture characteristics for anisotropic quasi-brittle geomaterials

Understanding the size effect exhibited by the fracture mechanism of anisotropic geomaterials is important for engineering practice. In this study, the anisotropic features of the nominal strength, apparent fracture toughness, effective fracture energy and fracture process zone(FPZ) size of geomaterials were first analyzed by systematic size effect fracture experiments. The results showed that the nominal strength and the apparent fracture toughness decreased with increasing bedding plane inclin...     

单轴压缩下含层理加锚岩石声发射特征研究

为了研究不同层理倾角加锚岩石变形破坏过程中的声发射特征,加工制备了0°和90°两种层理的加锚试样,利用RMT-150C岩石力学试验机和AEwin-USB型声发射信号采集系统,进行了含层理加锚岩石声发射特征试验。研究表明:单轴压缩条件下,90°层理试样声发射累积振铃计数大于0°层理试样,具有明显的层理效应;加锚试样相比无锚试样,在压密阶段就有较强声发射信号产生,而且随着载荷的增加声发射信号越来越强,加锚试样的累计振铃计数大于无锚试样;声发射信号特征可以反映岩石内部裂隙扩展变化,对于揭示层理加锚围岩破坏失稳机制具有一定的参考价值。     

卸围压条件下砂岩变形破坏特性试验研究

从可释放弹性应变能角度对岩石卸围压条件下破坏特性进行研究,利用MTS815电液压伺服可控制刚性试验机进行保持轴向变形不变的卸围压试验,根据卸围压试验数据,分析了该砂岩卸围压过程中变形、强度、弹性模量及能量变化特征。结果表明:随着围压逐渐降低,岩样发生侧向不断扩容;轴向应力逐渐降低,呈现出非线性特征;弹性模量在初始阶段几乎不变化,越过破坏点之后大幅降低;可释放的弹性应变能在初始阶段增大比较缓慢,当围压降低至一定程度时急剧增大;推导出基于可释放弹性应变能的卸荷岩石的整体破坏准则Ue0。     

不同大变形等级下层理角度对层状软岩隧道的影响

为探究不同大变形等级下层理角度对层状软岩隧道的影响,依托九绵高速全线软岩大变形隧道,通过岩石力学试验确定遍布节理模型参数,基于数值模拟,探究不同软岩大变形等级（轻微、中等、强烈）下层理角度对层状软岩大变形隧道围岩及支护体系受力变形的影响,并通过现场统计的层理角度与大变形情况对数值模拟结果进行验证。结果表明：1）层理小角度（0°、15°）与大角度（90°）围岩变形、支护结构受力变形较大,随着大变形等级的增大,层理角度引起的围岩支护变化效果越明显。2）随着层理角度的增大,围岩变形从拱底逐渐转移到右拱腰。围岩变形主要发生在隧道轮廓与层理面相切位置,其中拱底及左拱脚对层理角度变化较敏感。3）初支应力偏向及节理塑性区大致与层理弱面法向一致,随着层理角度的增大,节理的剪切塑性区由拱顶、拱底转移到左拱脚、右拱肩,最终偏移到左右拱腰上下位置;相比初支压应力,初支拉应力对层理角度更敏感,垂直节理增大了张拉剪切破坏塑性区贯通的风险,但剪切破坏塑性区半径反而有可能减小。4）现场的统计规律表现为小角度与大角度大变形等级较高,层理角度为60°以下时,岩层破坏发生在拱腰及拱肩处,随着层理角度的增大,有向拱肩发展的...     

冷弯薄壁型钢-结构防火一体板自攻螺钉连接性能试验研究

开展冷弯薄壁型钢-结构防火一体板自攻螺钉连接抗剪性能试验研究,完成35个典型试件单调拉伸及低周往复加载试验,分析结构防火一体板厚度、螺钉直径、螺钉端距及加载角度等因素对其抗剪性能的影响。结果表明：不同加载角度及螺钉端距的试件呈现不同的破坏模式,主要包括板材端部撕裂破坏、板材孔壁承压破坏、板材被拉断破坏等,且破坏时试件的自攻螺钉存在不同程度的倾斜。对于试验端分别采用直径为4.8、5.5 mm螺钉的试件,试件的峰值荷载及延性系数与螺钉直径无明显相关性,弹性刚度随着螺钉直径增大而显著提升;随着螺钉端距由15 mm增大至25 mm,试件的弹性刚度无明显变化,而峰值荷载和延性系数提高了约35%;随着板厚由12 mm增大到20 mm,试件的峰值荷载提高了约40%,弹性刚度提高了约90%,延性系数降低了约30%;与加载角度为0°的试件的特征参数相比,加载角度为45°时,试件弹性刚度提高了约100%,峰值荷载及延性系数无明显差别;加载角度为90°时,试件弹性刚度及峰值荷载无明显差别,延性系数降低了约40%。     

Strength and failure characteristics of brittle jointed rock-like specimens under uniaxial compression:Digital speckle technology and a particle mechanics approach

The strength and failure characteristics of most natural rock mass are influenced by discontinues such as fissures, joints, and weak surfaces. In the present study, the strength and failure behavior of ubiquitousjoint rock-like specimens under uniaxial loading have been investigated by DIC(digital image correlation) and discrete element numerical method(PFC2 D). The results are obtained. Firstly, the UCSJof specimens with c = 15° or 30° shows similar tendency while a goes from 0° to 75°. With c = 45° or 60°, the UCSJof specimens increases when a goes from 0° to 30° and decreases after a goes beyond 30°. With c = 75°, the peak UCSJvalue is reached when a = 0°. The UCSJvalue shows an increasing trend when a goes from 60° to 75°. Secondly, the ubiquitous-joint specimens present different failure modes for various levels of a and c(b-a). Based on the experimental results, the failure mode of ubiquitous-joint specimens can be classified into three categories: stepped path failure, failure through parallel plane, and failure through cross plane.     

Study on the structural characteristics of graphitized carbon microcrystal prepared from PI film using X-ray diffraction technique

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页岩烧结保温砌块砌体基本力学性能试验研究

通过对页岩烧结保温砌块砌体轴心抗压、沿通缝抗剪、剪压复合抗剪性能试验研究,分析其破坏特征和破坏机理。试验结果表明:页岩烧结保温砌块砌体受压破坏时,在竖向灰缝附近形成主裂缝,接近极限荷载时砌体出现表皮剥落现象;沿通缝抗剪破坏模式主要为单剪破坏,脆性明显;剪压破坏有剪磨、剪压和斜压3种类型;实测轴心抗压强度平均值高于规范值,沿通缝抗剪强度、复合抗剪强度平均值低于计算值,并分别给出砌体轴心抗压强度平均值、抗剪、剪压复合受力抗剪强度平均值建议公式;剪压复合抗剪强度随着压应力的增大而增大;建立了页岩烧结保温砌块砌体受压应力应变关系表达式;给出该类砌块的弹性模量和泊松比的建议值。     

Experimental study on the mechanical properties of rocks at high temperature

The mechanical properties of marble, limestone, and sandstone as well as the stress-strain curve, the varying characteristics of the peak strength, the peak strain and elastic modulus were studied by using the MTS810 Rock Mechanics Servo-controlled Testing System under the action of temperatures rang- ing from room temperature to 800℃ . Results show that (1) the peak strength and elastic modulus of marble fluctuate at the temperature from normal to 400 ℃ ; and they decrease gradually over 400℃ . (2) With th...     

Influence of maximum principal stress direction on the failure process and characteristics of D-shaped tunnels

To investigate the failure process and characteristics of D-shaped tunnels under different maximum principal stress directions θ, true-triaxial tests were conducted on cubic sandstone samples with a through D-shaped hole. The test results show that the failure process can be divided into 4 periods: calm, buckling deformation, gradual buckling and exfoliation of rock fragment, and formation of a V-shaped notch. With an increase in θ from 0° to 90°, the size of the rock fragments first decreases and then increases, whereas the fractal dimension of the rock fragments first increases and then decreases. Meanwhile, the failure position at the left side shifts from the sidewall to the corner and finally to the floor, whereas the failure position at the right side moves from the sidewall to the spandrel and finally to the roof, which is consistent with the failure position in underground engineering. In addition, the initial vertical failure stress first decreases and then increases. By comparing the results, the failure severities at different maximum principal stress directions can be ranked from high to low in the following order: 90°>60°>30°>45°>0°.     

应变速率对注浆体力学特性影响规律

为研究微震荷载作用下注浆加固体力学特性,以裂隙倾角30°、宽度4 mm的红砂岩裂隙注浆体为研究对象,借助岩石三轴伺服压力机进行变应变速率(10^-5 ~5×10^-3 s^-1)单轴压缩试验;然后从能量耗散、裂纹扩展及破坏形态等3个方面,分析变应变速率对注浆体力学特性的影响规律及机理. 研究表明:随着应变速率的增加,注浆体的峰值强度、弹性模量均随之而增大;且峰值强度与应变速率呈指数函数关系变化;注浆体受应变速率影响的响应分为敏感应变速率阶段和滞缓应变速率阶段,主要差异在于峰值强度变化率和弹性模量变化率;随着应变速率的增大,注浆体的总能量在增大;压密阶段是影响不同应变速率下注浆体力学特性的主要阶段;敏感应变速率阶段和滞缓应变率阶段中的压密阶段主要区别在于积散比大小,积散比进一步决定产生裂纹的多少和分布区域与规律;耗散能密度对注浆体破坏脱落面积以及粒径分布影响较大,耗散能密度越大,碎块越以大块为主(粒径大的比率逐渐增加),滞缓应变率阶段耗散能密度较敏感应变率阶段大,其破碎块体较敏感应变率阶段大. 研究在裂隙注浆加固体的变应变速率影响下力学特性,从能理原理、分形理论角度得到了其影响机理.     

复合防火自保温外模板抗折性能试验研究

为研究复合防火自保温外模板的抗折性能,对6个复合防火自保温外模板试件进行抗折试验,分析试件的破坏形态、受力性能、抗折强度以及抗折强度与弹性模量之间的相关性。结果表明：复合防火自保温外模板的破坏形态均表现为底部跨中砂浆层开裂,裂缝方向垂直于模板纵轴线且贯穿整个宽度;各试件的荷载-跨中位移曲线变化规律基本一致,最大荷载、抗折强度和弹性模量的均值分别为846.34 N、2.59 MPa、5 125 MPa,满足相应规范的要求,具有良好的抗折性能;复合防火自保温外模板的抗折强度与弹性模量在0.01水平上,相关系数R=0.972 5,具有较强的线性相关性。     

Physical and mechanical properties of sandstone containing a single fissure after exposure to high temperatures

In order to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of sandstone containing fissures after exposure to high temperatures,fissures with different angles α were prefabricated in the plate sandstone samples,and the processed samples were then heated at 5 different temperatures.Indoor uniaxial compression was conducted to analyze the change rules of physical properties of sandstone after exposure to high temperature,and the deformation,strength and failure characteristics of sandstone containing fissures.The results show that,with increasing temperature,the volume of sandstone increases gradually while the quality and density decrease gradually,and the color of sandstone remains basically unchanged while the brightness increases markedly when the temperature is higher than 585 ℃;the peak strength of sandstone containing fissures first decreases then increases when the temperature is between 25℃and 400℃.The peak strain of sandstone containing fissures increases gradually while the average modulus decreases gradually with increasing temperature,and the mechanical properties of sandstone show obvious deterioration after 400 ℃.The peak strain of sandstone containing fissures increases gradually while the average modulus decreases gradually with increasing temperature;with increasing angle αof the fissure,the evolution characteristics of the macro-mechanical parameters of sandstone are closely related to the their own mechanical properties.When the temperature is 800 ℃,the correlation between the peak strength and average modulus of sandstone and the angle α of the fissure is obviously weakened.The failure modes of sandstone containing fissures after high temperature exposure are of three different kinds including:tensile crack failure,tensile and shear cracks mixed failure,and shear crack failure.Tensile and shear crack mixed failure occur mainly at low temperatures and small angles;tensile crack failure occurs at high temperatures and large angles.     

单轴压缩荷载下含黏结面花岗岩能量演化研究

为探究能量演化在含黏结面不完整岩石受载过程中的规律,选取带有矿物质黏结斜面的花岗岩进行单轴循环加卸载压缩试验,同时在试验过程中进行声发射检测.得到以下结论:"有效能比"(累积弹性能/输入岩石的总能)可以作为岩石储能水平的表征,也可间接反映岩石内部结构随应力状态的改变;从整个加载过程来看,黏结面部位破坏的声发射释能短促、强烈,峰值强度时声发射持续时间较长,但声发射释能率相比黏结面破坏时较低;应力水平较低时,卸载过程中一般不会有声发射现象或声发射现象基本可以忽略,但当应力水平达到一定值时,即花岗岩积聚的弹性能超过了黏结面部位破坏的耗散能时,花岗岩在卸载时会发生短促、强烈的脆性破坏;由于声发射能量属于耗散能的一部分,定义"声发射检测效率"(声发射累积能量/累积耗散能),对于本次试验对象而言,"声发射检测效率"在压密阶段降低,弹性阶段升高,黏结面局部破坏时达到峰值,之后直至峰值强度该值呈现持续降低趋势;从能量角度分析,卸载破裂所对应的应力水平低于加载强度,但不应低于与峰值强度时耗散能大小相等的弹性能所对应的应力水平.     

页岩陶粒混凝土预制构件钢筋浆锚连接性能试验研究

为了验证页岩陶粒混凝土预制构件纵向受力钢筋采用浆锚连接的适用性和可靠性,对采用该连接形式的钢筋连接试件分别进行了单向拉伸、高应力反复拉压和大变形反复拉压试验,分析页岩陶粒混凝土强度和钢筋搭接长度对其连接性能的影响。试验结果表明：所有试件纵筋均未出现滑移,试件的最终破坏均为接头外钢筋被拉断或屈服;采用浆锚连接的钢筋搭接长度不宜小于1.0l_aE;当钢筋搭接长度大于等于1.0l_aE时,随着页岩陶粒混凝土强度的增加,试件接头的极限抗拉强度有所提高。在满足规定的构造要求下,钢筋浆锚连接形式可用于页岩陶粒混凝土预制构件纵向受力钢筋的可靠连接。     

PTFE膜材料的偏轴拉伸性能及破坏机理

为深入把握PTFE膜材料的率相关力学性能及破坏机理,对3种常见的PTFE膜材料进行了偏轴拉伸试验,主要考虑了0°、5°、15°、25°、35°、45°、55°、65°、75°、85°、90°等11个偏轴角度和10、25、50、100、200、500 mm/min等6种拉伸速率,分析了主要力学参数的变化规律,研究了不同拉伸速率下的膜材破坏模式及破坏机理.结果表明:不同拉伸速率下膜材主要力学参数的变化规律比较一致,表现出明显的各向异性;材料的抗拉强度与破坏模式密切相关,随着拉伸速率的增加,抗拉强度逐渐升高,且与拉伸速率的对数呈近似线性关系,这主要与材料应变能及编织结构有关;材料的破坏模式和断裂延伸率受拉伸速率的变化影响不明显.     

Extraordinary self-lubrication properties of non-hydrogenated diamond-like carbon films under humid atmosphere

Tribological properties of non-hydrogenated diamond-like carbon (DLC) films were investigated under humid (RH=80%) and dry (RH=5%) air. These films were deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) at different substrate temperatures. Tribological properties of DLC fabricated by PLD is not sensitive to the relative humidity of testing environment. Because of the unique growth mechanism of DLC prepared by PLD, DLC is of “soft-hard” double layers, having a very low friction coefficient and wear rate under humid atmosphere. The minimum coefficient and wear rate of film under humid circumstance are 0.045 and 5.94×10⁻¹⁰ mm³N⁻¹m⁻¹, respectively, just a little bit more than those under dry condition. The root means square roughness of film is less than 1 nm. The sp³ content of film grown at room temperature (RT) is 72%, and the sp³ content decreases with temperature. Raman spectrum shows that the micro-structure is amorphous network. The largest hardness and elastic modulus of film are 51 GPa and 350 GPa, respectively and they reduce with increase of deposition temperature too. Water contact angles on surface are more than 90° which indicates that films fabricated by PLD are hydrophobic with low surface energy.