“三软”极不稳定煤层综采技术研究

偃龙矿区开采的山西组二．煤层属于“三软”极不稳定煤层,其突出特征为煤层松软、厚度和倾角变化大,顶板及底板松软、破碎,赋存条件复杂,开采极其困难．嵩山煤矿以多项支护技术专利为支撑,采用底板岩巷的“一巷三用”,合理选择高强度轻型放顶煤支掩式液压支架,以及综采防片帮和防冒顶等技术,实施综采机械化开采,实现了“三软”煤层的安全高效开采,取得了显著效果．     

软煤层巷道支护数值模拟研究

针对新义煤矿11011工作面回采巷道煤层松软、围岩变形大、现有微拱工字钢支护难以满足生产安全需要的问题,利用FLAC数值模拟软件分别对微拱工字钢和外扎腿U型钢支护下的巷道位移矢量特征、应力特征及塑性区范围进行了分析．结果表明,外扎腿u型钢支护,能有效地改善围岩的应力状态和控制围岩的变形量,适合该矿软煤层特征;通过对12011皮带运输巷进行的工业性试验的实测变形数据分析表明,外扎腿u型钢支护,降低了顶板与两帮收敛速度与位移,提高了软岩巷道围岩强度和自承能力,维护了巷道围岩的稳定性,支护效果良好,能满足新义煤矿安全生产的要求,可为类似条件下的巷道支护提供参考．     

Feasibility analysis of gob-side entry retaining on a working face in a steep coal seam

Based on the decline in exploitation of coal resources, steep coal seam mining and mining face tensions continue to explore the feasibility analysis of steeply inclined faces in the gob. One of the key factors in utilizing the technology of gob-side entry retaining in steep coal seams is to safely and effectively prevent caving rock blocks from rushing into the gob-side entry by sliding downwards along levels. Using theoretical analysis and field methods, we numerically simulated the mining process on a fully-mechanized face in a steep coal seam. The stress and deformation process of roof strata has been analyzed, and the difficulty of utilizing the technology is considered and combined with practice in a steep working face in Lvshuidong mine. The feasibility of utilizing the technology of gob-side entry retaining in a steep coal seam has been recognised. We propose that roadways along the left lane offshoot body use a specially-made reinforced steel dense net to build a dense rock face at the lower head. The results show that the lane offshoot branch creates effective roof control, safe conditions for roadway construction workers, and practical application of steeply inclined gob.     

Rock parameters inversion for estimating the maximum heights of two failure zones in overburden strata of a coal seam

In order to enter effective parameters of rock mass in a numerical model, the relationships between mechanical parameters of rock and rock mass were obtained by an inversion method and an orthogonal test, given our measurements of the maximum heights of two failure zones in the Longdong coal mine.Using the maximum heights of the caving zone and the water-conducting fractured zone as test indices the modulus of elasticity, the Poisson ratio, cohesion and tension strength as test factors and different values of reduction enhancement factors as test levels, an orthogonal test was designed to obtain an optimum simulation scheme. From the analysis of different values of reduction enhancement factors which affect the test indices, an optimum factor combination for modification of parameters could be inferred. By using modified parameters in our numerical simulation, the maximum heights oftbe caving zone and the water-conducting fractured zone in the extensive Xiyi area were determined as 15.06 m and 36.92 m. These values were almost the same as those obtained by similar material simulation (8.5 m and 37.0 m) and empirical prediction (8.4 m and 34.4 m). These results indicate that the modification of parameters is a rational method.     

Pressure relief, gas drainage and deformation effects on an overlying coal seam induced by drilling an extra-thin protective coal seam

Numerical simulations and field tests were used to investigate the changes in ground stress and deformation of, and gas flow from, a protected coal seam under which an extra-thin coal seam was drilled. The geological conditions were: 0.5 meter min-ing height, 18.5 meter coal seam spacing and a hard limestone/fine sandstone inter-stratum. For these conditions we conclude: 1) the overlying coal-rock mass bends and sinks without the appearance of a caving zone, and 2) the protected coal seam is in the bending zone and undergoes expansion deformation in the stress-relaxed area. The deformation was 12 mm and the relative defor-mation was 0.15%. As mining proceeds, deformation in the protected layer begins as compression, then becomes a rapid expansion and, finally, reaches a stable value. A large number of bed separation crannies are created in the stress-relaxed area and the perme-ability coefficient of the coal seam was increased 403 fold. Grid penetration boreholes were evenly drilled toward the protected coal seam to affect pressure relief and gas drainage. This made the gas pressure decrease from 0.75 to 0.15 Mpa, the gas content de-crease from 13 to 4.66 m3/t and the gas drainage reach 64%.     

Experimental research of overburden movement and subsurface water seeping in shallow seam mining

Shallow seam coal field has the largest coal reserve in China. Mining in shallow depth causes serious problems, and sub- surface dewatering is a major issue. In this paper, the physical simulating models were prepared to study overburden movement and aquiclude stability in the shallow seam mining of Yushuwan Coalfield, China. According to the characteristic of clay aquiclude and bedrock in the overburden, the proper simulation materials for simulating the plastic clay aquiclude layers and brittle bedrock layers were determined by the stress-strain tests and hydrophilic tests. The physical simulating models of solid medium and two phases of solid-liquid medium were carried out to simulate the failure and caving process of the roof and overburden, as well as the subsurface water seeping. Based on the simulation, it was found that the movement of clay aquiclude follows the movement of the underlying bedrock layers. The stability of aquiclude is mainly affected by cracks in fracture zone. The tests also showed that the best way to control the stability of aquiclude is to reduce the subsiding gradient, and there is a possibility of ground water conservation under longwall mining in Yushuwan Mine. This research provides a foundation for further study on mining dewatering and water conserva- tion.     

分形理论及其在材料科学研究中的应用

从分形的一般概念、分形体的数学构造、分形的维数、分形的自相似4个方面简要介绍了分形理论,综述了分形理论在材料学中的断裂、磨损、疲劳方面的应用。     

Dynamic destabilization analysis based on AE experiment of deep-seated, steep-inclined and extra-thick coal seam

No. 5 coal seam in Huating Coal Mine is a deep-seated, steep-inclined extra-thick coal seam where excavation disturbance is quite frequent. The maximum and minimum principal stresses differ widely. During mining, dynamical destabilization happens frequently and induce tragedies. Based on the comparison between the acoustic emission （AE） experiment on dynamical destabilization of coal rock and the related in situ testing results, this article provides comprehensive analysis on the regular quantificational AE patterns （energy rate, total events） of coal rock destabilization in complex-variable environment. The comparison parameters include dynamic tension energy rate, deformation resistance to compression, and shear stress.     

混凝土小砌块配筋砌体抗压性能的试验研究

通过22个混凝土小砌块灌芯砌体试件及其3个配筋砌体墙片的抗压试验，研究了作为配筋砌体结构基本性能的混凝土小砌块灌芯砌体抗压破坏特征和抗压强度，并在此基础上对配筋砌体的破坏特征和轴心抗压承载力进行了研究，分别提出了混凝土小砌块灌芯砌体抗压强度和配筋砌体墙片轴心抗压承载力计算公式，并进行了试验值和公式计算值的对比分析。     

Gas seepage equation of deep mined coal seams and its application

In order to obtain a gas seepage law of deep mined coal seams, according to the properties of eoalbed methane seepage in in-situ stress and geothermal temperature fields, the gas seepage equation of deep mined coal seams with the Klinkenberg effect was obtained by confirming the coalbed methane permeability in in-situ stress and geothermal temperature fields. Aimed at the condition in which the coal seams have or do not have an outcrop and outlet on the ground, the application of the gas seepage equation of deep mined coal seams in in-situ stress and geothermal temperature fields on the gas pressure calculation of deep mined coal seams was investigated. The comparison between calculated and measured results indicates that the calculation method of gas pressure, based on the gas seepage equation of deep mined coal seams in in-situ stress and geothermal temperature fields can accurately be identical with the measured values and theoretically perfect the calculation method of gas pressure of deep mined coal seams.     

Experimental study on retarding mortar and its application in prestressed concrete

Based on a large number of orthogonal tests and theoretical analyses, the retarding mortar which meets the requirements of retard-bonded prestressed concrete was prepared. Initial setting time of the retarding mortar may vary from several hours to 15 d at 5 ℃-35 ℃ due to quantities and average curing temperature. And its 28 d compressive strength is above 35 MPa. Thus the influence of quantities on setting time and 28 d compressive strength, and the relationship between setting time and average curing temperature were investigated. The optimum quantities were obtained by studying the interaction of admixtures, and the retarding mechanism was discussed. Based on 52 retard-bonded prestressed strands by manual work from 24 retard-bonded prestressed concrete T-beams, static friction drag, change factor κ and friction factor μ were obtained from the test when retard-bonded prestressed strands were tensioned. Application of the retarding mortar will be vast in practical concrete projects.     

Experimental study on recarding mortar and its application in prestressed concrete

Based on a large number of orthogonal tests and theoretical analyses, the retarding mortar which meets the requirements of retard-bonded prestressed concrete was prepared. Initial setting time of the retarding mortar may vary from several hours to 15 d at 5℃ -35℃ due to quantities and average curing temperature. And its 28 d compressive strength is above 35 MPa. Thus the influence of quantities on setting time and 28 d compressive strength, and the relationship between setting time and average curing temperature were investiga-ted. The optimum quantities were obtained by studying the interaction of admixtures, and the retarding mecha-nism was discussed. Based on 52 retard-bonded prestressed strands by manual work from 24 retard-bonded pre-stressed concrete T-beams, static friction drag, change factor κ and friction factor μ were obtained from the testwhen retard-bonded prestressed strands were tensioned. Application of the retarding mortar will be vast in prac-tical concrete projects.     

高填土涵洞相似材料模型试验与数值模拟

依据相似理论,采用正交试验和增加局部试验相结合的方法在最少的试验次数下确定相似材料的配比,得出材料配比用量与力学指标的关系。根据现场资料,满足几何相似条件,制作相似材料涵洞模型。在模型上逐层填土、分级加载来模拟实际施工过程。以盖板涵为例,测出模型关键部位的应变、应力结果。把模型试验的结果按照相似指标推算出原型结构的应力分布。用有限元软件ANSYS进行涵洞受力全过程的数值模拟,并将数值模拟结果与模型试验、模型试验推算出的原型结构应力数据加以对比。结果表明,模型试验和有限元数值模拟二者可以互相印证,对实际工程设计具有参考意义。     

Effect of coal gangue with different kaolin contents on compressive strength and pore size of blended cement paste

The effects of activated coal gangue on compressive strength, porosity and pore size distribution of hardened cement pastes were investigated. Activated coal gangue with two different kaolin contents, one higher and one lower, were used to partially replace Portland cement at 0%, 10%, and 30% by weight. The water to binder ratio（w/b） of 0.5 was used for all the blended cement paste mixes. Experimental results indicate that the blended cement of activated coal gangue mortar with higher kaolin mineral content has a higher compressive strength than that with lower kaolin mineral content. The porosity and pore size of blended cement mortar were significantly affected by the replacement of activated coal gangue.     

晋城3~#煤层渗流物理特征及其注水效果

通过晋城3~#煤层的裂隙、孔隙分布特征及其吸水率变化规律和润湿边角试验结果分析,得出了3~#煤层属于注水渗透性和注水效果差的煤层的结论,指出了改善3~#煤层注水效果应采取的方法。     

岩石单轴压缩端部效应的数值实验研究

通过应用岩石破裂过程分析系统RFPA2D,模拟了不同刚度垫板下的岩石单轴压缩实验,对比刚性与柔性垫板,确认了端部效应的存在,通过不同刚度垫板下的岩石单轴压缩实验,分析了端部效应对试件的测试强度和破坏模式的影响。     

Analytical model and application of stress distribution on mining coal floor

Given the analysis of underground pressure, a stress calculation model of coal floor stress has been established based on a theory of elasticity. The model presents the law of stress distribution on the relatively fixed position of the mining coal floor: the extent of stress variation in a fixed floor position decreases gradually along with depth, the decreasing rate of the vertical stress is clearly larger than that of the horizontal stress at a specific depth. The direction of the maximum principal stress changes gradually from a vertical direction to a horizontal direction with the advance of the working face. The deformation and permeability of the rock mass of the coal floor are obtained by contrasting the difference of the principal stress established from theoretical calculations with curves of stress-strain and permeability-strain from tests, which is an important mechanical basis for preventing water inrush from confined aquifers.     

Pozzolanic Activity of Burned Coal Gangue and Its Effects on Structure of Cement Mortar

The pozzolanic activity of coal gangue burned at different burning temperatures was investigated. The burned coal gangue was mixed with portland cement in different proportions （ 20% - 60% ）. The pozzolanic activity of coal gangue burned and the hydration products were examined, the compressive strengths of the pastes of the mixtures were tested, and the mechanism of the reaction was discussed. The experimental results slum, that the coal gangue burned at 750 ℃ has the optimum pozzolanic activity, and the burned coal ganguc with SiO2 and Al2 O3 is in an active form. When the coal gangue burned at 750℃ is mixed into portland cement, the content of calcium hydroxide in paste is significantly reduced, while the contents of hydrated calcium silk.ate and hydrated calcium aluminate are increased accordingly, hence resulting in the improvement of the microstructure of mortar. The compressive strength of cement paste decreases with increasing the content of burncd coal gangue. The decease in strength is small in the range of 20% - 30% coal gangue substitution and significant in 30%- 60% substitution.     

两硬综放面顶煤顶板冒放结构探讨

用深基点观测和理论分析的方法揭示坚硬顶板、坚硬煤层条件下综放开采顶煤顶板活动规律及其冒放结构，结论对生产有现实的指导意义。