Analysis of durability of high performance concrete using artificial neural networks

This study aims to determine the influence of the content of water and cement, water–binder ratio, and the replacement of fly ash and silica fume on the durability of high performance concrete (HPC) by using artificial neural networks (ANNs). To achieve this, an ANNs model is developed to predict the durability of high performance concrete which is expressed in terms of chloride ions permeability in accordance with ASTM C1202-97 or AASHTO T277. The model is developed, trained and tested by using 86 data sets from experiments as well as previous researches. To verify the model, regression equations are carried out and compared with the trained neural network. The results indicate that the developed model is reliable and accurate. Based on the simulating durability model built using trained neural networks, the optimum cement content for designing HPC in terms of durability is in the range of 450–500 kg/m³. The results also revealed that the durability of concrete expressed in terms of total charge passed over a 6-h period can be significantly improved by using at least 20% fly ash to replace cement. Furthermore, it can be concluded that increasing silica fume results in reducing the chloride ions penetrability to a higher degree than fly ash. This study also illustrates how ANNs can be used to beneficially predict durability in terms of chloride ions permeability across a wide range of mix proportion parameters of HPC.     

偏高岭土对混凝土性能影响研究

采用偏高岭土、粉煤灰和矿渣等量取代水泥,并将偏高岭土与粉煤灰、矿渣分别复掺配制混凝土,对混凝土的工作性、抗压强度和耐久性进行了研究.结果表明,偏高岭土用作混凝土掺合料且掺量合理时,其对混凝土坍落度和抗压强度的影响优于粉煤灰和矿渣,配制的混凝土抗腐蚀性和抗冻融性均有所提高.     

高性能混凝土经飞机除冰液长期作用的化学腐蚀

飞机除冰液对机场高性能混凝土(HPC)长期作用的腐蚀性未知,采用浸泡腐蚀法经过4 a测定了普通水泥混凝土(OPC)和HPC分别在水、25%乙二醇(飞机除冰液)和25%商用飞机除冰液(LBR-A除冰液)中的抗腐蚀性。结果表明,除冰液与OPC表层的CH发生化学腐蚀反应,产生结晶腐蚀产物,使得混凝土试件质量不减反增,LBR-A除冰液对混凝土表层的腐蚀性比乙二醇更强一些。但除冰液的长期作用并不能对水泥混凝土的内部结构造成实质性影响,仅限于表层的逐层剥蚀。因此,在商用飞机除冰液的长期腐蚀作用下,用硅酸盐水泥掺加40%粉煤灰(FA)配制的HPC抗腐蚀性最好,用抗硫酸盐硅酸盐水泥掺加40%FA配制的HPC抗腐蚀性次之,OPC抗腐蚀性较差。     

掺粉煤灰混凝土耐城市污水侵蚀性能的研究

根据上海城市污水实际组分,配制高浓度人工污水作为腐蚀介质,采用应力腐蚀和干湿交替循环快速腐蚀试验方法,对掺粉煤灰的Ｃ３５,Ｃ５０混凝土及水泥砂浆进行侵蚀试验。研究表明,混凝土中掺入粉煤灰后,在人工污水中的荷载作用下应力腐蚀、强度损失、膨胀率及钢筋阻锈性能均有显著改善。     

Effect of W/C ratio on covering depth of fly ash concrete in marine environment

This investigation studied the effect of W/C ratio on covering depth required against the corrosion of embedded steel of fly ash concrete in marine environment up to 4-year exposure. Fly ash was used to partially replace Portland cement type I at 0%, 15%, 25%, 35%, and 50% by weight of cementitious material. Water to cementitious material ratios (W/C) of fly ash concretes were varied at 0.45, 0.55, and 0.65. The 200-mm concrete cube specimens were cast and steel bars with 12-mm diameter and 50 mm in length were inserted in the concrete with the covering depth of 10, 20, 50, and 75 mm. The specimens were cured in water for 28 days, and then placed to the tidal zone of marine environment in the Gulf of Thailand. Subsequently, the concrete specimens were tested for the compressive strength, chloride penetration profile and corrosion of embedded steel bar after being exposed to tidal zone for 2, 3, and 4 years. The results showed that the concrete mixed with Portland cement type I exhibited higher rate of the chloride penetration than the fly ash concrete. The chloride penetration of fly ash concrete was comparatively low and decreased with the increasing of fly ash content. The increase of fly ash replacement and the decrease of W/C ratio could reduce the covering depth required for the initial corrosion of the steel bar. Interestingly, fly ash concretes with 35% and 50% cement replacement and having W/C ratio of 0.65 provided better corrosion resistance at 4-year exposure than the control concrete with W/C ratio of 0.45. In addition, the covering depth of concrete with compressive strength of 30 MPa (W/C ratio of 0.65) could be reduced from 50 to 30 mm by the addition of fly ash up to 50%.     

灌注桩混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀试验研究

对掺量粉煤灰高性能混凝土和普通混凝土灌注桩进行抵抗硫酸盐和浓度镁盐的双重强侵蚀试验。试验表明掺量粉煤灰高性能混凝土,其可以抵抗硫酸盐和浓度镁盐的双重强侵蚀,完全能满足混凝土抗侵蚀要求。在相同配合比条件下,质量变化在腐蚀早期的质量变化率很接近,随着侵蚀龄期的增加,粉煤灰高性能混凝土抗侵蚀性能均优于普通水泥混凝土,这与耐蚀系数得出的结论基本上相吻合。     

大掺量粉煤灰活性粉末混凝土耐久性研究

研究了以大量粉煤灰取代水泥,并掺加硅灰、钢纤维配制的大掺量粉煤灰活性粉末混凝土(HVFRPC)的耐久性。研究结果表明,大掺量粉煤灰活性粉末混凝土具有较小的体积收缩率,抗碳化、抗氯离子渗透、耐硫酸盐浸蚀性优异。     

Effect of electric arc furnace dust on the properties of OPC and blended cement concretes

This paper presents results of a study conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties and durability characteristics of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and blended cement (silica fume and fly ash) concrete specimens prepared with electric arc furnace dust (EAFD). Concrete specimens were prepared with and without EAFD. In the silica fume cement concrete, silica fume constituted 8% of the total cementitious material while fly ash cement concrete contained 30% fly ash. EAFD was added as 2% replacement of cement in the OPC concrete and 2% replacement of the total cementitious content in the blended cement concretes. Mechanical properties, such as compressive strength, drying shrinkage, initial and final setting time, and slump retention were determined. The durability characteristics were evaluated by measuring water absorption, chloride permeability, and reinforcement corrosion. The initial and final setting time and slump retention increased due to the incorporation of EAFD in both OPC and blended cement concretes. The drying shrinkage of EAFD cement concrete specimens was more than that of concrete specimens without EAFD. The incorporation of EAFD was beneficial to OPC concrete in terms of strength gain while such a gain was not noted in the blended cement concretes. However, the strength differential between the blended cement concretes with EAFD and the corresponding concretes without EAFD was not that significant. The water absorption and chloride permeability, however, decreased due to the incorporation of EAFD in both the OPC and blended cement concretes. The corrosion resistance of OPC and blended cement concrete specimens increased due to the addition of EAFD.     

高寒地区高性能混凝土试验研究

粉煤灰混凝土因能减少环境污染、节约能源、降低混凝土成本、改善混凝土施工性能、力学性能而越来越被重视。采用一级粉煤灰,掺加高效缓凝保塑减水剂配制混凝土,在改变粉煤灰掺量（0,20％,30％,40％,50％）、水泥和粉煤灰总用量的条件下进行粉煤灰混凝土绝热升温、水泥水化热、冻融循环、抗渗和干缩性能等试验,对大掺量粉煤灰混凝土在高寒地区的应用进行研究,找出适合高寒地区使用的大掺量粉煤灰混凝土的配比参数。     

Self-compacting concrete with different levels of pulverized fuel ash

This research investigated self-compacting concrete (SCC) with levels of up to 80% cement replacement by fly ash in mixes adjusted to give constant fresh concrete properties. The hardened concrete and the relationships between hardened properties were then studied.The results show that SCC with up 80% cement replaced by fly ash is possible. To keep the filling ability constant, replacement of cement with fly ash would require an increase in water/powder (W/P) ratio and a reduction in superplasticiser dosage. They also show fly ash have negative effects on passing ability, consistence retention and hardened concrete properties such as strength. The comparison between SCC and normally vibrated concrete (NVC) shows that their material properties of are similar. The successful completion of this project can lead to the use of higher volume fly ash in SCC.     

混凝土收缩性能的若干问题研究

研究了水灰比、水泥用量、含气量、粉煤灰掺量、矿渣粉掺量对混凝土收缩性能的影响,结果表明:当水灰比为0.40～0.45时,单位立方米水泥用量大于400 kg时,含气量大于7.0%时,混凝土收缩量较大;混凝土收缩量随粉煤灰掺量的增加而减小,当粉煤灰掺量为30%时,收缩量最小;混凝土收缩量随矿渣粉掺量的增加而增大,但矿渣粉的掺量对混凝土收缩的影响较小。     

粉煤灰在公路工程中的应用

分析了粉煤灰在水泥混凝土中的作用原理，介绍了粉煤灰对水泥混凝土性能的改善，说明了粉煤灰在公路工程中的应用，证明了混凝土中掺入一定数量优质粉煤灰后具有的优越性。     

粉煤灰在水泥和混凝土中应用对改善混凝土性能的对比试验研究

试验研究表明，以粉煤灰作为主要混合材的复合水泥配制的混凝土，改善了粉煤灰直接掺入混凝土中导致混凝土早期警度低的缺点，混凝土后期强度的发展受粉煤灰品质的影响较大。粉煤灰掺入复合水泥和混凝土中，都可以明显改善混凝土耐久性能，但粉煤灰用作水泥混合材，对混凝土的耐久性能的改善优于用作混凝土矿物掺合料。用粉煤灰作为主要混合材的高性能复合水泥来配制混凝土，是改善混凝土综合性能的非常有效的方法。     

粉煤灰与钢纤维复合高性能道面混凝土试验研究

采用粉煤灰和钢纤维复合的技术路线,研究了粉煤灰等量取代、超量取代、水泥量不变的条件下对钢纤维混凝土性能的影响.结果表明,粉煤灰和钢纤维的掺入可提高道面混凝土的力学性能,改善混凝土的内部结构,并可降低道面混凝土的投资.     

A study on the hydration rate of natural zeolite blended cement pastes

Natural zeolite is a type of mineralogical material containing large quantities of reactive SiO₂ and Al₂O_3. It is widely used in the cement industry in China as a cement blending material. Like other pozzolanic materials such as silica fume and fly ash, zeolite contributes to concrete strength mainly through the pozzolanic reaction with Ca(OH)₂, Thus, the pozzolanic reactivity of this type of material in comparison with other pozzolans is of much interest. This paper presents experimental results on the compressive strength, degree of pozzolanic reaction, and porosity of zeolite modified cement pastes. These results are compared with those obtained from similar blended cement pastes prepared with silica fume and fly ash replacements. Based on the experimental results, it can be concluded that natural zeolite is a pozzolanic material, with a reactivity between that of silica fume and fly ash. Generally, in blended cement pastes with a lower water-to-cementitious materials ratio, the natural zeolite contributes more to the strength of the pastes. But in the pastes with a higher water to cementitious ratio and a lower cement replacement level it undergoes a higher degree of reaction.     

矿物掺和料对玄武岩纤维水泥砂浆强度发展的影响

研究了粉煤灰和硅灰对玄武岩纤维增强水泥基材料强度发展规律的影响,分析了粉煤灰和硅灰复掺对水泥砂浆中玄武岩纤维耐腐蚀性的影响.结果表明：玄武岩纤维对水泥基材料的早期抗折强度具有增强作用,后期增强效果下降,甚至会降低基体强度;粉煤灰和硅灰可显著延长玄武岩纤维对水泥砂浆抗折强度增强效果的时效.XRD图谱和显微结构分析表明,粉煤灰和硅灰复掺后降低了水泥基体中Ca(OH)2晶体的含量和玄武岩纤维的腐蚀程度,改善了玄武岩纤维和水泥基体之间的界面性质.     

混凝土中掺入粉煤灰对地铁迷流的抑制作用

通过研究建立了符合地铁实际使用情况的模型 ,并由实验方法得出结论 :掺入粉煤灰可有效地提高混凝土的阻抗模和抑制杂散电流腐蚀。粉煤灰对杂散电流的抑制作用随其掺量的增加而增加。但综合考虑强度等其他因素以掺入 30 %粉煤灰为宜。     

粉煤灰陶粒混凝土的耐久性分析

采用扫描电镜分析研究了粉煤灰陶粒混凝土和普通混凝土的粗骨料与水泥石界面组成及结构;研究发现,轻骨料与水泥石界面致密,水泥及粉煤灰掺合料水化完全。从混凝土的微观结构入手,对粉煤灰陶粒混凝土的耐久性能做了分析,并通过抗碳化试验和抗弯曲疲劳试验对其耐久性能做进一步阐述。     

Properties of sustainable concrete containing fly ash,slag and recycled concrete aggregate

The suitability of using more “sustainable” concrete for wind turbine foundations and other applications involving large quantities of concrete was investigated. The approach taken was to make material substitutions so that the environmental, energy and CO₂-impact of concrete could be reduced. This was accomplished by partial replacement of cement with large volumes of fly ash or blast furnace slag and by using recycled concrete aggregate.Five basic concrete mixes were considered. These were: (1) conventional mix with no material substitutions, (2) 50% replacement of cement with fly ash, (3) 50% replacement of cement with blast furnace slag, (4) 70% replacement of cement with blast furnace slag and (5) 25% replacement of cement with fly ash and 25% replacement with blast furnace slag. Recycled concrete aggregate was investigated in conventional and slag-modified concretes. Properties investigated included compressive and tensile strengths, elastic modulus, coefficient of permeability and durability in chloride and sulphate solutions. It was determined that the mixes containing 50% slag gave the best overall performance. Slag was particularly beneficial for concrete with recycled aggregate and could reduce strength losses. Durability tests indicated slight increases in coefficient of permeability and chloride diffusion coefficient when using recycled concrete aggregate. However, values remained acceptable for durable concrete and the chloride diffusion coefficient was improved by incorporation of slag in the mix. Concrete with 50% fly ash had relatively poor performance for the materials and mix proportions used in this study and it is recommended that such mixes be thoroughly tested before use in construction projects.     

颗粒细度与粉煤灰水泥胶砂性能的关系

将原状粉煤灰进行粉磨,然后用勃氏法测其比表面积,用SEM分析其颗粒形貌.采用灰色关联分析方法研究了粉煤灰和水泥颗粒细度与粉煤灰水泥胶砂性能的关系.研究表明:选择具有优异颗粒形貌的粉煤灰和水泥是配制高性能粉煤灰混凝土的首要步骤;通过适当提高粉煤灰颗粒细度,适当降低水泥颗粒细度,可以使粉煤灰混凝土获得较高的抗压和抗折强度;通过适当提高粉煤灰颗粒细度,可以减少混凝土拌和用水量,提高混凝土流动性.