露天煤矿端帮残煤开采及边坡暴露时间分析

为了提高露天开采的煤炭资源回收率，掌控露天煤矿端帮残煤开采工程安排，提出了水平和近水平大型露天煤矿汽车运输内排条件下，露天煤矿端帮露井联采、端帮陡帮开采、减少露天煤矿端帮边坡暴露时间的措施．结果表明：采掘工作帮帮坡角越大、内排土场工作帮帮坡角越大、工作线推进强度越大、内排土场下部水平排土台阶高度越大、采场坑底宽度越小露天煤矿端帮边坡的暴露时间越短；当露天煤矿端帮实行陡帮开采时，汽车运输内排通路可设在采场中部回填搭建。     

Probabilistic approach for open pit bench slope stability analysis——A mine case study

The geotechnical slope design of an open pit wall starts at the bench scale configuration. At this scale, the rock slope stability is governed primarily by the geological discontinuities within the rock mass and as a result, structurally-controlled failures(e.g. planar, wedge or toppling) are most likely to occur. The probabilistic approach offers a major advantage over the traditional deterministic method in that it accounts for the different degrees of variability and uncertainty often encountered in rock properties. This paper presents a bench slope stability assessment for an open pit mine in Peru using a probabilistic-based approach by coupling a kinematic analysis based on stereographic projection techniques followed by a kinetic analysis by means of the limit equilibrium method. Finally, these two probabilities are combined to provide an overall measure of the probability of failure(PoF) of the bench slope system. The case study is characterized by significant scatter in the geometrical and mechanical properties of the joints.Extensive surface mapping was conducted at 36 different sites following the ISRM suggested procedures.Several direct shear tests were carried out. It is shown that by combining field and laboratory measurements and engineering judgment, the probability density functions(PDF) of the discontinuity parameters can be obtained. These are then used in a Monte Carlo simulation process to compute both kinematic and kinetic probabilities of failure. The overall probability of failure aims to provide the design engineer with a tool to critically evaluate the bench performance from a geotechnical risk perspective and to provide a basis for future bench design optimization.     

高速铁路隧道偏压明洞施工及落石灾害研究

以沪昆高速铁路田家山隧道为工程研究对象,在隧道偏压明洞段出现施工险情的情况下,提出了一系列偏压明洞施工处治措施．在研究边坡落石灾害对隧道明洞产生影响的基础上,计算了落石运动轨迹与冲击力大小．在进行有针对性的综合处理后,明洞段施工进展顺利,综合处治措施对受落石灾害影响的大偏压隧道明洞段能够产生良好的效果．     

露天矿端帮采煤与露天采排工程的时空关系

分析了安家岭露天煤矿端采煤与露天采排工程的时空关系,解释了露天采、剥、排工程如何在时间和空间上影响端帮采煤的开采强度、回采率等主要技术参数,得出的结论对开采近水平矿床的露天煤矿具有普遍意义。     

离心模型试验的连续墙变形影响因素

以上海世博会世博轴及地下综合体工程1标段逆作法施工深大基坑为背景,为了更好的了解土体开挖对地下连续墙变形的影响,设计了反应上海软土蠕变效果的离心模型试验,并结合有限元对其中主要的影响因素-开挖时限、开挖顺序和纵向开挖宽度进行了分析计算。离心模型试验和监测数据表明,数值计算的结果与试验和现场实测出的地下连续墙水平位移值都比较接近,可以较好的反映基坑开挖的变形性状。研究结果表明：预留土台和中板对于地下连续墙的变形有很好的控制作用;由土体蠕变而产生的地下连续墙变形大部分发生在预留土台开挖后,在预留土台开挖后应尽快施作下层板结构,以减小由于土体蠕变而使地下连续墙产生的变形;浅3层预留土台的纵向开挖宽度宜小于深3层预留土台的纵向开挖宽度;采用跳挖方式开挖土台时,应先开挖地下连续墙附近无重点保护对象的区域。     

Rapid and robust slope failure appraisal using aerial photogrammetry and 3D slope stability models

Slope failures are an inevitable aspect of economic pit slope designs in the mining industry. Large open pit guidelines and industry standards accept up to 30% of benches in open pits to collapse provided that they are controlled and that no personnel are at risk. Rigorous ground control measures including real time monitoring systems at TARP(trigger-action-response-plan) protocols are widely utilized to prevent personnel from being exposed to slope failure risks. Technology and computing capability are rapidly evolving. Aerial photogrammetry techniques using UAV(unmanned aerial vehicle) enable geotechnical engineers and engineering geologists to work faster and more safely by removing themselves from potential line-of-fire near unstable slopes. Slope stability modelling software using limit equilibrium(LE) and finite element(FE) methods in three dimensions(3D) is also becoming more accessible, user-friendly and faster to operate. These key components enable geotechnical engineers to undertake site investigations,develop geotechnical models and assess slope stability faster and in more detail with less exposure to fall of ground hazards in the field. This paper describes the rapid and robust process utilized at BHP Limited for appraising a slope failure at an iron ore mine site in the Pilbara region of Western Australia using a combination of UAV photogrammetry and 3D slope stability models in less than a shift(i.e. less than 12 h).     

Stability and reliability of pit slopes in surface mining combined with underground mining in Tonglushan mine

Slope stability is of critical importance in the process of surface-underground mining combination. The influence of underground mining on pit slope stability was mainly discussed, and the self-stabilization of underground stopes was also studied. The random finite element method was used to analyze the probability of the rock mass stability degree of both pit slopes and underground stopes. Meanwhile, 3D elasto-plastic finite element method was used to research into the stress, strain and rock mass failure resulting from mining. The results of numerical simulation indicate that the mining of the underground test stope has certain influence on the stability of the pit slope, but the influence is not great. The safety factor of pit slope is decreased by 0.06, and the failure probability of the pit slope is increased by 1.84%. In addition, the strata yielding zone exists around the underground test stope. The results basically conform to the information coming from the field monitoring.     

Comparison of vibrations induced by excavation of deep-buried cavern and open pit with method of bench blasting

The measured data of vibrations induced by excavation of deep-buried cavern and open pit with method of bench blasting were analyzed by Fourier Transform and Wavelet Transform,and the characteristics of vibrations induced under these two circumstances were studied.It is concluded that with the similar rock condition and drilling-blasting parameters,vibration induced by bench blasting in deep-buried cavern has a higher main frequency and more scattered energy distribution than that in open pit.The vibration ...     

Quantitative hazard assessment system(Has-Q) for open pit mine slopes

Rock slope hazard assessment is an important part of risk analysis for open pit mines. The main parameters that can lead to rock slope failures are the parameters traditionally used in geomechanical classifications, the slope geometrical parameters and external factors like rainfall and blasting. This paper presents a methodology for a hazard assessment system for open pit mine slopes based on 88 cases collated around the world using principal components analysis, discriminant analysis and confidence ellipses. The historical cases used in this study included copper, gold, iron, diamond, lead and zinc, platinum and claystone mines. The variables used in the assessment methodology are uniaxial compressive strength of intact rock; spacing, persistence, opening, roughness, infilling and orientation of the main discontinuity set; weathering of the rock mass; groundwater; blasting method; and height and inclination of the pit. While principal component analysis was used to quantify the data, the discriminant analysis was used to establish a rule to classify new slopes about its stability condition. To provide a practical hazard assessment system, confidence ellipses were used to propose a hazard graph and generate the HAS-Q. The discriminant rule developed in this research has a high discrimination capacity with an error rate of11.36%.     

层次分析法在大冶高陡边坡危险性分析中的应用

大冶铁矿申报为首批国家矿山公园,为了保证游客和采矿人员与设备的安全,合理分析和评价高陡边坡的危险性具有很重要的意义．在野外研究的基础上,根据岩体结构、地质构造等特征,将大冶铁矿东露天采场高陡边坡分为8个区,分析出影响东露天采场高陡边坡的稳定性因素主要有岩土类型和性质、岩体结构及地质构造、地形地貌、水、诱发因素等．利用层次分析法建立的递阶层次结构,采用专家打分平均法对每个影响因子给予主观定量赋值,通过公式计算,可以得出每个区的相对危险性程度．分析结果表明Ⅵ区是最不稳定区;Ⅰ区和Ⅲ区是不稳定区,Ⅴ区和Ⅶ区是欠稳定区．     

Strategic mining options optimization:Open pit mining,underground mining or both

Near-surface deposits that extend to considerable depths are often amenable to both open pit mining and/or underground mining. This paper investigates the strategy of mining options for an orebody using a Mixed Integer Linear Programming(MILP) optimization framework. The MILP formulation maximizes the Net Present Value(NPV) of the reserve when extracted with(i) open pit mining,(ii) underground mining, and(iii) concurrent open pit and underground mining. Comparatively, implementing open pit mining generates a higher NPV than underground mining. However considering the investment required for these mining options, underground mining generates a better return on investment than open pit mining. Also, in the concurrent open pit and underground mining scenario, the optimizer prefers extracting blocks using open pit mining. Although the underground mine could access ore sooner, the mining cost differential for open pit mining is more than compensated for by the discounting benefits associated with earlier underground mining.     

露天开采规划决策系统及其应用

介绍了露天开采规划决策系统的基本功能，应用该系统建立了某露天矿的地质模型和采矿模型，进而在地质资源综合评价的基础上，对首采区的开采程序进行了多方案的模拟开采，应用动态经济评价方法对之进行技术经济分析和比选，最后对优选的开采方案进行了中长期的规划，这为该矿的合理开发奠定了基础．实践证明，该系统具有较强的实用性和通用性，可以作为露天矿优化决策的有效工具。     

露天开采境界

本文对确定露天开采境界的理论作简要分析和评价,指出基于静态经济分析的现有理论的局限性,提出按动态经济分析确定露天开采境界的理论和方法,并分析了露天开采程序、工作帮坡角、露天矿开采强度、贴现率、以及矿石价格和开采成本变化对露天开采境界的影响。     

露天煤矿排土场边坡下采动沉陷规律研究

为研究露天煤矿排土场边坡下采动沉陷规律,结合平朔安家岭露天矿南排土场边坡的实例,采用FLAC^3D程序进行了数值模拟计算．采用该程序内嵌FISH语言生成了台阶状边坡地表的移动和变形等值线,并分析了边坡受力特点及其稳定性．结果表明：露天煤矿台阶状边坡体的采动沉陷规律表现出很明显的“台阶”分布特点;台阶状边坡地表的移动范围比平地地表要小,但变形却更剧烈,且在各台阶平面处形成变形集中;台阶状边坡地表的水平变形仍然呈现出采空区中间受压,两端受拉的特点;台阶状边坡在地下开采扰动下的稳定性应考虑采空区的时空效应．     

Calculation of slope-cover height under price fluctuation in open-pit mines

Leaving ditches between adjacent mining areas can effectively reduce re-stripping in the latter mining area and simultaneously lead to an increment in internal dumping costs in the former mining area. This paper establishes calculation models for these two marginal costs. The optimizing model for slope cover height can be determined by including marginal cost models in the objective function. The paper has two main contributions: (a) it fully considers redistribution of dumping space in the model; (b) it introduces price fluctuations and cash discounts in the model. We use the typical open-pit mine as an example to test and prove the model. We conclude that a completely covered slope is reasonable in Haerwusu open pit mine; in addition to an increasing price index, the slope cover height can be reduced; and that price changes are one of the most important influencing factors of slope cover height optimization in an open-pit mine.     

塘渣反压在垃圾填埋场局部滑移治理中的应用

对国内处于填埋作业状态的某局部滑移堆体边坡开展塘渣反压控制工程实践,监测治理前、后的表面位移、深层水平位移和渗沥液水位,评估滑移治理效果.分析后续填埋作业塘渣反压高度和厚度要求.结果表明：采用塘渣反压后,表面位移速率最大值从130 mm/d降为20 mm/d,填埋堆体单次最大滑移面积从8 994 m²降为1 645 m²,深层最大滑移速率从5.3 mm/d降为0.9 mm/d.分析表明,在实施塘渣反压措施后,堆体现状局部稳定安全系数从1.129提高到1.614.当后续堆体继续堆高时,建议最小反压体高度应高于潜在滑移面的坡脚,最小反压体厚度应保证堆体稳定安全,反压体高度和厚度的最终取值应根据堆体的稳定性和反压工程的经济性进行优化.     

不同影响因子对落石运动距离影响的试验研究

通过振动台试验研究了在不同地震波峰值加速度、正弦波频率及坡形下不同形状与尺寸落石的运动距离,明确了地震作用下边坡落石对坡脚建（构）筑物的影响。研究表明：随着地震波峰值加速度增加,落石运动距离呈现增大趋势,且球形落石运动距离最大,圆柱体形和方形次之,长方体形最小。随着边坡坡角的增加,不同形状落石运动距离先增大后减小,当边坡角度为50°时达到最大值;随着边坡坡高增加,不同形状落石运动距离不断增大。随着地震波频率增大,落石运动距离先减小后增大,且不同形状落石对其最大运动距离的影响从大到小依次为：球形、圆柱体形、方形、长方体形,通过概率统计得出落石在距离坡脚1.6H区间内分布最多,为坡脚建（构）筑物的防护设计提供参考。     

露天矿边坡注浆帷幕止水效应数值模拟

以某南方富水石灰石矿为工程背景,研究了注浆帷幕的止水效应。取该石灰石矿某典型边坡横剖面,建立了FLAC~(3D)流固分析数值模型,研究了开挖和渗流作用下边坡应力、边坡变形及孔隙水压力的变化特征。数值模拟分析结果表明:边坡应力、边坡水平位移和孔隙水压力均随着高程的降低而减小;在同一高程下,边坡开挖侧的孔隙水压力相对较小,说明注浆帷幕可有效减少水的渗入量,这对于露天矿业的安全开采和控制周边环境具有重要意义。     

大冶铁矿东露天采场边坡破坏判据的研究

通过对大冶铁矿东露天采场F9,F13断裂带内边坡的深入研究,从整体与局部稳定性系数等方面探讨了边坡破坏判据．利用有限元强度折减法和极限平衡法计算边坡的体稳定性,得出边坡处于极限平衡状态时的塑性应力及塑性应变,提出边坡破坏判据．     

露采金属矿山采坑境界面生态修复技术研究

【目的】研究适宜露采金属矿山采坑境界面的生态修复技术,为同类废弃地的生态修复提供借鉴。【方法】以江西某露采铜矿为例,通过实地调研对其采坑境界面生态环境破坏问题及成因进行识别与分析,并结合工程实例对采坑境界面生态修复工程技术模式进行了研究。【结果】采坑废弃地的生态环境问题主要包括原生态系统和地貌景观损毁、裸露创面自然修复的立地条件缺失、采坑边坡长高陡峭且风化易崩塌、持续且极端的酸性及重金属污染等,几乎不具备自然恢复的条件,通过人工干预重建生态系统成效显著。【结论】以重塑地貌稳固地形为前提,以修复污染重构(建)土壤环境为基础,以恢复植被促进自身演替为手段,以修复生态系统重现生态功能为最终目标的人工修复模式,通过人工干预引导生态系统恢复才是露采金属矿山采坑境界面最有效的模式。