不等轴双向拉应变下有纺织物孔径变化试验研究

有纺土工织物的孔径特征是反滤设计的重要指标。工程中有纺织物常处于不等轴双向受拉状态,引起孔径变化,导致织物反滤性能失效。采用数字图像法测试了不等轴双向拉应变下,3种条膜有纺织物的孔径参数变化,包括孔洞长宽比、开孔面积率、等效孔径(O95)等。对比经纬向应变比2∶1,3∶1,4∶1对试验结果的影响,根据孔径特征变化规律,揭示不等轴双向拉伸引起孔径变化的机理。运用图像法试验结果,验证已推导的双向应变下开孔面积率及孔径理论解。试验结果表明:开孔面积率、等效孔径(O95)均随双向拉应变的增大而增大。纬向应变相同时,经纬向应变比越大,孔洞形态(即孔洞长宽比)变化越大,开孔面积率及孔径变化的斜率越大。理论解较好地预测了开孔面积率及孔径的变化率及数值,孔径参数与双向拉应变呈现近似线性关系。但理论解的孔径计算以孔面积为指标,无法考虑应变比造成的孔形态变化对反滤作用的影响。     

用图像分析法研究有纺土工织物单向受拉时孔径的变化

现有反滤设计中保土准则使用土工织物未受拉时的等效孔径,但平面单向拉伸会导致该值变化,变大则不满足保土准则,变小则不满足透水准则及淤堵准则。有纺织物孔径由孔径分布曲线和特征孔径反映,采用数字图像分析法对两种有纺土工织物单向受拉时孔径变化进行精确测定。有纺织物被单向张拉至3%,6%,9%和12%的平面应变,随着拉应变的增加,两种有纺土工织物开孔面积率增大;孔径分布曲线向孔径大的方向移动;3种特征孔径值（O30,O50和O95）增大,其变化率都与拉应变呈近似线性关系,且小孔径部分相对于大孔径部分随拉伸应变的增长而增大较快。     

透水模板布孔径分布测试方法与理论研究

根据负压法测孔原理,采用土壤吸力平板仪测试了透水模板布的孔径分布累计曲线,同时运用基于平面随机分割(Poisson polyhedron)理论得到的非织造土工织物孔径分布计算模型,计算了透水模板布孔径分布累计曲线.结果表明,尽管透水模板布孔径分布累计曲线两端约10%的大孔和5%的小孔其实测结果与理论计算有偏差,但实测曲线与模型计算曲线孔径范围和主体分布相当一致,说明孔径分布计算模型能够有效反映透水模板布的孔径分布特征.     

双向拉应变对有纺织物孔径参数影响的研究

有纺土工织物反滤应用常处于双向受拉状态。孔径特征是有纺织物反滤设计的重要参数。由于双向拉应变引起孔径的变化显著,导致原本满足孔径指标的有纺织物时常反滤失效。根据有纺织物的微观结构及受力特点,分析双向拉应变导致条膜及孔径变化的机理,建立有纺织物单孔结构模型,推导孔径特征参数随双向拉应变变化的理论解,包括开孔面积率(POA,percent open area)及理论孔径(Obi)等。以等轴双向拉伸为例验证理论解。采用数字图像法在拉伸试验进行的同时,测试各级拉应变下3种单丝条膜有纺织物的孔径参数,包括开孔面积率、孔径分布曲线、等效孔径(O95),分析各项孔径参数随拉双向应变的变化规律,并与理论解的预测结果进行对比。通过试验结果可见,理论解较好地预测了开孔面积率(POA)及等效孔径(O95)随双向拉应变的增大趋势,对变化斜率及数值的预测较准确,并得出孔径参数与等轴双向拉应变的近似线性关系,为反滤设计中预测孔径特征变化提供了理论依据。     

冻压条件下冻融软土孔隙特征与动力特性分析EI北大核心CSCD

杭州软土地区地铁联络通道建设多采用冻结法施工,在整个冻结范围内,不同区域的土体冻融期间承受不同冻结温度与冻融压力。通过自主研发土样制作仪器,得到不同组合冻结条件的试样,再基于核磁共振试验,研究冻融土在不同冻结压力、冻结温度以及加载情况下精确孔径分布特征曲线变化规律,并结合动三轴试验深入探究以孔压、应变以及刚度为代表的动力特性。最终,建立以一次对数为基础的动孔压预测模型,该模型参数物理意义清晰,能较好地预测不同冻融条件下软土动孔压发展。研究结果表明:随着冻结温度的降低,孔隙中的水冻胀效果更为明显;冻融期间围压可有效使融土骨架结构更为紧密,从而减少融土在循环荷载下的变形;循环荷载作用下,小孔隙尺寸大幅度减小,尺寸分布范围增大,中等孔隙进一步向次级孔隙发展;不同冻融压力作用下,孔压极限值与冻融完成后中等孔隙的面积呈类线性相关。研究成果可作为冻结法施工条件下,预测冻融土结构损伤程度与循环荷载下孔压发展的可靠依据。     

无纺织物单向拉伸孔径变化试验与理论预测对比分析

无纺织物作为反滤材料,常处于单向受拉工作状态。单向拉伸引起无纺织物孔径变化,易导致反滤工程失效。通过控制织物应变的干筛试验,定量测试了无侧限单向拉应变逐级增大的过程中,两种不同厚度短纤针刺无纺织物的孔径分布曲线变化。采用干筛试验结果,对现有两种体系的单向应变下无纺织物孔径预测理论解进行验证:一类是佘巍等效孔径O95理论解,一类是Rawal孔径分布曲线理论解。通过对比两种理论解对各级拉应变下的O95值预测,归纳二者的预测误差规律,从理论假设出发分析误差原因。同时采用前人图像法测得的热粘无纺织物O95变化验证两类理论解。两种理论解均能较好地预测无侧限单向拉应变下无纺织物O95的变化规律。O95随单向拉应变呈近似线性减小的规律。对于O95变化斜率的预测,佘巍解较准确,Rawal解偏大。对于O95数值预测可结合两类理论解给出变化范围。     

黏性土渗透淤堵室内模拟试验及分析

从黏性土的级配、土工织物的孔径大小、水力梯度和黏性土干密度等因素考虑,根据淤堵试验得出的梯度比的数据,分析土工织物在不同孔径大小、不同黏粒含量、不同黏性土干密度、不同水力梯度条件下的淤堵情况,根据所得试验结果,为今后不同工程对土工织物的选择提供一定参考。     

水泥砂孔隙特征对抗冻性影响的研究

通过抗冻性试验、压汞试验、孔间距系数试验测定了不同含气量下水泥砂的浆孔结构特征及其抗冻性,研究了抗冻性与孔结构之间的关系,此外,还分析了不同含气量水泥砂浆的抗压强度。试验结果表明:含气量的增加使水泥砂浆孔隙率、总孔体积、总孔面积、平均孔径均增加,孔间距系数减小,改善了其内部孔结构,孔径分布也比较均匀合理,虽然其强度有所降低,但大大提高了抗冻性。     

用浮标式气动量仪测孔

浮标式气动量仪结构简单、使用方便、精度较高,属非接触测量,应用日趋广泛。特别适用于孔径和孔的形位误差测量。本文介绍我厂用浮标式气动量仪测孔的一些方法。一、测量孔径浮动式气动量仪是根据气流原理进行线值     

硅粉水泥石中微孔孔径分布及其对强度的影响

采用X射线小角度散射(SAXS)技术，对硅粉水泥石中微孔孔径分布(孔半径小于50nm)进行了实验研究，并讨论了孔径分布对强度的影响．研究表明：所测硅粉水泥石的孔径均呈多峰分布，其平均孔半径约在4．5～9．0nm，最可几孔半径约在4．0～6．5nm；硅粉含量、水灰比对孔径分布有显著影响，随着硅粉含量的增加以及水灰比的减小，孔径分布向小孔方向移动；孔径分布与抗压强度有较好的相关性，而孔径分布(孔半径小于50nm)与抗折强度之间不存在明显的相关性．     

Geotextile filtration opening size under tension and confinement

Nonwoven geotextiles have been used as filters in geotechnical and geoenvironmental works for half a century. They are easy to install and can be specified to meet the requirements for proper filter performance. There are situations where a geotextile filter may be subjected to tensile loads, which may alter relevant filter properties, such as its filtration opening size. Examples of such situations are silty fence applications, geotextile separators, geotextile tubes and geotextiles under embankments on soft soils. This paper investigates the effects of tensile strains on geotextile pore dimensions. A special equipment and testing technique allowed tests to be carried out on geotextile specimens subjected to tension and confinement. The results obtained showed that the variation in filtration opening size depends on the type of strain state the geotextile is subjected, under which the geotextile pore diameter may remain rather constant or increase significantly. However, confinement reduces the geotextile filtration opening size independent on the strain mobilised. An upper bound for the filtration opening size of strained nonwoven geotextiles is introduced and was satisfactory for the geotextile products tested.     

Reexamination of traditional testing techniques for determining WRCs of woven geotextiles in full suction range

Woven geotextiles have been widely used in soil infrastructures for the reinforcement purpose. The hydraulic properties of a woven geotextile are not major reinforcement design parameters and the water retention capability of a woven geotextile is often ignored. The traditional testing techniques were designed for soils or nonwoven geotextiles, but not for woven geotextiles. Nowadays, a new type of woven geotextile with wicking fibers was developed which could be used for both drainage and reinforcement purposes. However, there are no proper testing techniques to determine the full-range water retention curve (WRC) for a woven geotextile, let alone for the wicking geotextile.This paper aimed at proposing a proper testing technique to determining the full-range WRC for the wicking geotextile and to compare the water retention capability of wicking and non-wicking geotextiles. Firstly, the traditional testing techniques were re-examined to check the suitability for characterizing the WRCs of woven geotextiles whose pore size distributions were anisotropic. Secondly, a proper testing technique was proposed and the WRCs of different types of woven geotextiles were determined. Thirdly, the WRCs of wicking and non-wicking geotextiles were compared to demonstrate the advantages of the wicking geotextile to hold and transport water under unsaturated conditions. Finally, the effect of wicking fiber on the water retention capability of the wicking geotextile was quantified.     

State-space solution of seabed–geotextile systems subjected to cyclic wave loadings

Analytical solutions for dynamic responses of seabed–geotextile systems subjected to cyclic wave loadings are presented in this paper, which contains the solutions of the transient and harmonic responses. The theory is based on the Biot consolidation equations in which the pore fluid as well as the soil skeleton is considered compressible and the flow in the porous seabed is assumed governed by Darcy's law. The present analysis is completely based on the state-space formulations, which is very effective for laminated systems analysis. Together with Laplace–Fourier transform techniques, state-space methods are used to solve the governing equations. Responses of seabed–geotextile systems can be calculated by using the matrix theory, boundary conditions and inverting integral transform. As illustrative examples, laboratory experiments, which conducted at the Oregon State University Wave Research Facility in USA by McDougal [1981. Ocean wave–soil–geotextile interaction. Ph.D. Dissertation, Oregon State University], are analysed. It is shown that the numerical results are in good agreement with those obtained from laboratory experiments, and the distinction between the transient and harmonic response should be taken into account for design of marine geosynthetic systems. Under the transient condition, the seabed is apt to liquefy. Seabed stability may be increased by placing geotextile beneath an armour layer. The numerical evaluations of the solution in the seabed–geotextile systems can be easily achieved with high efficiency and accuracy.     

Prediction of pore size characteristics of woven slit-film geotextiles subjected to unequal biaxial tensile strains

The basic pore unit model is extended to predict the strained pore size characteristics of woven slit-film geotextiles subjected to unequal biaxial tensile strains. The strained per cent open area (POA) and analytical pore size are expressed as functions of the weft strain and the warp strain to weft strain ratio. The influence of the biaxial tensile strain on pore size characteristics is evaluated in three woven slit-film polypropylene geotextile samples using image analysis under the warp strain to weft strain ratios of 1, 2, 3 and 4. It is shown that the experimental POA and O₉₅ increased significantly with increasing strain at different warp strain to weft strain ratios, and the PSD curves moved toward the direction of large open sizes. The analytical models of POA and pore size can accurately predict the increasing trend of POA and O₉₅. Moreover, unequal biaxial tensile strains can significantly change the shape of the pores, which may influence the results of the pore size obtained by indirect methods. A larger warp strain to weft strain ratio can lead to a larger change in the pore shape when the length to width ratios of initial pores are close to 1.     

低渗砂岩储层渗透率有效应力定律试验研究

 试验设计多个回路,各个回路的孔隙流体压力不同,每一回路在孔隙流体压力不变,增加和降低围压方式下进行。试验过程中采用稳态法测定不同围压和孔隙流体压力下的岩芯渗透率,并用响应面法对试验结果进行处理分析。结果表明,有效应力系数a 随围压和孔隙流体压力的变化而变化。当围压很大时,试验研究得到的有效应力系数很小,这与过去试验研究的结果差别很大。最后用有效应力系数a = 1.0和本次试验获取的有效应力系数对低渗砂岩岩样进行应力敏感性评价。用有效应力系数a = 1.0评价的结果是储层存在强应力敏感,而用本次试验获取的有效应力系数的评价结果是储层表现为弱应力敏感性。     

Pore size distribution of hybrid nonwoven geotextiles

Pore size distribution has become a prerequisite in determining the performance of geotextiles for various functions including filtration, separation and reinforcement. The pore structure and morphology in a nonwoven geotextile are known to be complex and it becomes further complicated in hybrid nonwoven geotextiles consisting of two types of fibers. In this study, a modified model of pore size distribution of hybrid nonwoven geotextiles has been proposed based on sieving-percolation pore network theory. A comparison has been made between theoretical and experimental pore size distributions of hybrid needlepunched nonwoven geotextiles consisting of predefined weight proportions of viscose and polyester fibers. The weight proportions of the constituent fibers have been theoretically analysed for obtaining the desired pore size distributions of hybrid nonwoven geotextiles.     

Laboratory tests for simulating abrasion damage of a woven geotextile

As a preliminary study on the durability of geosynthetic tubes used for seashore and streambank protections, a circular flow chamber was established to investigate the abrasion damage of a woven geotextile subjected to various turbid flow conditions, such as test durations, flow velocities and particle concentrations. It was found that the ultimate strength loss of the tested woven geotextile subjected to a specific flow duration can be expressed as a linear function of particle concentration and flow velocity, based on the experimental results obtained from a limited number of the laboratory circular flow chamber tests. It was also shown that the equations obtained using a linear regression technique generated small errors in predicting the ultimate strength losses when compared with those obtained in the laboratory circular flow chamber tests. The equations derived herein facilitate the assessment of abrasion damage of the tested geotextile to be used in shore protection measures. These equations are also potentially useful in linking in-field abrasion damage of the tested geotextile to that obtained in laboratory index tests, such as the sliding block sand paper method.     

水下真空预压过程中孔隙水压力变化规律研究

孔隙水压力的量测和分析对研究水下真空预压法具有重要意义。在已经完成的水下真空预压现场试验中,把孔隙水压力做为主要研究对象进行了监测。结果显示孔隙水压力的变化受膜上水压和膜下负压的影响。水下真空预压期间土体中各点应力的改变等于加固前孔压与加固过程中孔压之差。膜上水压可以做为预压荷载。当膜上水压增大时,增加的水压使土体产生正的超静孔隙水压力,相当于堆载。水下真空预压过程中负超静孔压分布的不均匀使加固区内产生差异沉降和不均匀的强度增长。     

Centrifuge model tests on the use of geosynthetic layer as an internal drain in levees

The objective of the paper is to examine the use of a geosynthetic layer as an internal drain in a levee subjected to flooding through centrifuge model tests. Three levee sections, having an upstream slope of 1V:1H and downstream slope of 1.5V:1H, were modelled at 30 gravities in a 4.5?m radius large beam centrifuge available at IIT Bombay. Out of the three levee sections modelled, one levee section was without any drainage layer (or clogged drain), while the other two had different types of horizontal drainage layers, namely, sand and nonwoven geotextile layer. The flood was induced with the help of a custom developed and calibrated in-flight flood simulator. At the onset of flood and subsequent seepage, pore water pressures within levee section, and surface settlements were measured using pore water transducers (PPTs) and linear variable differential transformer (LVDTs) respectively. Digital image analysis was employed to trace surface settlements, and downstream slope face movements at the onset of flooding during centrifuge tests. Levee section without any horizontal drain or clogged drain experienced a catastrophic failure. In comparison, the levee sections with an internal drain (sand/geotextile) remained stable at the onset of flooding. In the case of a levee with a sand drainage layer, the phreatic surface was observed to confine within the levee section itself, whereas it was found to migrate towards toe gradually in the levee section with a nonwoven geotextile layer. It is attributed to either due to suppression of drainage capacity of nonwoven geotextile layer or due to washing of fine particles into pores of nonwoven geotextile layer. Further, seepage and stability analyses were carried out numerically and compared with centrifuge test results. In order to address blocking of pores of nonwoven geotextile layer, a concept of sandwiching nonwoven geotextile layer with sand was explored. By sandwiching nonwoven geotextile layer with sand on either side, the thickness of drainage layer can be of the order of 0.05H.     

Fully coupled solution for the consolidation of poroelastic soil around geosynthetic encased stone columns

The paper presents an extension of a recently developed fully coupled elastoplastic method (Pulko and Logar, 2016) for the analysis of a poroelastic thick-walled soil cylinder around an elastoplastic end-bearing stone column to account for the influence of an elastic geosynthetic encasement. The method was developed in the framework of Biot's consolidation theory (Biot, 1941) and is based on a unit cell concept, wherein the column encasement is modeled as a thin elastic membrane, which can only sustain tension and acts in the radial direction. Analytical closed-form expressions for excess pore pressures, stresses, strains, displacements and encasement forces were derived in the Laplace domain. The final elastoplastic solution in time domain was obtained numerically by using efficient numerical scheme for the inverse Laplace transform. The validity of the solution was checked against finite element analyses and compared with previously developed analytical methods. The results showing the influence of column encasement on transient state of settlements, strains, excess pore pressures and encasement forces under instantaneous or time dependent load are presented and discussed.