Study on orientation fracture blasting with shaped charge in rock

1. Introduction Stones for decoration or bowlder are excavated from ore bodies; however, the stones must be excavated with specific technique requirements. Experience shows that blasting is the method with low cost and high effi- ciency. The most familiar…     

爆炸荷载作用下缺陷岩体破坏特征的数值模拟研究

为了研究爆炸荷载下含缺陷岩体的破坏规律,根据已有的实验结果建立了在爆炸荷载下含缺陷岩体的漏斗爆破模型,所考虑的缺陷包括孔洞、孔隙和微小的张开型节理.缺陷是随机分布的,且对于缺陷内部考虑了两种情况,一种是含水的,另一种是空的.依据已有花岗岩的实验结果,通过拟合得到了其冲击状态方程,并将其应用于炸药附近的花岗岩,而对于远离炸药的花岗岩,采用了线性状态方程.根据实验结果,将花岗岩的动态强度设计成随应变率变化的变量.模拟结果表明,在爆破荷载下,湿润的岩体比其相应干燥岩体的动态强度低;在应力波作用下缺陷密度越大,其岩体的破坏范围越小;最后,讨论了巷道附近的爆破过程对巷道稳定性的影响.     

高地应力水平对爆破开挖损伤区声波检测及损伤程度评价的影响

随着地下工程埋深的不断增加,深部岩体工程中围岩开挖损伤区深度及程度的准确评价逐渐受到深部高地应力场的影响,其影响程度的合理评估成为研究重点。依托某水电站深埋引水隧洞开挖工程,采用应力逐步解除方案,通过在取样区域外围钻设形成环形封闭边界的常规取样孔,逐步解除取样区域内岩体应力,并在取样区域内进行钻孔与低应力取芯,继而利用声波检测装置对外围应力解除孔和内部取芯孔周边岩体的损伤程度进行检测,以此获得相同位置岩体在不同地应力条件下的损伤区深度及程度的声波检测结果。同时,结合内、外取芯孔获取的不同应力水平下的岩芯,开展室内试验,基于Hoek-Brown强度经验公式,利用声波波速计算得到相同位置岩体在不同地应力条件下的岩体单轴抗压强度,从而判断不同地应力条件对爆破开挖损伤区声波检测结果及损伤程度评价的影响。研究表明：高应力条件下,常规取样与声波检测法会在一定程度上低估围岩的损伤区深度和损伤程度,同时严重高估岩体单轴抗压强度。当初始应力水平为45 MPa时,围岩损伤区深度和损伤程度大约会被低估约10%～30%;当地应力水平由45 MPa降至30 MPa时,岩体的单轴抗压强度会被严重高估约30%～100%。因此,高地应力水平对爆破开挖围岩损伤区声波检测与评价结果存在明显影响,工程中运用波速指标评价岩体质量必须考虑地应力水平对声波检测的影响,并进行适当修正。     

Numerical Analysis of Effect of Water on Explosive Wave Propagation in Tunnels and Surrounding Rock

Based on the application of practical engineering, propagation processes of explosive waves in rock with water well and tunnel are simulated by ANSYS/LS-DYNA software. The evolution of damage in rock is presented. The effect of water on the damage of the concrete slab in a tunnel is compared with damage inflicted without water. The numerical simulation illustrates that water plays an important role in the evolution of damage of the concrete slab in a mine tunnel. In the presence of water in the rock the concrete slab is damaged more severely than without water in rock. The effect of water location in the rock is also considered. It is found that the concrete slab in the tunnel shows various degrees of damage as a function of the different locations of water. Attenuation laws of stress waves over time-space in rock with water are also obtained. Numerical results indicate that, under blast loading, there are three zones in the rock： a crushed zone nearby the explosive charge, a damaged zone and an elastic zone. The conclusions of numerical analysis may provide references for blasting designs and structure protection.     

Prediction of overbreak depth in Ghalaje road tunnel using strength factor

It is well known that the overbreak caused by the blasting damage during tunnel excavation increases costs associated with filling the collapsed area with shotcrete and results in filing of a claim by the contractor. This paper outlines a new approach for prediction the overbreak depth during tunnel construction. Hence, firstly excavation damage zone(EDZ) are determined by average specific charge in each zone. Numerical modelling is used to simulate the EDZ around tunnel boundary and the overbreak depth are calculated by the rock strength factor. The predicted overbreak depth compared with observed field data from a case study. The results show that there exists an approximately up to 40% difference between the prediction and the observed volume of overbreak depth. Therefore, the method can be well used to predict the overbreak depth to estimate more precision of shotcrete and concrete volumes in tunnelling cost during design phase.     

Vibration Effect and Damage Evolution Characteristics of Tunnel Surrounding Rock Under Cyclic Blasting Loading

Model test studies based on the similarity theory were conducted to investigate vibration effect and damage evolution characteristics of tunnel surrounding rock under push-type cyclic blasting excavation. The model was constructed with a ratio of 1:15. By simulating the tunnel excavation of push-type cyclic blasting, the influence of the blasting parameter change on vibration effect was explored. The damage degree of tunnel surrounding rock was evaluated by the change of the acoustic wave velocity at the same measuring point after blasting. The relationship between the damage evolution of surrounding rock and blasting times was established. The research results show that:① In the same geological environment, the number of delay initiation is larger, the main vibration frequency of blasting seismic wave is higher, and the attenuation of high frequency signal in the rock and soil is faster. The influence of number of delay initiation on blasting vibration effect cannot be ignored; ② Under push-type cyclic blasting excavation, there were great differences in the decreasing rates of acoustic wave velocity of the measuring points which have the same distance to the blasting region at the same depth, and the blasting damage ranges of surrounding rock were typically anisotropic at both depth and breadth; ③ When blasting parameters were basically kept as the same, the growth trend of the cumulative acoustic wave velocity decreasing rate at the measuring point was nonlinear under different cycle blasting excavations; ④ There were nonlinear evolution characteristics between the blasting cumulative damage (D) of surrounding rock and blasting times (n) under push-type cyclic blasting loading, and different measuring points had corresponding blasting cumulative damage propagation models, respectively. The closer the measuring point was away from the explosion source, the faster the cumulative damage extension. Blasting cumulative damage effect of surrounding rock had typically nonlinear evolution properties and anisotropic characteristics.     

千吨级露天剥离定向抛掷大爆破

介绍了１９９７年１２月１７日在福建上杭紫金山金矿成功地进行的一次以条形药包为主,条形药包与集中药包相结合的露天剥离定向抛掷大爆破。该次爆破实际总装药量为１０３５７９２ｋｇ,一次爆方量为１２３万Ｍ＾３,抛掷方量７７万Ｍ＾３,抛掷率达６２％以上。爆后观察：岩石破碎均匀,表面基本无大块,爆区山体标高降低,最大降低量达４５ｍ以上;高于最低起爆水平３５０ｍ,离爆破中心４５０ｍ的上杭县电视转播站等爆区周围建、     

地下厂房岩锚梁爆破参数优化设计与效果

选择具有代表性的实际光面爆破设计参数为样本，确定炸药类型、岩体裂隙发育程度、孔径、孔深、线装药密度、最小抵抗线、间距为影响岩锚梁爆破开挖效果的主要因素，利用神经网络强大的非线性映射能力，建立岩锚梁爆破参数优化模型，进行岩锚梁爆破参数优化设计。在相似地段进行保护层和岩台修面爆破试验，得出现场试验爆破参数，结果表明优化设计值与现场试验值吻合较好。对试验保护层和岩台修面爆破进行声波检测也表明其爆破质量最好，爆破松动圈范围最小。     

空气间隔与耦合装药混凝土爆破对比分析

采用动力有限元软件LS-DYNA分析空气间隔装药与耦合装药结构对混凝土介质的破坏机理,结合混凝土模型对两种装药结构进行了光面爆破试验。结果表明,采用空气间隔装药结构进行爆破后,混凝土表面平整度要优于无空气间隔的情况;空气间隔装药结构能调节炸药能量分布,使孔内爆炸压力沿炮孔轴向的分布更均匀,从而提高炸药爆炸能量的有效利用率。     

快速钻探技术在岩溶隧道超前预报中的应用

通过RPD-150C多功能快速钻机在齐岳山隧道复杂岩溶地段的工程应用,得出钻探过程中的Ev能的大小是确定前方岩层的软弱程度的依据,返水量的大小和所携带的杂质是判断前方是否发育岩溶以及岩性的依据。以此为基础作出的预报结果比TSP203预报结果更直接,更接近实际开挖结果。同时,结合预报结果与实际开挖结果对比,分析了预报中出现误差的主要原因以及提高预报精度的措施。     

Mechanism of zonal disintegration phenomenon in enclosing rock mass around deep tunnels

In order to study the mechanism of the zonal disintegration phenomenon (ZDP), both experimental and theoretical investigations were carried out. Firstly, based on the similarity law, gypsum was chosen as equivalent material to simulate the deep rock mass, the excavation of deep tunnel was modeled by drilling a hole in the gypsum models, two circular cracked zones were measured in the model, and ZDP in the enclosing rock mass around deep tunnel was simulated in 3D gypsum model tests. Secondly, based on the elasto-plastic analysis of the stressed-strained state of the surrounding rock mass with the improved Hoek-Brown strength criterion and the bilinear constitutive model, the maximum stress zone occurred in vicinity of the elastic-plastic interface due to the excavation of the deep tunnel, rock material in maximum stress zone is in the approximate uniaxial loading state owing to the larger tangential force and smaller radial force, the mechanism of ZDP was explained, which lay in the creep instability failure of rock mass due to the development of plastic zone and transfer of the maximum stress zone within the rock mass. Thirdly, the analytical critical depth for the occurrence of ZDP was obtained, which depended on the mechanical indices and stress concentration coefficient of rock mass. Foundation item: Projects(50525825, 90815010) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China; Project(2009CB724608) supported by the Major state Basic Research Development Program of China     

光面爆破在草峪岭隧洞中的应用研究

针对草峪岭隧洞工程中不同特性的围岩 ,选用了不同的光面爆破开挖程序 ,确定了最佳爆破参数 ,保证了工程质量 .实践证明 ,光面爆破是隧洞开挖 ,特别是地质构造比较复杂地区隧洞施工行之有效的方法     

裂隙岩体中隧道开挖流固耦合模型及开挖诱发损伤分析

裂隙岩体中隧道开挖会诱发强烈的流固耦合效应,从而引发显著的岩体损伤和水压力扰动,针对该问题,首先建立了一种计算裂隙岩体中隧道开挖和后续排水诱发损伤和裂隙变形的流固耦合模型,然后对不同参数化裂隙网络进行了模拟,最后针对模拟结果给出了实例分析。研究结果表明:所建模型可有效模拟含裂隙网络的岩体中隧道开挖和后续排水降压过程以及岩体损伤发展、裂隙变形和地下水渗流过程;岩体裂隙网络显著影响应力分布的均匀性,隧道开挖和地下水渗流的耦合作用造成隧道周围极易出现高应力区,且局部应力、裂隙变形和水压力之间呈现出显著相关性;不同裂隙网络的分布特征在隧道开挖诱发损伤发展中起到主导作用,进而影响隧道开挖扰动区和损伤区的形成与发展程度。     

白云鄂博铁矿矿岩可爆性分级

根据矿山岩体裂隙参数，纵波速度，爆破漏斗试验确定的炸药单耗和钻机的穿孔速度对矿岩的可爆性作出了客观的评价和分级，为矿山选择合理的爆破参数及制定爆破定额等提出了理论依据。     

爆破振动激励下的隧道洞口动力响应

对隧道洞口在爆破振动激励下的动力响应进行讨论.分析了隧道在爆破开挖下洞口边坡危险滑面的确定方法,建立了具有结构面的隧道洞口边坡在爆破振动激励下的动力响应计算模型;并在实际工程背景基础上针对爆破振动作用下的洞口边坡和支护结构的动力响应进行了分析计算.结果表明,爆破振动的强度、振动持续时间、隧道开挖距离、洞口边坡特征以及支护结构强度等因素均会影响到隧道洞口边坡的安全稳定性;在爆破振动持续时域内,洞口边坡安全稳定性系数会在一定范围内产生振荡,隧道支护结构上会产生附加爆破振动压力.     

N-J水电站岩爆区应力释放孔预裂控制的爆破分析

为了对N-J水电站引水隧洞岩爆区进行卸压分析,对施工区的SS-1砂岩进行岩爆倾向性试验,采用弹性能量指数作为岩爆倾向判断指标,试验结果表明施工区具有强烈的岩爆倾向,说明了进行钻孔卸压的必要性。运用扩展有限元方法对钻孔预裂爆破进行数值模拟,模拟不同抗拉强度的岩体(4、6、8、10 MPa)在不同钻孔间距(0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5 m)的孔内预裂爆破情况,分析了爆破过程的能量耗散率、裂缝贯穿最小冲击力等。数值分析结果表明:预裂爆破能量耗散率随卸压孔间距的增加而增大,基本呈指数型增长趋势;岩爆区的计算冲击应力小于岩石极限动态抗拉强度时,爆破不会使钻孔壁产生压碎破坏;在施工现场应对钻孔间距进行合理布局,以保证良好的卸压效果。     

Optimized design of drilling and blasting operations in open pit mines under technical and economic uncertainties by system dynamic modelling

Drilling and blasting are the two most significant operations in open pit mines that play a crucial role in downstream stages. While previous research has focused on optimizing these operations as two separate parts or merely in a specific parameter, this paper proposes a system dynamic model(SDM) for drilling and blasting operations as an interactive system. In addition, some technical and economic uncertainties such as rock density, uniaxial compressive strength, bit life and operating costs are considered in this system to evaluate the different optimization results. For this purpose, Vensim simulation software is utilized as a powerful dynamic tool for both modelling and optimizing under deterministic and uncertain conditions. It is concluded that an integrated optimization as opposed to the deterministic approach can be efficiently achieved. This however is dependent on the parameters that are considered as uncertainties.     

“新奥法”在东江—深圳供水改造工程观音山隧洞施工中的应用

在东江—深圳供水改造工程观音山隧洞施工中 ,以“新奥法”理论为指导 ,运用联合支护和围岩量测等技术 ,成功地穿越了洞口不良地质段 .在Ⅱ、Ⅲ类围岩的施工中 ,取得良好的爆破效果 .对联合支护的参数、光面爆破的参数确定 ,围岩和支护结构变形的管理进行了探讨 .     

土石混合体地层中基坑开挖对邻近既有隧道影响

为解决土石混合体地层中基坑开挖引起的隧道响应问题,基于离散单元法采用数值模拟手段进行研究。采用颗粒流数值计算软件PFC2D对土石混合体微观结构、隧道管片结构及基坑围护结构进行精细化建模及施工过程模拟,并针对隧道位于基坑开挖引起的主动土压力区及被动土压力区两类位置条件下,地层含石率w对基坑开挖引起的隧道结构响应影响规律进行系统性研究。结果表明:隧道位于基坑开挖主动土压力区时,量值大于60%前提下的含石率提升导致隧道周围逐渐形成具备较好抗剪性能的连续块石骨架体,从而抑制侧面开挖引起的隧道结构响应。隧道位于基坑开挖被动土压力区时,量值小于75%前提下的含石率的提升对上方开挖引起的隧道结构响应起到抑制作用;含石率大于75%时,含石率的提升无法为上方开挖引起的隧道结构响应提供抑制作用。     

岩石路堑边坡爆破施工控制

结合实际爆破施工问题,通过对工程环境的全面分析,提出采用浅眼台阶微差控制爆破的施工方法.通过缜密的微差爆破设计,严格控制装药量,有效地控制了岩石爆破施工,成功地完成了城市道路拓宽工程的岩石路堑边坡开挖工程.