Simulation-Optimization Modeling for Conjunctive Use Management under Hydrological Uncertainty

The canal water supply, which is the only source of irrigation, in the rice-dominated cropping system of the Hirakud canal command (eastern India) is able to meet only 54 % of the irrigation demand at 90 % probability of exceedance. Hence, considering groundwater as the supplemental source of irrigation, conjunctive use management study by combined simulation-optimization modelling was undertaken in order to predict the maximum permissible groundwater pumpage from the command area. Further, optimal land and water resources allocation model was developed to determine the optimal cropping pattern for maximizing net annual return. The modelling results suggested that 2.0 and 2.3 million m³ of groundwater can be pumped from the bottom aquifer during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons, respectively, at 90 % probability of exceedance of rainfall and canal water availability (PERC). Optimal cropping patterns and pumping strategies can lead to about 51.3–12.5 % increase in net annual return from the area at 10–90 % PERC. The sensitivity analysis of the model indicates that the variation in the market price of crops has very high influence on the optimal solution followed by the cost of cultivation and cultivable area. Finally, different future scenarios of land and water use were formulated for the command area. The adoption of optimal cropping patterns and optimal pumping strategies is strongly recommended for sustainable management of available land and water resources of the canal command under hydrological uncertainties.     

挠力河流域灌区地下水资源承载力评价

近年来黑龙江省挠力河流域工农业有了长足发展,为了合理开发利用和保护地下水资源,基于挠力河流域灌区实际情况,采用主成分分析法和集对分析法,选取耕地灌溉率、地下水开采率、地下水利用率等8个指标,对挠力河流域灌区内现状年地下水资源承载力进行综合分析和评价。结果表明:锦西灌区、东泄总灌区、友谊西部灌区、锦南灌区、大兴灌区、八五三灌区地下水资源开采已经具有一定规模,继续开发的潜力比较小;三环泡灌区、五九七灌区、龙头桥灌区、尖山子灌区、七里沁灌区仍具有一定的开采潜力,可以适当增强地下水的开采力度。并据此进一步提出了提高挠力河流域水资源承载力的对策。研究采用了两种评价方法,以便评价结果能更加合理、可信;同时也证明了集对分析方法应用于地下水资源承载力评价的合理性。     

Estimation of Groundwater Recharge from the Rainfall and Irrigation in an Arid Environment Using Inverse Modeling Approach and RS

Quantifying recharge from agricultural areas is important to sustain long-term groundwater use, make intelligent groundwater allocation decisions, and develop on-farm water management strategies. The scarcity of data in many arid regions, especially in the Middle East, has necessitated the use of combined mathematical models and field observations to estimate groundwater recharge. This study was designed to assess the recharge contribution to groundwater from rainfall and irrigation return flow in the Mosian plain, west of Iran. The Inverse modeling approach and remote sensing technology (RS) were used to quantify the groundwater recharge. The recharge for steady–state conditions was estimated using the Recharge Package of MODFLOW. The land-use map for the research area was produced using remote sensing and satellite images technology. According to results, groundwater recharge from the rainfall and irrigation return flow was at the rate of 0.15 mm/day. The recharge to the groundwater from rainfall was about 0.08 mm/day (10.8 % of total rainfall). The average of groundwater recharge contribution in the study area was about 0.39 mm/day that include 15.2 % of the total water used in the irrigated fields. We can conclude that irrigation water is the most important resource of groundwater recharge in this area, consequently, it should be integrated into relevant hydrological models as the main source of groundwater recharge.     

农业节水措施对河北省平原中部地下水的调控作用

采用项目区和对照区对比的方法,以河北省平原中部衡水市农业灌溉节水项目区为例,分析农业节水灌溉对地下水的调控作用。结果表明,采取农业节水措施5a来,项目区浅层地下水水位下降趋势已明显减缓,深层地下水水位持续下降的趋势也得到了遏制。建议进一步研究提高井灌区灌溉水的利用率和利用效率,严格实施取水许可制度,依法加强地下水取用的源头管理,并继续加强地下水的动态监测。     

新疆玛纳斯河流域典型剖面地下水位动态分析

新疆玛纳斯河流域是水资源开发力度较大、经济发展水平较高的地区。对玛纳斯河流域13眼监测井组成典型剖面的2010年-2014年监测数据进行趋势性分析得出,整个监测剖面地下水位呈持续下降趋势,上部冲洪积平原单一潜水区地下水位下降速率为0.65~0.83m/a(平均0.74m/a);中部潜水溢出带地下水位下降速率为1.12m/a;冲积细土平原区上部、下部地下水位下降速率分别为0.59~3.07m/a(平均1.77m/a)和0.35~3.98m/a(平均2.41m/a);地下水位年下降速率由上游至下游呈增大趋势。在年内变化上,冲洪积平原单一潜水区埋深变化为"降-升-降";潜水溢出带及以北区域为"升-降-升"。地下水动态类型除上部冲洪积平原单一潜水区为入渗-径流型外,潜水溢出带至冲积细土平原区均为开采型。区域地下水位持续下降使现状地下水埋深(5.89~67.46m)远大于6.0m荒漠化临界埋深,生态环境面临恶化。通过对石河子市、玛纳斯县水资源利用分析得出,地下水位持续下降的因素是地下水超采、区域水资源高效利用使地下水补给量减小双重作用下形成的。提出必须科学规划用水,缩减灌溉面积和地下水开采量,开展生态补偿机制,使流域经济社会可持续发展。     

冀中山前平原农灌用水与地下水承载力适应性状况

针对冀中太行山前平原浅层地下水严重超采与农林灌溉用水之间关系问题,应用地学的模数理念、水量均衡理论方法和MapGIS空间特征分析技术,建立了农灌用水与地下水承载力之间适应性状况评价方法及指标体系,以0.49km2剖分单元精度识别了冀中山前平原农林灌溉用水强度及其与浅层地下水可采资源量之间适应性状况。结果表明,冀中山前平原农林灌溉导致的"极严重不适应"或"严重不适应"状态是浅层地下水超采的主要原因,其中小麦等夏粮作物灌溉用水主导了这些农灌区地下水超采,蔬菜作物和耗水型果林灌溉开采对地下水的影响呈显著增加趋势,应重视这种非理性加剧影响因素。     

Simulation-Optimization Modelling for Sustainable Groundwater Management in a Coastal Basin of Orissa, India

The Balasore coastal groundwater basin of Orissa in eastern India is under a serious threat of overdraft and seawater intrusion. Two optimization models were developed in this study for the efficient utilization of water resources in Balasore basin during non-monsoon periods: (a) a non-linear hydraulic management model for optimal pumpage, and (b) a linear optimization model for optimal cropping pattern in integration with a calibrated and validated groundwater flow simulation model. Based on the simulation-optimization modeling results, optimal pumping schedules, cropping patterns, and corresponding groundwater conditions are presented for three scenarios viz., wet, normal and dry years. It was found that optimal pumping schedules and corresponding cropping patterns differed significantly under the three scenarios, and the groundwater levels improved significantly under the optimal hydraulic conditions compared to the existing condition. In dry years, the groundwater levels under the present pumping pattern and the optimal pumpage indicated that the non-monsoon pumpage should not exceed the optimal pumpage in the absence of remedial measures in the basin. It is concluded that in order to ensure sustainable groundwater utilization in the basin, the optimal cropping pattern and pumping schedule should be adopted by the farmers.     

叶尔羌绿洲水资源利用与耗水分析

应用干旱区平原绿洲四水转化模型,对新疆叶尔羌河平原绿洲的水土资源不同利用情景的水资源转化和消耗进行模拟,研究地下水的适宜开采量和灌溉规模问题。结果表明:现状条件下,社会经济耗水量占总耗水量的53%~60%;如果维持灌溉地年耗水650 mm左右、非灌溉地300 mm左右,那么最大灌溉面积约为850万亩,适宜的地下水利用量约为10亿m3,对应的渠系水利用系数为0.49。     

Estimating Land Use Impacts on Regional Scale Urban Water Balance and Groundwater Recharge

Anthropogenic activities have exerted increasingly large-scale influences on terrestrial ecological systems from the past century, primarily through agriculture; however, the impact of such changes on the hydrologic cycle is poorly understood. As one of the important land use (LU) in the coastal Dogo Plain of the Seto Inland Sea, Japan, paddy fields have been decreasing with the increase in urbanization in recent decades. As the main source of water in the Dogo Plain, groundwater plays an important role in providing people with fresh water and contributing to stream base flow. The purpose of this study is to analyze the water resource and evaluate the effect of LU change on groundwater table fluctuation in this coastal plain. Firstly, the observations of groundwater table and the investigation of water balance were carried out in this alluvial plain. Then, a distributed four-block three-layer water balance model was employed to analyze the groundwater table fluctuation with response to the change of paddy field area. Moreover, the role of paddy field in recharging groundwater in the basin has been clarified. Results show that groundwater table depends not only on rainfall and discharge from rivers, but also on irrigation water and topology of the study area. The net groundwater recharge was positive in irrigation periods whereas that in non-irrigation periods was nearly equal to zero or negative. The results of this study would be helpful to the urban development policy and land use planning decision.     

松嫩平原大安灌区渠系地下水临界深度的确定

松嫩平原土壤盐碱化地下水临界深度,一直是一个焦点性科学问题,学者们存在不同认识,也是实践中的难题.为了完成大安灌区的设计,袁们对该问题进行了分析,厘清了不同临界深度概念间的含义差别,确定了合理的灌区地下水临界值和排渍深度值,并应用于大安灌区的设计中,取得良好效果.     

浅层地下水功能评价指标体系——以河南省平原岗区为例

河南省平原岗区因地下水开采出现了水位下降,严重超采地区形成局部降落漏斗,一些地区出现不同程度的地面沉降,咸水入侵淡水含水层以及地下水被污染。对此地区进行浅层地下水系统功能区划,自上而下构建了由系统层、功能层、属性层、指标层组成的评价指标体系,有19个评价指标。区划结果反映了研究区地下水功能状况。     

Evidence of Land-use Controlled Water Storage Depletion in Hai River Basin,North China

Although critical for human sustenance, irrational land use could cause land resources depletion, environmental degradation, food insecurity and social instability. This study uses Landsat images (06/09/1979 and 12/08/2009) with historical precipitation data (1955–2012) to analyze land use change in relation to surface water storage change in Hai River Basin, North China. Based on analysis in ENVI (Environment for Visualizing Images) and ArcMap, land area under water in 1979 is 1.8 % and that in 2009 is 0.6 % of the 23 826 km² study area. Although the rate of precipitation decline in 1955–2012 is 4.41 mm/year, it is almost the same for 1979 (582 mm) and 2009 (564 mm). This suggests that drought or flooding has no significant effect on the water storage change. For 1979–2009, land area under forest and grass decreases respectively by 54.2 % and 70.7 %. Then that under settlement, farmland and others increases respectively by 64.8 %, 56.0 % and 63.6 %. The loss of land area under water is 64.6 %, which is more the effect of land use change and the related water use in the region. Irrespectively, more water-efficient land use measures could ensure the sustainability and availability of water resources for future use in the predominantly agrarian semiarid region.     

位山灌区农业活动对地下水水质的影响

为了研究位山引黄灌区农业活动对地下水的污染情况,采取点面结合方式对灌区地下水水质状况进行调查,分析地下水中氮、磷的质量浓度,并根据地下水评价标准进行单指标的水质评价。结果表明,位山灌区的地下水水质有30%左右劣于Ⅲ类水质标准,呈现逐年恶化趋势。由于灌区地势平缓,土壤水分以垂向运动为主,灌区地下水中氮素质量浓度受农田灌溉及施肥等农业活动的影响比较显著,近年来地下水中氮素质量浓度有所增加。指出通过灌溉渗漏和排水进入地下水的农业施肥可能是该区域的地下水中氮素逐年累积的主要原因。     

北京市房山平原区地下水超采评价

北京市房山平原区地下水超采已引起一系列环境地质问题。为进行地下水资源合理开发、配置与有效管理,依据地下水超采区评价导则,以超采系数、地下水位、地面沉降、地下水质量和地下水污染指标为评价指标,运用GIS对北京市房山平原区地下水超采情况进行了计算与叠加分析。结果表明,房山平原区一般超采区面积215.7km2,严重超采区面积231.5km2,禁采区面积139.9km2。该评价结果为管理部门更加科学、合理、有效的水资源管理提供依据。     

陕西卤泊滩盐碱地综合治理模式的研究

本文提出以生态环境改善为目标,将盐碱地治理以“排”为核心改为以“蓄”为核心,提出并应用了“改排为蓄、水地共处、和谐生态”的综合治理模式。揭示了在蓄水条件下,水与土壤之间的动态循环压盐机理。通过科学掌握水盐运移规律,合理规划布置工程体系,采用“人工-自然”二元措施,逐步恢复区域生态,实现系统自我调节,水地资源动态平衡。通过近10年实践已取得了“经济-社会-生态”综合效益,并保证了区域“水土-生物-环境”生态系统协调发展。     

新疆水利厅试验场灌区干管管线工程地质评价

新疆水利厅试验场灌区干管管线地处新疆天山北坡倾斜剥蚀冲积平原区及北部沙漠区南缘,水文地质及工程地质情况复杂,冻胀、侵蚀等问题也给工程施工带来较大困难。通过对灌区干管管线工程地质的评价,为类似工程的管线布置和设计施工提供参考和借鉴。     

气候变化和人类活动对滦河下游地区水资源变化影响分析

通过对滦河下游地区气温、降水、地表水资源量、水资源总量、地下水水位等系列的变化分析,认为降水变化是造成滦河流域下游水资源年际波动性变化的主要因素,但造成流域水资源量显著下降的主要影响因素是人类活动的影响,包括以农业灌溉为主的水资源利用、土地利用活动对流域水资源的间接影响,以及向外流域持续调水等因素的直接影响。     

伊犁河谷西部平原多级次地下水循环模式

分析伊犁河谷西部平原区地质条件与水文地质条件,结合2017、2018年研究区内采集的220组地表水及地下水样品的水化学、D、~(18)O、~3 H及CFCs等指标测试结果,以伊犁河南北岸2个典型剖面为重点,分析了区域地下水环境同位素和水化学的空间分布特征。伊犁河谷西部平原区地下水主要接受山区降水补给,地形地貌和含水层岩性变化是控制区内地下水循环最主要的影响因素,区内地下水循环表现为多级次的循环演化特点,以伊犁河为界,伊犁河谷西部平原区南北两侧地下水水流系统可划分为局部、中间和区域等3个级次的地下水流系统。不同级次的地下水水流系统在循环范围和深度上存在一定差异。     

Application of SEBAL approach and MODIS time-series to map vegetation water use patterns in the data scarce Krishna river basin of India.

Evapotranspiration (ET) from irrigated land is one of the most useful indicators to explain whether the water is used as "intended". In this study, the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) was used to compute actual ET from a Landsat7 image of December 29, 2000 for diverse land use in the Krishna Basin in India. SEBAL ETa varies between 0 to 4.7 mm per day over the image and was quantified for identified land use classes. Seasonal/annual comparison of ETa from different land uses requires time series images, processed by SEBAL. In this study, the Landsat-derived snapshot SEBAL ETa result was interpreted using the cropping calendar and time series analysis of MODIS imagery. The wastewater irrigated area in the basin has the highest ETa in the image, partly due to its advanced growth stage compared to groundwater-irrigated rice. Shrub and forests in the senescence phase have similar ETa to vegetable/cash crops, and ETa from grasslands is a low 0.8 mm per day after the end of the monsoon. The results indicate that wastewater irrigation of fodder and rice is sufficient to meet crop water demand but there appears to be deficit irrigation of rice using groundwater.     

黑龙港平原区地面沉降机理分析及预防对策

在邢台市黑龙港平原区,由于大量超采地下水,引起地面沉降、含水层疏干等一系列地质环境问题.通过对该区水文地质特征分析,根据质量守恒原理,用观测的水位资料和区域地质参数,分析地面沉降发展,并计算沉降量等.最后分析地面沉降的危害及预防措施,为该区地下水管理和研究、制定合理的地下水开发利用规划提供了科学依据.