Cu-H_2O纳米流体流动与强化换热的数值模拟研究

模拟纳米流体在三维管道中的流动和强化传热过程,运用数值计算方法研究纳米流体的流动特性和传热机理,探究不同纳米颗粒体积分数和不同纳米颗粒大小在不同雷诺数(Re)下对纳米流体的流动和传热特性的影响。基于DPM模型对纳米流体在圆管中的对流换热进行了数值模拟研究,研究结果表明,在一定范围内,每增加0.5%的体积分数,纳米流体的传热性能平均增强7.82%。随着纳米颗粒的减小,纳米流体的传热系数不断增加。     

纳米流体Rayleigh-Bénard细胞流的格子-Boltzmann模拟

采用热格子-Boltzmann方法,对两平行平板间纳米流体的Rayleigh-Bénard细胞流现象及其影响因素进行数值模拟研究,模型计算结果与方腔内纳米流体的自然对流实验结果吻合较好。讨论了纳米颗粒种类(Al2O3、Cu和SiO2)、体积分数(1%～4%)等因素对细胞流流动和传热的影响。研究发现平板间纳米流体的Rayleigh-Bénard细胞流的流动和传热行为明显异于纯流体,同时发现纳米流体的热导率、黏度和颗粒的热运动共同决定细胞流的流场和温度场分布的规律:热导率越大、布朗运动的越强,会减小流体温度的非均匀性,削弱对流作用,使其细胞流对涡个数减小;黏度增大也会抑制细胞流的发展。     

双绝热圆柱对水平三角腔内自然对流影响的数值研究

针对含双绝热圆柱的底部加热水平等腰三角腔内空气的稳态层流自然对流开展研究.通过有限容积法对控制方程进行了数值求解,其中瑞利数的变化范围为104 ～106,圆柱体的尺寸比则分别为0（无圆柱体）、1/8和1/4.基于计算结果对自然对流的流动与传热特性随瑞利数和尺寸比的变化规律进行了分析和讨论.结果表明,双绝热圆柱的存在较大程度上改变了三角腔内自然对流的流型和温度场分布,但对整体传热影响较小,仅略微提高了平均努赛尔数,强化传热的效果在尺寸比为1/8时较为明显.     

逆向流动边界下窄方腔内相变材料融化传热数值研究

为分析复杂流动边界条件对相变材料融化进程的影响,采用计算流体动力学方法进行数值模拟,研究了窄方腔内月桂酸在逆向流动边界中的融化传热特性。建立了填充有相变材料的窄方腔两侧流过参数相同但逆向的传热流体的物理模型。通过数值模拟得到了相变材料融化形态变化以及相对应的液体分数、温度、速度矢量分布等瞬态传热特性,从中总结出了腔体中相变融化机制和传热机理。选取雷诺数1×10⁴,3×10⁴,5×10⁴,7×10⁴和瑞利数3×10⁶,4×10⁶,5×10⁶,6×10⁶的7种工况,分析了不同边界条件对传热过程的影响。结果表明：腔内自然对流的产生大大增加了传热强度,导致顶部相变材料率先完全融化;融化阶段的传热方式依次为导热、导热与对流混合、对流主导传热;在两侧流体的共同传热作用下腔内外换热效果明显增强;雷诺数和瑞利数都对融化过程有积极的影响,但融化前期雷诺数影响较大,后期瑞利数逐渐起主导作用。     

辐射侧加热腔内自然对流传热特性研究

为了明确辐射侧加热封闭方腔内半透明流体的自然对流传热现象及规律,采用有限体积法进行数值模拟研究,分析了瑞利数和光学厚度对流场、温度场以及传热特性的影响。结果表明：与传统侧壁加热腔内自然对流相比,辐射侧加热腔内等温线和流场分布规律不一致;随着瑞利数和光学厚度增加,涡心由中心位置沿直线向辐射入射侧斜上方偏移;随着瑞利数增加,等温线变得更均匀;随着光学厚度增加,等温线变密,努塞尔数Nu与瑞利数RaT的标度律指数减小,当光学厚度增加到一定时标度律不再变化,此时传热标度律与传统恒壁温侧加热腔内自然对流相当,满足Nu~Ra0.29T。     

倾斜封闭方腔内自然对流换热的场协同分析

采用场协同原理对倾斜封闭方腔内自然对流换热现象进行了研究。通过数值模拟获得了不同瑞利数(Ra=1~10~6)时倾斜封闭方腔内自然对流换热的协同关系,以及在一定Ra数下不同倾斜角φ对封闭方腔内自然对流换热的影响。结果表明:随着瑞利数Ra的增大,协同数Fc变小,其协同性越好。随着倾斜角φ的变化,当Ra≤10~3时,lg Fc的变化曲线近似呈现开口向上的抛物线型;当10~4≤Ra≤10~5时,lg Fc的变化曲线是单调的;当瑞利数Ra≥10~6时,lg Fc的变化曲线有2个极值和1个拐点。     

换热器内纳米流体换热与压降特性的分析

以人字形板式换热器翅片的单元流道二维截面为几何模型,采用Fluent软件对换热介质分别为水、水基Al_2O_3纳米流体和水基CuO纳米流体进行换热、压降特性的数值分析,结果表明:在水中添加纳米颗粒可以提高流体的换热能力,且随着纳米颗粒体积分数的增加,努塞尔数随之增大,同时,纳米颗粒体积分数为3.0%时,流体对应的努塞尔数增幅明显高于1.0%～2.0%的水基Al_2O_3纳米流体。但结果还表明,纳米颗粒体积分数为3.0%的水基Al_2O_3纳米流体对应的压降最高,不利于流体流动,因而在将纳米流体作为流动换热介质时,应该综合考虑换热与压降的影响。另外,在相同纳米颗粒体积分数以及入口雷诺数时,水基Al_2O_3纳米流体换热能力高于水基CuO纳米流体,但两者的流动压降几乎相同,因而应优先选用Al_2O_3纳米颗粒。由于目前将纳米流体与换热器相结合的相关研究较少,因而得出数值结论对纳米流体在换热器中的应用设计具有一定的参考意义。     

水基纳米流体流动与换热数值模拟

采用两步法制备体积分数φ为0.001%、0.01%、0.1%的Al_2O_3-H_2O纳米流体,运用热力学相关式进行计算,并采用Lattice Boltzmann方法模拟圆管内Al_2O_3-H_2O纳米流体的流动与换热,研究分析不同纳米粒子体积分数和粒径对纳米流体平均Nu数的影响。结果表明,不同体积分数的Al_2O_3-H_2O纳米流体,随着纳米颗粒的运动,边界层发生变化,其流动特性和换热特性也受到影响,对于相同位置的纳米流体,当体积浓度为0.9%、0.5%、0.1%时,平均Nu数分别为21、17.8、16,随着纳米颗粒体积分数越大,其平均Nu数越大,即换热强度越大。当纳米颗粒为20 nm,Re数为1000、3000、5000、7000、9000时,平均Nu数分别为11.5、14.5、18、20、21.5,随着Re数的增加,纳米流体的强化换热效果越好。     

多孔泡沫内纳米流体非平衡传热及体积分数分布

研究了纳米流体在金属泡沫内的对流换热,建立了局部非热平衡数学模型,得到了金属泡沫内纳米流体速度、温度和纳米颗粒体积分数分布,分析了纳米流体和金属泡沫的强化换热效果。当使用纳米流体或在通道内填充金属泡沫时,截面速度和温度变得更均匀。随着纳米颗粒体积分数的增大,努塞尔数先增大然后又逐渐减小,即存在一个合适的体积分数能使换热效果达到最好;当金属泡沫孔隙率增加时努塞尔数也会减小,有利于换热的进行。纳米流体和金属泡沫对换热具有明显强化作用,但压降随纳米颗粒体积分数增大而急剧增大。此外,还考虑了布朗扩散和热泳扩散等因素的影响。     

含热源方腔的耦合自然对流换热的三维数值模拟

对具有内热源方腔的稳态层流耦合自然对流换热进行了三维的数值模拟，采用的模拟代码基于连续介质计算力学的开源库OpenFoam，解决了自然对流换热与固体传热的耦合问题。对外壁面为常温、方腔内充满含体积热源流体的自然对流计算结果表明，温度场、速度场与非耦合的工况有很大差异。     

Brownian motion of nanoparticles in a triangular enclosure with natural convection

This paper presents the results of a numerical study on the natural convection in a right triangular enclosure, with a heat source on its vertical wall and filled with a water–CuO nanofluid. The effects of parameters such as Rayleigh number, solid volume fraction, heat source location, enclosure aspect ratio and Brownian motion on the flow and temperature fields as well as the heat transfer rate, are examined. The results show that when Brownian motion is considered in the analysis, the solid volume fraction, the heat source location and the enclosure aspect ratio affect the heat transfer performance differently at low and high Rayleigh numbers. At high Rayleigh numbers, an optimum value for the solid volume fraction is found which results in the maximum heat transfer rate. This is in contradiction to the results of the analysis in which Brownian motion is neglected.     

A numerical investigation of transient natural convection heat transfer of aqueous nanofluids in a horizontal concentric annulus

A numerical study of transient natural convection heat transfer of aqueous nanofluids in a horizontal annulus between two coaxial cylinders is presented. The effective thermophysical properties of water in the presence of copper oxide nanoparticles with four different volume fractions are predicted using existing models, in which the effects of the Brownian motion of nanoparticles are taken into consideration. The predicted development of convective flow and heat transfer of nanofluids is presented by means of the average Nusselt number over the outer cylinder. The flow development time towards a steady state and the time-averaged Nusselt number are predicted and scaled with Rayleigh number. It is shown that at constant Rayleigh numbers, the time-averaged Nusselt number is gradually lowered as the volume fraction of nanoparticles is increased. In addition, the time-averaged Nusselt number will be overestimated if the Brownian motion effects are not considered.     

Magnetohydrodynamic Natural Convection of Nanofluids in U-shaped Enclosures

This article presents the results of a numerical study of laminar natural convection in a U-shaped enclosure that is filled with a water-Cu nanofluid and is under the influence of a horizontal magnetic field. A computational domain was defined and a numerical scheme based on the control volume formulation using the SIMPLE algorithm was developed. The convection-diffusion terms were discretized using a power-law scheme. The effects of the Rayleigh number, the solid volume fraction, the Hartmann number, and the enclosure aspect ratio on the heat transfer performance of the enclosure were examined. The thermal performance of the enclosure was found to be a function of the enclosure aspect ratio. The results also showed that the heat transfer rate increased with an increase of the Rayleigh number and the solid volume fraction, but it decreased with an increase of the Hartmann number.     

Natural convection of nanofluids in enclosures with low aspect ratios

This paper analyzes heat transfer and fluid flow of natural convection in inclined cavity filled with CuO-water nanofluid heated from one side and cooled from the ceiling. The transport equations for the flow are solved numerically by the finite volume element method using the SIMPLER algorithm Based on numerical predictions. The effects of Rayleigh number and aspect ratio on flow pattern and energy transport are investigated for Rayleigh numbers ranging from 10⁴ to 10⁷ volume fraction of solid varied to 0%–4% and for five different aspect ratios of 0.08, 0.1, 0.125, 0.25 and 0.5. It is found that the effect of Rayleigh number on heat transfer is less significant when the enclosure is shallow (AR = 0.5) and the influence of aspect ratio is stronger when the enclosure is tall and the Rayleigh number is high.     

Free convection of non-Newtonian nanofluids about a vertical truncated cone in a porous medium

This work studies the free convection heat transfer over a truncated cone embedded in a porous medium saturated by a non-Newtonian power-law nanofluid with constant wall temperature and constant wall nanoparticle volume fraction. The effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis are incorporated into the model for nanofluids. A coordinate transformation is performed, and the obtained nonsimilar equations are solved by the cubic spline collocation method. The effects of the power-law index, Brownian motion parameter, thermophoresis parameter and buoyancy ratio on the temperature, nanoparticle volume fraction and velocity profiles are discussed. The reduced Nusselt numbers are plotted as functions of the power-law index, thermophoresis parameter, Brownian parameter, Lewis number, and buoyancy ratio. Results show that increasing the thermophoresis parameter or the Brownian parameter tends to decrease the reduced Nusselt number. Moreover, the reduced Nusselt number increases as the power-law index is increased.     

Heat transfer enhancement for combined convection flow of nanofluids in a vertical rectangular duct considering radiation effects

In this paper, combined convective heat transfer and nanofluids flow characteristics in a vertical rectangular duct are numerically investigated. This investigation covers Rayleigh numbers in the range of 2 × 10⁶ ≤ Ra ≤ 2 × 10⁷ and Reynolds numbers in the range of 200 ≤ Re ≤ 1000. Pure water and five different types of nanofluids such as Ag, Au, CuO, diamond, and SiO₂ with a volume fraction range of 0.5% ≤ φ ≤ 3% are used. The three‐dimensional steady, laminar flow, and heat transfer governing equations are solved using finite volume method (FVM). The effects of Rayleigh number, Reynolds number, nanofluids type, nanoparticle volume fraction of nano‐ fluids, and effect of radiation on the thermal and flow fields are examined. It is found that the heat transfer is enhanced using nanofluids by 47% when compared with water. The Nusselt number increases as the Reynolds number and Rayleigh number increase and aspect ratio decreases. A SiO₂ nanofluid has the highest Nusselt number and highest wall shear stress while the Au nanofluid has the lowest Nusselt number and lowest wall shear stress. The results also revealed that the wall shear stress increases as Reynolds number increases, aspect ratio decreases, and nanoparticle volume fraction increases. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20354     

Rayleigh–Benard convection in water-based alumina nanofluid: A numerical study

Rayleigh–Benard (R-B) convection in water-based alumina (Al₂O₃) nanofluid is analyzed based on a single-component non-homogeneous volume fraction model (SCNHM) using the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). The present model accounts for the slip mechanisms such as Brownian and thermophoresis between the nanoparticle and the base fluid. The average Nusselt number at the bottom wall for pure water is compared to the previous numerical data for natural convection in a cavity and a good agreement is obtained. The parameters considered in this study include the Rayleigh number of the nanofluid, the volume fraction of alumina nanoparticle and the aspect ratio of the cavity. For the Al₂O₃/water nanofluid, it is found that heat transfer rate decreases with an increase of the volume fraction of the nanoparticle. The results are demonstrated and explained with average Nusselt number, isotherms, streamlines, heat lines, and nanoparticle distribution. The effect of nanoparticles on the onset of instability in R-B convection is also analyzed.     

A numerical investigation of transient natural convection heat transfer of aqueous nanofluids in a differentially heated square cavity

Transient natural convection heat transfer of aqueous nanofluids in a differentially heated square cavity is investigated numerically. The effective thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity of nanofluids are predicted by using the proposed models that take the contribution of Brownian motion of nanoparticles into account. Three different Rayleigh numbers and five different volume fractions of nanoparticles are considered. The development of natural convection is presented through the evolutions of the average Nusselt number along the cold side wall. The predicted flow development times and time-averaged Nusselt numbers are scaled with Rayleigh number. In addition, the time-averaged Nusselt numbers are presented in terms of volume fraction of nanoparticles. It is shown that at constant Rayleigh numbers, the time-averaged Nusselt number is lowered with increasing volume fraction of nanoparticles.     

A numerical study of laminar natural convective heat transfer around a horizontal cylinder inside a concentric air-filled triangular enclosure

A numerical investigation of steady-state laminar natural convective heat transfer around a horizontal cylinder to its concentric triangular enclosure was carried out. The enclosure was filled with air and both the inner and outer cylinders were maintained at uniform temperatures. The buoyancy effect was modeled by applying the Boussinesq approximation of density to the momentum equation and the governing equations were iteratively solved using the control volume approach. The effects of the Rayleigh number and the aspect ratio were examined. Flow and thermal fields were exhibited by means of streamlines and isotherms, respectively. Variations of the maximum value of the dimensionless stream function and the local and average Nusselt numbers were also presented. The average Nusselt number was correlated to the Rayleigh number based on curve-fitting for each aspect ratio. At the highest Rayleigh number studied, the effects of different inclination angles of the enclosure and various cross-section geometries of the inner cylinder were investigated. The computed results indicated that at constant aspect ratio, both the inclination angle and cross-section geometry have insignificant effects on the overall heat transfer rates though the flow patterns are significantly modified.     

Free convection boundary layer flow over a horizontal cylinder of elliptic cross section in porous media saturated by a nanofluid

This work studies the free convection boundary layer flow over a horizontal cylinder of elliptic cross section in porous media saturated by a nanofluid with constant wall temperature and constant wall nanoparticle volume fraction. The effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis are incorporated into the model for nanofluids. A coordinate transformation is performed, and the obtained nonsimilar governing equations are then solved by the cubic spline collocation method. The effects of the Brownian motion parameter and thermophoresis parameter on the profiles of the temperature, nanoparticle volume fraction and velocity profiles are presented. The local Nusselt number is presented as a function of the thermophoresis parameter, Brownian parameter, Lewis number and the aspect ratio when the major axis of the elliptical cylinder is vertical (slender orientation) and horizontal (blunt orientation). Results show that the local Nusselt number is increased as the thermophoresis parameter or the Brownian parameter is decreased. The local Nusselt number increases as the buoyancy ratio or the Lewis number is decreased. Moreover, the local Nusselt number of the elliptical cylinder with slender orientation is higher than those of the elliptical cylinder with blunt orientation over the lower half cylinder.