珠光体钢(α+θ)微复相组织的形成与力学性能

系统研究了珠光体钢在冷轧与随后退火及温变形(温楔横轧)过程中的组织演变规律、力学性能变化、合金元素添加的影响等,发现共析珠光体钢经大冷变形及随后适当温度退火可以形成铁素体晶粒与渗碳体颗粒尺寸均在亚微米量级的(α+θ)微复相组织.冷轧变形后的珠光体组织非常不均匀,主要由不规则弯曲片层、带有剪切带的粗大片层以及精细片层组成.大冷变形能明显提高共析珠光体钢的屈强比和加工硬化指数,随轧制压下率的增大,共析珠光体钢冷轧态试样的强度提高,延性在冷轧压下率小于60%时出现急剧下降后又几乎保持不变.合金元素的添加使冷轧态试样的强度提高,但对延性的影响几乎可以忽略.实际温楔横轧后高碳钢棒件表层也具有超微细(α+θ)复相组织,温楔横轧过程中靠近表层的铁素体基体发生了动态连续再结晶,铁素体晶粒及渗碳体颗粒尺寸分别在0.4μm和0.2μm左右.温楔横轧后硬度与抗拉强度沿高碳钢棒件截面分布不均匀,心部略高于表层,但是在屈服强度方面.表层最高(约600MPa),心部次之(580MPa),其余部位介于二者之间.     

高碳钢丝拉拔过程中的组织性能演变

研究了拉拔及镀锌过程中珠光体钢丝的微观组织及力学性能的演变规律,并分析了强化机理和镀锌过程渗碳体的球化机理.研究表明:初始高碳盘条中珠光体片层随机排列,存在强度较弱的<110>纤维织构;铁素体和渗碳体两相在拉拔过程中协同变形,随着拉拔应变量的增加,随机取向的珠光体片层通过偏转和扭折变形逐渐形成平行于拉拔方向的显微状组织,位错密度逐渐增高,渗碳体和铁素体的片层间距逐渐减小,晶粒尺寸减小形成细晶强化效应,随着拉拔过程<110>织构强度逐步增强,钢丝的抗拉强度、屈服强度、显微硬度均快速上升;与拉拔钢丝相比,镀锌钢丝渗碳体部分球化,<110>织构强度稍有减弱,导致钢丝的抗拉强度、屈服强度、显微硬度均有所下降.     

珠光体组织的等径弯曲通道变形

具有全珠光体组织的65Mn钢在650℃以C方式等径弯曲通道变形(ECAP)后,珠光体组织中的渗碳体片层以周期性的弯曲变形、周期性的剪切变形、剪切断裂等形式协调ECAP的强烈塑性变形.渗碳体表现出很强的塑性变形能力,在其内部导入了大量的晶体缺陷,为渗碳体的球化打下了能量基础.变形五道次后,片层状的珠光体组织演变成了超细的渗碳体颗粒均匀分布于铁素体基体的组织.铁素体基体为均匀的等轴晶,平均晶粒大小为～0.3 μm.渗碳体的球化可能以两种机制进行:破碎渗碳体片的非均匀长大(Ostwald熟化)和细小球状渗碳体颗粒的形核长大.     

细珠光体在变形中的行为

用喷射成形工艺制备的细珠光体超高碳钢在共析转变温度以下变形时,呈现强烈而持续的加工软化.组织检测表明,渗碳体片表现出与相邻铁素体协凋变形的能力;随着应变增大,渗碳体片发生局部溶解而碎化;在应变足够大时,珠光体逐步转变为细小碳化物颗粒弥散分布的球化组织.细珠光体的这种特性使得这种材料无需预先球化处理,即可具有伸长率达300%的超塑变形能力.     

过冷对共析钢动态相变和组织演变的影响

将共析钢在600-700℃的过冷奥氏体状态下进行单轴热压缩,获得了亚微米级别等轴铁素体 纳米级别弥散分布球化渗碳体的复相组织,其组织演变经历动态相变、片层渗碳体球化、铁素体动态再结晶和纳米级别渗碳体颗粒析出等过程.随着形变温度的降低,过冷度增加,相变动力学过程加快.片层渗碳体的球化程度由球化时间和球化速度控制,形变温度升高使渗碳体球化速度加快,但是相变开始时间及动力学延迟使得用于渗碳体球化和熟化的时间相应缩短,导致球化程度降低.铁素体再结晶和等轴化过程则主要受位错迁移、渗碳体颗粒钉扎的影响,形变温度升高导致较高的等轴化发展速度.     

20CrMnTi钢两相区变形力学行为及微观组织研究

为了研究20CrMnTi钢温变形机理,利用等温压缩实验对该材料在两相区变形时温度与变形抗力之间的关系进行了研究,并用冶金学的方法对其进行了分析.结果表明:在Ac1温度以下变形时,铁素体的动态回复和珠光体中Fe3C相的球化导致流变应力在较小应变时出现"峰值",而后流变应力连续下降;在Ac1温度以上变形,770℃时因形变诱导铁素体相变,使流变应力下降,800℃时两相内的铁素体动态回复、奥氏体动态再结晶,使应变达到一定值后软化和硬化处于动态平衡,流变应力趋于稳定,且诱导相变和动态再结晶使晶粒超细化.     

钢的热处理组织分析：第四讲 钢的热处理组织分析实例（二）

5 40Cr球化退火组织 图6为40Cr球化退火组织。从显微观察可见,该组织由两部分组成:白亮块和分布着小颗粒的白亮块。40Cr钢球化退火后只能由铁素体与渗碳体两相组成。所以白色颗粒状物为渗碳体,白亮块及分布有渗碳体颗粒的白亮块(基体)均为铁素体。从形态看也可判断它是铁素体块及分布有渗碳体的铁素体。形成这种组织完全决定于退火工艺。球化前原始组织为大块状铁素体与珠光体的混合组织,经750℃加热时,组织为铁素体块+(奥氏体和少量的渗碳体);缓冷后,铁素体块不变,而奥氏体分解为球状珠光体,致使缓冷后组织中碳化物分布极不均匀,     

双相钢中奥氏体形成部位的电镜观察

本文用透射电镜复型及薄膜方法研究了低碳钢在亚温(α十γ)区域加热时奥氏体的形成并讨论了预先冷轧变形对奥氏体化的影响。结果表明,原始组织为铁素体加珠光体的退火低碳钢在亚温区奥氏体化时,奥氏体不仅在铁素体晶界上形成,也可在铁素体晶粒内形成。预先冷轧变形使退火组织在亚温区奥氏体化时,珠光体球化大大加速,并且有更多的奥氏体在铁素体晶粒内形成,但是奥氏体形成过程的基本特征不变。     

GH4169合金楔横轧加工过程中动态再结晶及织构演变

为研究GH4169合金楔横轧加工过程中动态再结晶及织构演变规律,采用金相显微镜(OM)和电子背散射衍射(EBSD)对30%,50%两种断面收缩率下GH4169合金楔横轧件表层与心部的微观组织、晶体取向及织构进行分析。结果表明:GH4169合金楔横轧加工过程中,随着动态再结晶的发生,晶体取向逐渐变得随机化分布;轧制表层大角度晶界数量较轧件心部多,轧件表层织构强度变化不大,心部织构强度明显增强;经过楔横轧变形后织构发生转动,原始态织构类型为{001}〈110〉,{111}〈110〉,{111}〈011〉,轧制后主要织构类型为{001}〈010〉,{112}〈110〉,{110}〈111〉,{110}〈112〉;GH4169合金楔横轧件动态再结晶及织构演变规律是由楔横轧特殊变形特点决定的。     

喷射成形超高碳钢超塑性变形后的微观组织

研究了喷射成形超高碳钢的超塑性及其变形前后的显微组织.变形前,喷射态超高碳钢的组织为典型珠光体组织,而变形后,珠光体中的条状碳化物逐渐发生碎化和球化,并弥散分布于晶界处,此外,在铁素体基体中以及碳化物颗粒周围出现了高密度位错亚结构,而基体铁素体晶粒也有所伸长.喷射成形超高碳钢超塑性微观机制是以晶界滑动为主,晶内变形以及位错蠕变起了协调作用.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.