钢纤维混凝土梁压、弯组合作用下的承载力分析

钢纤维混凝土开裂后.钢纤维能在开裂面上提供一定的拉应力.这类似钢筋混凝土中受拉钢筋的作用.与钢筋混凝土不同,钢纤维混凝土开裂面上的拉应力随裂缝宽度的增加而逐渐降低.本文通过四点弯曲试验得到钢纤维混凝土梁开裂截面上钢纤维拉应力与裂缝宽度曲线,然后以此为基础对轴力、弯矩组合作用下的钢纤维混凝土梁的承载能力进行分析,得到钢纤维混凝土梁在轴力和裂缝宽度作用下的抗弯承载力计算公式.最后用得到的计算公式做出钢纤维混凝土梁在极限承载状态下的N-M相关曲线.计算分析表明,钢纤维混凝土梁开裂后,开裂面上的应力重分布会使截面的抗弯力臂增大.从而提高截面的抗弯承载力.并且开裂截面的抗弯能力也随轴压力的增大而有明显提高.这就从理论上解释了受压钢纤维梁开裂后的抗弯承载力不但没有降低,反而有所提高的现象.     

反分析法确定钢纤维水泥砂浆拉应力与裂缝张开位移关系

在数值模拟钢纤维混凝土结构或构件和用基于断裂力学理论的设计方法设计钢纤维混凝土结构或构件时,钢纤维混凝土材料σ-w关系是一个重要的材料参数。该文根据三点弯曲缺口梁的荷载与裂缝张开位移(CMOD)曲线用反分析法确定了钢纤维水泥砂浆的σ-w关系。试验制作了五种不同体积含量的钢纤维水泥砂浆单轴拉伸试件、圆柱体压缩试件和梁试件,钢纤维体积含量分别为0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%和2.5%。试验发现,当钢纤维体积含量较小时,三点弯曲缺口梁的荷载与裂缝张开位移曲线呈现CMOD软化特性;而当钢纤维体积含量较大时,三点弯曲缺口梁的荷载与裂缝张开位移曲线呈现CMOD强化特性。对有CMOD软化特性的钢纤维水泥砂浆,可用三折线软化模型来模拟钢纤维水泥砂浆的σ-w关系;对有CMOD强化特性的钢纤维水泥砂浆,可用应力跌落-常残余强度模型来拟合。     

循环荷载作用下超高性能混凝土的轴拉力学性能及本构关系模型

对具有不同拉伸应变特性(应变强化和应变软化)的超高性能混凝土(Ultra high performance concrete, UHPC)进行了单调和循环荷载作用下的直接拉伸试验。试验结果表明:应变强化UHPC基体开裂后进入多点微裂纹分布的应变强化段,达到极限抗拉强度后进入单缝开裂的应变软化段;应变软化UHPC基体开裂后直接进入单缝开裂的应变软化段;循环荷载下两种类型UHPC的轴拉应力-应变曲线包络线与单调荷载下的应力-应变曲线基本一致;基于刚度退化过程建立了两种类型UHPC的轴拉损伤演化方程,根据实测应力-应变曲线和试件的裂缝分布形态建立了两种类型UHPC的轴拉本构关系模型,与试验结果基本吻合;采用能量法研究了应变强化UHPC两阶段轴拉本构关系在数值计算时的等效方法。最后,通过无筋应变强化UHPC抗弯试验梁的数值模拟对本文建立的应变强化UHPC轴拉本构关系模型和损伤演化方程及相关假定进行了验证,结果表明本文建立的应变强化UHPC轴拉本构模型能较好地预测UHPC弯拉构件的极限承载力,轴拉损伤变量能在宏观层面上较好地反应试件的裂缝分布状态。      

钢筋钢纤维自密实混凝土梁裂缝宽度试验研究

通过9根钢筋钢纤维自密实混凝土梁的四点弯曲试验,分析了钢纤维体积率、配筋率对钢筋钢纤维自密实混凝土梁裂缝形态、裂缝宽度以及裂缝间距等参数的影响。结果表明:在自密实混凝土梁中掺加钢纤维可有效限制裂缝的扩展,掺入体积率为0.38%和0.64%的钢纤维,可使自密实混凝土梁在正常使用阶段的最大裂缝宽度减小31%~56%,平均裂缝间距减小15%~28%,纵筋应变减小40%~56%。考虑钢纤维在试验梁开裂截面的分布以及应力传递机理,结合试验数据提出了钢筋钢纤维自密实混凝土梁最大裂缝宽度的计算公式,并与MC 2010、RILEM TC-162 TDF及CECS 38:2004的公式进行了对比。计算结果表明:该文建议公式计算的最大裂缝宽度与试验值吻合较好,可用于钢筋钢纤维自密实混凝土梁最大裂缝宽度的分析与验算。     

钢纤维高强混凝土拉伸应力—应变全曲线的试验研究

作者进行了4组钢纤维高强混凝土试验研究,测试了其基本力学性能,并利用混凝土间接轴向拉伸试验测试方法在普通试验机上测出了各组钢纤维高强混凝土的拉伸应力－应变全过程曲线：在试验的基础上,分析并描述了钢纤维高强混凝土拉伸应力－应变全过程曲线特征,初步分析归纳出了钢纤维高强混凝土受拉本构关系模型,本文介绍了这些研究结果。     

水工混凝土弥散型裂缝数值模型中开裂判据的研究

重大水利工程中,混凝土结构多处于高水压环境,坝体或多或少存在着裂缝,然而大部分开裂的混凝土坝仍能够安全运行,从而引申出是否可以允许混凝土结构出现裂缝,多大的裂缝才不至于引起破坏,以及用怎样一个合理的指标来对混凝土开裂程度进行描述评判的问题。该文以等效塑性应变表征混凝土弥散型裂缝模型数值模拟中的开裂破坏,通过混凝土单轴拉伸数值模拟,并根据试验资料及相关文献,建立了等效塑性应变与主拉应变、裂缝宽度之间的关系,得到对应于“有害裂缝”的等效塑性应变值。将方法和成果运用到混凝土重力坝的开裂研究中,具有较好的实际工程意义。     

基于三点弯曲试验的聚丙烯纤维桥接应力研究

为研究聚丙烯(Polypropylene,PP)纤维在混凝土开裂过程中桥接应力的变化规律,选用两种尺寸的聚丙烯细纤维和一种尺寸的聚丙烯粗纤维制备纤维增强混凝土试件,在试件上进行单边缺口梁三点弯曲试验,获得各组试件的荷载-裂缝切口位移曲线和荷载-位移曲线。基于试验结果,采用合成纤维细观拉拔模型,拟合PP纤维桥接应力曲线,并与实测纤维桥接应力曲线作对比,确定对应的PP纤维模型参数。研究结果表明:聚丙烯细纤维的桥接应力峰值为0. 20～0. 22 MPa,聚丙烯粗纤维的桥接应力峰值为0. 56 MPa,纤维桥接应力随裂缝宽度增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势;通过细观拉拔模型中的参数P_0、k_0、k_1,计算PP纤维在混凝土基体中的桥接应力;粗纤维具有较强的桥接应力,在混凝土开裂后表现尤为突出,能有效抑制宏观裂缝的扩展。     

渗透作用下开裂混凝土的材料损伤模型

混凝土的渗透性在控制混凝土的质量及混凝土结构的行为上起着关键性的作用,而开裂混凝土在渗透作用下的损伤则直接控制了结构的长期工作性能.从开裂混凝土的渗透机理、开裂水压务件、开裂应力出发,求出开裂混凝土中裂缝开度与水压、拉伸及压剪作用下裂缝开度与应力的关系并给出计算公式;然后定义了混凝土开裂损伤问题,通过有效承载面积损失来表达开裂混凝土的损伤;最后通过上述方式将混凝土开裂渗透作用与混凝土的损伤结合起来,求得渗透作用下开裂混凝土的损伤表达.     

混凝土软化本构关系对双K断裂参数的影响

混凝土裂缝扩展的双K 断裂准则，用于描述混凝土结构裂缝的起裂、稳定扩展和失稳断裂。其相 应的双K 断裂参数ini c K I 、un c K I 可通过简便的实验和基于虚拟裂缝扩展粘聚力的解析方法确定。已取得的 研究结果表明，起裂韧度ini c K I 的解析解与所确定的混凝土软化本构关系有关。对于简单实用的双线性软化 本构曲线而言，参数s s 、s w 、0 w 的取值直接影响软化本构关系的确定。根据本课题组新近所做楔入劈 拉实验，经分析对比得到了与实测结果相符合、为确定双K 断裂参数所使用的双线性软化本构曲线的相应 参数。     

纤维对开裂后混凝土渗透性及裂缝恢复的影响

通过劈裂试验和渗透试验,研究了结构型钢纤维、聚丙烯粗纤维和聚丙烯细纤维对开裂后混凝土的裂缝恢复率、劈裂韧性和渗透系数的影响。研究结果表明:钢纤维和聚丙烯粗纤维的掺入可限制裂缝扩展,使混凝土由脆性破坏转为韧性破坏,提高开裂混凝土在卸载后裂缝的恢复作用,显著减小开裂后混凝土的渗透系数。钢纤维掺量越高,裂缝恢复和渗透性降低越明显,钢纤维掺量由25kg/m~3增加至55kg/m3时,渗透系数减小了87%。钢纤维和聚丙烯粗纤维的掺入具有较好的正混杂效应,当裂缝宽度为150μm时卸载,单掺25kg/m~3钢纤维和4kg/m~3聚丙烯粗纤维与单掺35kg/m~3钢纤维相比,渗透系数减小了60%。而聚丙烯细纤维对开裂混凝土的裂缝恢复和渗透性影响较小。     

Shear behavior model for steel fiber-reinforced concrete members without transverse reinforcements

Due to the complex shear mechanism of steel fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC) members, there is lack of comprehensive shear behavior models for SFRC members. The shear behavior model, based on a smeared crack model, requires the tensile stress–strain constitutive equation of SFRC membrane subjected to biaxial stresses. After SFRC panel tests under biaxial stresses were recently conducted, it has been possible to create a more complete smeared crack model for estimating the shear behavior of SFRC members. It is, however, very difficult to conduct such experiments for different types of steel fibers, various amount of steel fibers, different ranges of concrete strengths, etc. Thus, in this study, steel fibers are modeled as average direct tensile contribution elements in a modified smeared crack truss model, considering directionality and distribution of fibers. In this way, only simple bond tests are required to reflect the effects of different characteristics of SFRC. In addition, the shear contribution of steel fibers can be obtained considering the bond failure of steel fibers. The proposed model was compared to the test results of 8 SFRC panels and 80 SFRC beams, and the shear behavior of the SFRC members was well estimated.     

Strain compatibility between HPFRCC and steel reinforcement

To build reinforced concrete structures able to mitigate steel corrosion produced by environmental attack, a reduced crack width should appear in tensile concrete. At least in the serviceability stage, fibers added to ordinary concrete could be a way to satisfy this requirement. Depending on the type, on the volume content and on the aspect ratio of fibers, FRC (fiber reinforced concrete) can show a higher ductility and sometimes a higher tensile strength than ordinary concrete. However, with or without fibers, concrete cannot produce tensile strains totally compatible with those of the steel rebars. To overcome this problem, new FRCs, called High Performance Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Composites (HPFRCC), have been recently tailored to develop an ultra-high ductility. In these composites, since the strain at maximum stress is higher than the steel strain at yielding, strain incompatibility vanishes. In the present paper, in order to prove the existence of compatible strains between steel and HPFRCC, numerical results and experimental measurements are compared. This is possible by introducing a mechanical model of tension-stiffening, and by referring to tests to reinforced HPFRCC elements in tension. The good agreement between theoretical and experimental results is also found for reinforced HPFRCC beams in bending.     

Response of steel fiber reinforced high strength concrete beams: Experiments and code predictions

The shear-flexure response of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) beams was investigated.Thirty-six reinforced concrete beams with and without conventional shear reinforcement (stirrups) were tested under a four-point bending configuration to study the effectiveness of steel fibers on shear and flexural strengths, failure mechanisms, crack control, and ductility.The major factors considered were compressive strength (normal strength and high strength concrete up to 100 MPa), shear span-effective depth ratio (a/d = 1.5, 2.5, 3.5), and web reinforcement (none, stirrups and/or steel fibers).The response of RC beams was evaluated based on the results of crack patterns, load at first cracking, ultimate shear capacity, and failure modes.The experimental evidence showed that the addition of steel fibers improves the mechanical response, i.e., flexural and shear strengths and the ductility of the flexural members.Finally, the most recent code-based shear resistance predictions for SFRC beams were considered to discuss their reliability with respect to the experimental findings. The crack pattern predictions are also reviewed based on the major factors that affect the results.     

考虑应变梯度效应的三点弯梁模型解析研究--第一部分:局部化带的传播

为分析应变软化和由此带来的应变局部化问题,将梯度塑性理论引入裂纹带模型。以拉应变局部化区域代替裂纹带,在三点弯梁裂纹带(具有一定尺寸的带宽由特征长度确定)内部存在着不均匀分布的拉应变,这与实验结果相符。对拉应变进行积分,得到了拉应变局部化区域的张拉位移的理论表达式,结果表明:该位移与拉应力成线性规律,拉应变局部化区域的宽度越大,弹性模量越小或降模量越小,则该位移越大。此外,采用应力平衡条件、应变软化的本构关系及平截面假定,还得到了拉应变局部化区域的扩展规律,结果表明:下降模量越大、三点弯梁高度越小及弹性模量越小,则在相同的拉应力的情况下,拉应变局部化区扩展的长度越小;抗拉强度对拉应变局部化区扩展长度的最大值没有影响。此外,还研究了梁中部横截面内中性轴到具有最大承载能力的点的距离的变化规律。     

Experimental and analytical study of SIMCON tension members

The strength and ductility of slurry infiltrated mat concrete (SIMCON) tension members were investigated both experimentally and analytically to construct a mechanical model for simulating tensile force–displacement relationships. In addition to standard strength testing, special tests were conducted on tension specimens with preset cracks to determine the interaction between steel fibers and the cement matrix near an opening crack. These tests were conducted on two sets of preset-crack specimens: (i) with symmetrically inclined fibers and (ii) with aligned fibers having variable debonded lengths on each side of the crack. Using measured bridging forces of inclined fibers, an efficiency factor of plane random fibers, compared to aligned fibers, was determined to be approximately 0.58. It was found that the ductility of SIMCON mainly stems from plastic deformation of steel fibers rather than fiber pull-out. SIMCON tensile response was characterized by elastic, nonlinear hardening and softening regimes. The hardening response was notch insensitive without multiple crack formation. In the elastic regime, only minute stiffness reduction was observed. The nonlinear hardening regime was characterized by internal damage growth without visible crack formation and ended with the appearance of a co-linear set of partial cracks. The softening regime was described by a localized failure of fibers with variable failure strains at the co-linear cracks. Based upon the experimental observation that a co-linear set of partial cracks form at the ultimate composite stress, upper and lower bounds of the SIMCON stress–strain relation in the hardening regimes were obtained.     

Nonlinear three–dimensional finite–element modelling of reinforced–concrete beams: Computational challenges and experimental validation

Three–dimensional nonlinear finite–element models have been developed to investigate the loading–unloading–reloading behaviour of two reinforced–concrete beams under four–point bending using explicit dynamics in ABAQUS. The damaged–plasticity model proposed by Lubliner and collaborators was employed for the plain concrete, and elastic–perfectly plastic models were employed for the steel reinforcement. A perfect bond was assumed between the steel rebars and concrete, whereby the bond–slip behaviour, as well as damage along crack patterns, were modelled through concrete damage. The influence of the shape of the tension–softening law on the numerical load–deflection response was studied by considering bi–linear, exponential and linear post–failure stress–displacement and stress–strain relationships. The effect of modelling steel rebars with truss or beam elements was also investigated. Structured meshes of linear hexahedral elements either with incompatible modes or with reduced integration, and unstructured meshes of either linear or ‘modified’ quadratic tetrahedral elements were considered. In terms of load–deflection curves, both the structured and the unstructured meshes gave results in very good agreement with test results. In terms of crack patterns, results predicted by the structured meshes exhibited some mesh bias, which was less pronounced with the unstructured meshes. In the post–yield phase, if a geometrically nonlinear model is used, discrepancies were found when truss elements were used for steel rebars, whereas good agreement was found if the bending stiffness of the rebars is included using beam elements. This is a non–obvious result that may be important to consider when studying the progressive collapse of RC structures.     

Latent crack path and service life predictions for unnotched concrete under bending by digital speckle correlation method

The critical factor for flexural fracture of an unnotched concrete structure is the local damage with stress concentration. The latent critical crack path on the concrete surface is difficult to inspect using ordinary experimental methods. In the present paper, the digital speckle correlation method (DSCM) is employed to obtain the latent critical crack and to calculate the strain and displacement distributions on the surface of unnotched concrete under flexural load. The relationships of static flexural load versus longitudinal strain and load-direction displacement as well as fracture toughness are inherent material parameters. Furthermore, the cohesive energy density (CED) around the latent critical crack for unnotched concrete and the brittleness number are also determined by using the DSCM results. Then, the tensile performance of concrete and the residual service life are evaluated through the above material parameters. It is found that the latent crack path on the concrete surface depends on the strain fields after the bending force applied to the specimen reaches 30% of concrete flexural strength, and the cohesive stress does not rapidly increase until reaching 75% of concrete flexural strength. The service life of unnotched concrete without steel bars is dependent on the local cohesive performance around the latent crack path. Finally, the experimental results show that DSCM is useful to confirm the connection between the local damage of the material and the whole structure safety.     

Influence of fiber chemical coating on the acoustic emission behavior of steel fiber reinforced concrete

The current study focuses on the effect of chemical coating on the acoustic emission (AE) characteristics monitored during the fracture process in steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC). Different shapes of chemically treated and un-treated steel fibers are used to create specimens which are subjected to four point bending up to failure. Sensitive AE indices demonstrate that the coating gives distinct characteristics to the interface bonding between the fiber and the concrete matrix, which are evident mainly during the pull-out stage, after the moment of macroscopic crack formation. Specifically, AE average frequency and RA value, which defines the rising angle of the waveforms indicate that coating results in extensive matrix cracking in addition to the friction between fiber and concrete which characterizes the uncoated fibers. AE analysis can be used for interpretation of the fracturing stage and characterization of the fracture mode. It is shown that the surface conditioning of the fibers leaves a clear fingerprint on the AE signals, shedding light into the processes that occur during failure in SFRC.     

An experimental study on the tensile strength of steel fiber reinforced concrete

This paper deals with steel fiber reinforced concrete mechanical static behaviour and with its classification with respect to fibers content and mix-design variations. A number of experimental tests were conducted to investigate uniaxial compressive strength and tensile strength. Different mixtures were prepared varying both mix-design and fiber length. Fibers content in volume was of 1% and 2%. Mechanical characterization was performed by means of uniaxial compression tests with the aim of deriving the ultimate compressive strength of fiber concrete. Four-point bending tests on notched specimens were carried out to derive the first crack strength and the ductility indexes. The tensile strength of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) was obtained both from an experimental procedure and by using an analytical modelling. The experimental tests showed the different behaviour of SFRC with respect of the different fiber content and length. Based on the experimental results, an analytical model, reported in literature and used for the theoretical determination of direct tensile strength, was applied with the aim of making a comparison with experimental results. The comparison showed good overall agreement.     

钢纤维混凝土工业地坪有限元分析方法研究

采用三维非线性有限元方法对钢纤维混凝土工业地坪的工作状况进行了分析和研究.该模型将钢纤维混凝土工业地坪等效为弹性地基上的钢纤维混凝土板,采用改进后的Willam-Wamke五参数准则作为钢纤维混凝土的破坏准则,考虑了钢纤维混凝土的非线性特征以及因板内温度差产生温度应力等的影响,并将计算得到的荷载-挠度曲线、极限承载力及...