亚微米WC添加对超音速火焰喷涂WC–Co涂层磨损性能影响

采用湿法球磨将亚微米WC（~300 nm）和WC–12Co粉末混合均匀并使亚微米WC均匀粘附于WC–12Co粉末的表面,采用超音速火焰喷涂方法（HVOF）在304不锈钢基体表面制备WC和WC–12Co的WC–Co复合涂层,研究亚微米WC的添加对涂层相组成、显微硬度、耐磨性能和表面形貌的影响。利用X射线衍射分析涂层相组成,压痕法测试涂层的显微硬度,通过往复式摩擦磨损实验测试磨损性能,扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对涂层磨损表面和断面进行微观形貌观察,并分析涂层的磨损过程和机制。结果表明,添加质量分数5%的亚微米WC颗粒显著提高了涂层的显微硬度（16.3%）;增强了涂层的耐磨性,磨损率从6.09×10-7 mm3/Nm减小到5.15×10-7 mm3/Nm（减小13.8%）;亚微米WC颗粒喷涂后在涂层中保持了WC相,并主要存在于WC–Co扁平粒子界面和孔隙。基于涂层中扁平粒子的结合特性与磨损失效特征,建立强化模型,分析亚微米WC颗粒对涂层扁平粒子界面的强化机制。     

等离子喷涂纳米粒子混合WC-Co涂层性能研究

采用等离子喷涂技术制备了WC-Co涂层,所采用2种喂料分别为普通微米材料和混合纳米粒子的材料.分析了涂层的显微形貌、物相成分以及显微硬度、耐磨性等.研究结果表明:喷涂态的纳米WC粒子混合WC-Co涂层中的WC晶粒尺寸小于100 nm.纳米WC粒子混合涂层晶粒尺寸更小,WC颗粒分布更加均匀.WC颗粒的弥散强化和细晶强化作用使得涂层韧性、塑性更好.减缓了应力的集中,使微裂纹的产生和扩展几率降低.纳米WC粒子混合涂层更易生成高硬度的η1相以及立方结构物质,改善了涂层的塑性,使滑移方向更多,提高了涂层抵抗磨损的能力.纳米WC粒子混合涂层的细晶强化效应使得WC颗粒的接触数量更多,提高了涂层的硬度.普通涂层的磨损表面存在很多细小的裂纹,容易产生脆性断裂.纳米WC粒子混合涂层韧性较好,抗磨损能力更强.     

碳化钨颗粒尺寸对超音速火焰喷涂WC-Co涂层形成的影响

通过探讨WC颗粒对扁平粒子厚度及喷涂后WC颗粒尺寸变化的影响，研究了超音速火焰喷涂过程中WC-Co涂层的沉积过程，使用具有不同WC尺寸的四种WC-Co粉末，采用JET-KOTE喷枪系统喷制了WC-Co涂层。结果发现涂层中WC颗粒的大小主要取决于原始粉末中WC的尺寸．在粉末穿越火焰的过程中，大多数WC处于固态，WC-Co涂层的沉积涉及固液两相离子的扁平化，而不是象在优化条件下金属或陶瓷材料喷涂过程中仅存在单一液相的情况．很明显WC-Co粉末中的WC的大小对涂层的形成影响很大，在超音速火焰喷漆条件下当液固粒子碰撞到已形成的涂层表面上时，其中的大颗粒WC粒子容易被反弹脱落。基于实验结果，提出厂计算由液相聚积固相形成的液固两相颗粒碰撞到表面时形成扁平粒子的厚度的模型。     

碳化钨颗粒尺寸对超音速火焰喷涂WC-Co涂层形成的影响

通过探讨WC颗粒对扁平粒子厚度及喷涂后WC颗粒尺寸变化的影响，研究了超音速火焰喷涂过程中WC－Co深层的沉积过程。使用具有不同WC尺寸的四种WC-Co粉末，采用JET－KOTE喷枪系统喷制了WC－Co涂层。结果发现涂层中WC颗粒的大小主要取决于原始粉末中WC的尺寸．在粉末穿越火焰的过程中，大多数WC处于固态；WC-Co涂层的沉积涉及固液两相离子的扁平化，而不是象在优化条件下金属或陶瓷材料喷涂过程中仅存在单一液相的情况。很明显WC-Co粉末中的WC的大小对涂层的形成影响很大、在超音速火焰喷涂条件下当液固粒子碰撞到已形成的涂层表面上时，其中的大颗粒WC粒子容易被反弹脱落。基于实验结果，提出了计算由液相聚积固相形成的波固两相颗粒碰撞到表面时形成扁平粒子的厚度的模型。     

WC增强Fe基合金熔覆层的组织与湿砂磨损特性

采用等离子熔覆方法在Q235钢基体上制备了WC增强Fe基合金熔覆层,研究了添加质量分数为10%~30%WC-Co对熔覆层的微观结构和湿砂磨损特性的影响。结果表明:大部分WC-Co在等离子熔覆过程中发生分解,WC-Co添加量为30%时,熔覆层主要由α-Fe固溶体、Fe6W6C、(Cr,Fe)23C6和WC相组成;熔覆层的显微组织形貌自界面结合处至涂层上部逐渐转变,即由平面晶变为树枝晶再转为胞状晶,α-Fe固溶体主要以树枝晶/胞状晶存在,而Fe6W6C、(Cr,Fe)23C6相则主要在枝晶间析出;熔覆层显微硬度均不小于800HV0.2,其湿砂磨损形式主要为磨粒磨损,且熔覆层显微硬度与抗湿砂磨损能力均随WC-Co添加量增加而增大,这主要与强化相(Fe6W6C、(Cr,Fe)23C6、WC)的含量以及固溶强化效果随WC-Co添加量增多而增大有关。     

Q235钢等离子熔覆添加碳化钨铁基合金复合涂层的研究

在Q235钢基体上采用等离子弧熔覆了添加30%镍包碳化钨的Fe-Cr-Ni-B-Si合金粉末,制备了具有冶金结合的复合涂层.采用SEM、EDS、XRD等研究了涂层的组织,利用显微硬度计测试了涂层的显微硬度分布.检测结果表明,Q235钢表面经等离子熔覆的复合涂层厚度可达2.5 mm,无裂纹、气孔等缺陷.涂层中WC颗粒部分溶解于铁基合金,WC与涂层界面形成厚达数微米的反应层,有效提高了WC与涂层间界面结合强度,其组织主要由γ-Fe和α-Fe为基,Cr23C6、Fe6W6C、WC等强化相组成,熔覆层的显微硬度可达500～1 000 HV0.2.     

热处理温度对大气等离子喷涂316L不锈钢涂层组织和性能的影响

目的研究316L不锈钢涂层在不同热处理温度下组织结构和性能的变化规律,提高该涂层的摩擦学性能。方法利用大气等离子喷涂(APS)技术制备316L不锈钢涂层,对喷涂态涂层进行300~700℃热处理。通过光学显微镜(OM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)观察分析涂层的显微组织和相组成,利用维氏硬度计测试涂层的显微硬度值。采用摩擦磨损试验机和三维光学显微镜测试涂层的摩擦系数和磨损率,利用场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)观察磨痕表面并对磨损机制进行深入分析。结果喷涂态316L不锈钢涂层的厚度约为350?m,显微硬度值为335HV0.1,涂层组织中含有未熔颗粒、孔隙和氧化物等。在干摩擦条件下,涂层的摩擦系数稳定在0.75左右,磨损率为(1.329±0.14)×10-5 mm3/(N·m)。随着热处理温度的升高,涂层扁平颗粒界面处的氧化行为明显,同时涂层内部的孔隙缩小,涂层结构更加致密,使得涂层显微硬度提高了30%。涂层的耐磨性能在700℃热处理条件下最佳,磨损率为(1.149±0.26)×10-5 mm3/(N·m),较喷涂态涂层降低14%,磨损机制以疲劳磨损和粘着磨损为主。结论热处理有助于提高316L不锈钢涂层的显微硬度,700℃热处理可有效提高涂层的耐磨性。     

镁合金表面冷喷涂纳米WC-17Co涂层及其性能

采用冷喷涂和超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)在AZ80镁合金表面制备了纳米WC-17Co涂层。利用SEM分析了原始粉末形貌、喷涂粒子沉积行为及涂层显微结构,并采用球盘式摩擦磨损实验机考察了涂层的摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:采用冷喷涂工艺可在AZ80镁合金基体上制备出高质量的WC-17Co涂层,涂层的显微硬度为(1 380±82)HV,磨损率为9.1×10-7 mm3/Nm,其耐磨性较HVOF制备的WC-17Co涂层提高了1倍,较镁合金基材提高了3个数量级。研究表明,冷喷涂WC-17Co涂层在不对镁合金基体产生热影响的情况下,可以显著提高镁合金的表面性能,是一种新型镁合金表面强化工艺。     

数控机床主轴的超音速火焰喷涂与耐磨性

采用超音速火焰喷涂的方法在数控机床主轴表面制备了纳米Ni60-TiB2复合涂层和常规Ni60-TiB2微米复合涂层,运用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪等研究了复合涂层的显微形貌、物相组成和耐磨性能,探讨了复合涂层的摩擦磨损机理。结果表明,纳米复合涂层致密、均匀,具有扁平层状分布结构,浅灰色TiB2颗粒均匀分布在白色Ni-Cr固溶体中;微米复合涂层具有层状喷涂结构,微米级的浅灰色TiB2相不均匀地分布在白色粘结相Ni-Cr之间,且Ni-Cr固溶体中并没有发现TiB2颗粒。纳米复合涂层和常规微米复合涂层的物相主要为Ni-Cr固溶体和陶瓷增强相TiB2,以及次生的TiO2、NiTiO3、SiO2和CrB相;纳米复合涂层的孔隙率小于常规微米复合涂层,而显微硬度、断裂韧性和结合强度均高于常规微米复合涂层;纳米复合涂层的抗滑动摩擦磨损性能优于常规微米复合涂层,纳米复合涂层的主要磨损机制为粘着磨损和磨粒磨损。     

数控机床主轴的超音速火焰喷涂层及耐磨性

采用超音速火焰喷涂的方法在数控机床主轴表面制备了纳米Ni60-TiB_2复合涂层和常规Ni60-TiB_2微米复合涂层,运用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪等研究了复合涂层的显微形貌、物相组成和耐磨性能,探讨了复合涂层的摩擦磨损机理。结果表明,纳米复合涂层致密、均匀,具有扁平层状分布结构,浅灰色TiB_2颗粒均匀分布在白色Ni-Cr固溶体中;微米复合涂层具有层状喷涂结构,微米级的浅灰色TiB_2相不均匀地分布在白色粘结相Ni-Cr之间,且Ni-Cr固溶体中并没有发现TiB_2颗粒。纳米复合涂层和常规微米复合涂层的物相主要为Ni-Cr固溶体和陶瓷增强相TiB_2,以及次生的TiO_2、NiTi O_3、SiO_2和CrB相;纳米复合涂层的孔隙率小于常规微米复合涂层,而显微硬度、断裂韧性和结合强度均高于常规微米复合涂层;纳米复合涂层的抗滑动摩擦磨损性能优于常规微米复合涂层,纳米复合涂层的主要磨损机制为粘着磨损和磨粒磨损。     

Microstructure and properties of WC-12Co composite coatings prepared by laser cladding

A comprehensive study of the phase composition, microstructure evolution, microhardness and wear performance of WC-12Co composite coatings fabricated by laser cladding using coaxial powder-feed mode was presented. It was shown that a combination of high scan speed and high laser energy density made WC on the edge of WC-12Co composite powders partially melt in liquid Co and 304 stainless steel matrix, and then new carbides consisting of lamellar WC and herringbone M₃W₃C (M=Fe, Co) were formed. Meanwhile, WC-12Co composite coatings with no porosity, cracks and drawbacks like decarburization were obtained, showing high densification and good metallurgical bonding with the substrate. Furthermore, a considerably high microhardness of HV_0.3 1500-1600, low coefficient of friction of 0.55 and wear rate of (2.15±0.31)×10^-7 mm³/(N·m) were achieved owing to the synergistic effect of excellent metallurgical bonding and fine microstructures of composite coating under laser power of 1500 W.     

High temperature wear resistance and thermal fatigue behavior of Stellite-6/WC coatings produced by laser cladding with Co-coated WC powder

The Stellite-6/WC composite coatings were produced on AISI H13 hot work tool steel by laser cladding with mixture of Co-coated WC (WC-12Co) particles and Stellite-6 powder. The phase composition, microstructural characterization, high temperature wear resistance and thermal fatigue behavior of Stellite-6/WC coatings were investigated and compared with the properties of the coatings produced from mixture of WC particles and Stellite-6 powder. The results showed that using the WC-12Co particles alleviated the decomposition of WC and resulted in the weaker intensity of W₂C, CoC_x and Co₆W₆C peaks in the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns. Compared with using the WC particles directly as the coating material, using the WC-12Co particles could further improve the wear resistance of coatings according to the relative lower width and depth of wear scars at the same WC content. In addition, fewer fatigue cracks were observed on the surface of coatings made by adding WC-12Co particles under the same thermal fatigue conditions, which indicates that using WC-12Co is beneficial to extend the life of Stellite-6/WC coatings.     

Microstructures and mechanical properties of FeCoCrNi high entropy alloy/WC reinforcing particles composite coatings prepared by laser cladding and plasma cladding

FeCoCrNi HEA coatings with 20% mass fraction of WC reinforcing particles were prepared by two different cladding methods, laser cladding (LC) and plasma cladding (PC). The microstructure of HEA matrix and WC particles of LC and PC coatings were discussed respectively. For HEA matrix, dendritic morphology was observed in both coatings. For WC particles, a few granular (Cr,W)₂C carbides around WC particles in LC coatings, and a large number of crystal and fishbone Fe₃W₃C carbides around WC particles in PC coatings. Mechanical properties as hardness and wear resistance of the two kinds of coatings were also investigated. The interstitial solution strengthening effect of C element is stronger in PC coating, and the hardness of HEA matrix in LC coatings is twice that of in PC coating, which shows a strong retention force on WC particles. The friction coefficient of LC coating is lower and stable, with the volume wear rate of 0.7 × 10⁻⁵ mm⁻³/N·m, showing high wear resistance. PC coatings have poor wear resistance due to decarbonization and oxidation of WC particles and reduction of retention force of HEA matrix, with the volume wear rate of 8.29 × 10⁻⁵ mm⁻³/N·m. The wear mechanism of both coatings were also discussed.     

Effect of flame conditions on abrasive wear performance of HVOF sprayed nanostructured WC-12Co coatings

Nanostructured WC-12Co coatings were deposited by high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying with an agglomerated powder. The effect of flame conditions on the microstructure of the nanostructured coatings was investigated. The wear properties of the coatings were characterized using a dry rubber-wheel wear test. The results show that the nanostructured WC-Co coatings consist of WC, W2C, W and an amorphous binder phase. The microstructure of the coating is significantly influenced by the ratio of oxygen flow to fuel flow. Under the lower ratio of oxygen/fuel flow, the nanostructured coating presents a relative dense microstructure and severe decarburization of WC phase occurs during spraying. With increasing ratio of oxygen/fuel flow, the bonding of WC particles in the coating becomes loose resulting from the original structure of feedstock and the decarburization of WC becomes less owing to limited heating to the powder. Both the decarburization of WC particles in spraying and the bonding among WC particles in the coatings affect the wear performance. The examination of the worn surfaces of the nanostructured coatings reveals that the dominant wear mechanisms would be spalling from the interface of WCCo splats when spray particles undergo a limited melting. While the melting state of the spray particles is improved,the dominant wear mechanisms become the plastic deformation and plowing of the matrix and spalling of WC particles from the matrix.     

超音速火焰喷涂WC-10Co4Cr涂层的耐滑动磨损行为

采用超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)工艺制备微米结构WC-10Co4Cr涂层,分别采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和滑动磨损设备分析涂层的微观结构和滑动磨损行为。结果表明:采用液体煤油燃料HVOF喷涂的微米结构WC-10Co4Cr涂层的脱碳程度较低,涂层中仅出现WC和W2C相,而无η相(Co3W3C、Co6W6C)以及软相W。涂层微观结构致密,孔隙率约为1%,平均显微硬度为1 322HV0.3;在相同试验条件下,WC-10Co4Cr涂层的摩擦因数(约0.8)高于不锈钢(1Cr18Ni9Ti)的摩擦因数(约0.5),其滑动体积损失量仅为不锈钢涂层的1/146,具有优异的抗滑动磨损性能。涂层在滑动磨损过程中首先是粘结相的脱落,然后是WC颗粒的磨损。     

Manufacturing and Properties of High-Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF)-Sprayed FeVCrC Coatings

This paper studies the microstructure, sliding wear behavior and corrosion resistance of high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF)-sprayed FeVCrC-based coatings. Various process parameters were tested to evaluate their effects on the coating properties, which were also compared to those of HVOF-sprayed NiCrBSi and Stellite-6 coatings. The Fe alloy coatings are composed of flattened splats, originating from molten droplets and consisting of a super-saturated solid solution, together with rounded particles, coming from partially unmolten material and containing V- and Fe-based carbide precipitates. All process parameters, apart from “extreme” settings with excess comburent in the flame, produce dense coatings, indicating that the feedstock powder is quite easily processable by HVOF. These coatings, with a microhardness of 650-750 HV_0.3, exhibit wear rates of ≈2 × 10^?6 mm³/(Nm) in ball-on-disk tests against sintered Al₂O₃ spheres. They perform far better than the reference coatings, and better than other Fe- and Ni-based alloy coatings tested in previous research. On the other hand, the corrosion resistance of the coating material (tested by electrochemical polarization in 0.1 M HCl solution) is quite low. Even in the absence of interconnected porosity, this results in extensive, selective damage to the Fe-based matrix. This coating material is therefore unadvisable for severely corrosive environments.     

WC-Co reinforced NiCoCrAlYTa composite coating: Effect of the proportion on microstructure and tribological properties

The properties of the working surfaces are linked to the safety and lifespan of the modern machines so that variety of coatings are used to protect the parts from breakdown. The NiCoCrAlYTa coating, which has an excellent oxidation resistance, usually undergoes more serious friction and wear due to its lower micro-hardness in contrast to the ceramic coatings. Therefore, the composite coatings reinforced by WC-Co are prepared by HVOF sprayed technology and are also characterized by scanning electron microscope, Raman spectrometer and X-ray diffraction. At the same time, the friction and wear behaviors as well as the mechanisms of different friction pairs are also discussed, in detail. The composite coatings, which mainly consist of γ-(Ni, Co), β-NiAl, γ′-Ni₃Al, WC and W₂C, are dense and uniform. With the increase of WC-17Co, the microhardness of NiCoCrAlYTa/WC-Co composite coating has enhanced from 641.4 HV_300g to 859.7 HV_300g. The wear rates of the composite coatings (10⁻⁵–10⁻⁶ mm³·N⁻¹ m⁻¹) are far lower than those of the as-sprayed NiCoCrAlYTa coating (10⁻⁴ mm³·N⁻¹ m⁻¹). Overall, the mechanical properties and tribological behaviors of the coatings are greatly improved with the addition of WC-Co.     

AC-HVAF喷涂纳米结构WC-12Co耐磨涂层的微观结构和性能

本文采用含纳米WC颗粒的WC-12Co粉末,通过空气助燃超音速火焰喷涂系统（AC-HVAF）制备了耐磨涂层。研究了涂层相组成、微观结构、涂层硬度、断裂韧性和耐磨损性能。X射线衍射分析结果表明WC为涂层主相,未发现其他失碳分解产物。涂层孔隙率低于1%,晶粒尺寸为80-100nm,涂层磨光表面硬度平均值1940.3 HV0.3, 横截面平均硬度高达1662.1 HV0.3。使用WC硬质球为摩擦副,载荷1.5kg,工件转速1198r/min干磨条件下,纳米结构涂层的平均失重比微米结构涂层降低40%,且纳米结构涂层摩擦系数为0.26-0.28（微米结构涂层：0.25-0.4）,因此纳米结构涂层具有更加优异的耐磨性能。