降水补给地下水过程中包气带变化对入渗的影响

采用野外试验和室内试验方法,通过对不同降水量的入渗过程中岩土含水率和水势变化规律分析,发现入渗水流在包气带内下渗过程的岩土吸水、过水(即水分通量不变、且不等于零)和脱水的不同阶段,当岩土水势的梯度分别大于、等于和小于1cmH2O/cm(厘米水柱/厘米)时,岩土含水率分别表现为增加、稳定和减少。对包气带不同埋深的岩土含水率和水势变化特征分析表明,随着地下水位不断下降,包气带增厚对降水入渗补给地下水的影响程度和方式都发生改变。当包气带厚度小于潜水蒸发极限深度时,包气带的增厚使得岩土水分亏缺累积量增大,导致入渗速率和地下水获取的总入渗补给量减小;当包气带厚度大于潜水蒸发极限深度时,随着包气带厚度增大,入渗速率趋于稳定,无限时间内地下水获取的总入渗补给量不因包气带增厚而变化,但是有限时间内地下水获取的入渗补给量趋小。这是因为入渗途径的延长导致入渗所需时间增加,以至在有限时间内包气带内过剩的入渗水分尚未充分排出补给地下水。     

降水入渗补给过程的实验研究

根据河北保定冉庄实验站实测资料，描述了地下水深埋区降水入渗补给过程。通过1991年8m蒸渗仪实测资料，说明降水入渗过程中入渗锋面演变情况。地下水大埋深区包气带土壤含水量及降水入渗过程有以下3个特点：1包气带土壤含水量在垂向上具有分带的特点，从地表至1m为Ⅰ带，从地下水面至地下水面以上2m为Ⅲ带，介于Ⅰ带和Ⅲ带之间为Ⅱ带；2包气带土壤含水量具有季节性变化特征，包气带土壤含水量5月份最小，6～9月份较大：3降水入渗补给具有明显的滞后特征，从发生降水到该次降水对地下水入渗补给过程的结束，需要经历一个时程,包气带愈厚，时程愈长。     

大沽河野外垂向入渗试验研究

选取季节性河流大沽河上、中、下游3处代表性河床作为野外垂向入渗试验场地,每处分别做2组试验,研究不同包气带水理及理化性质下河道入渗能力。结果表明:河道入渗过程可分为快速入渗、缓速入渗与稳定入渗阶段,总历时为1.3~2.0 h;不同河道包气带水理及理化性质影响着河道入渗过程,同一试验场地各组试验相同深度沙层初始含水率越小则入渗速率越快,相同深度沙层初始含水率相近时,上、中、下游沙层水分入渗速率依次减小;当同一试验场地各组试验沙样每层初始含水率之和相近时,各层之间初始含水率差距越小,则达到稳定入渗的时间越短;随上、中、下游沙样粒径依次减小,其稳定入渗率依次减小,约为0.006 5、0.004 1、0.002 3 cm/s。     

浅层地下水水文地质参数分析

为适应当前经济社会发展、下垫面条件的变化,利用长系列的地下水动态观测资料,采用动态法分析了给水度、降水入渗补给系数、潜水蒸发系数与包气带岩性、埋深、降水之间的关系,探讨其随着影响条件不同的变化规律.     

基于氯离子示踪法深厚包气带地区地下水补给特征

针对包气带增厚条件下降水入渗变化问题,在华北山前平原滹沱河冲洪积扇典型包气带增厚区实施地质钻孔,通过采样钻杆前端特制的内置环刀取样器,采用无循环液压入法获取原状土样,测试深厚包气剖面土体结构参数、含水量和氯离子质量浓度;利用氯离子示踪方法研究厚达45 m包气带的水分运移规律,重建深厚包气带地区降水补给历史,评价降水补给强度。结果表明：45 m包气带剖面记录的降水补给年龄为72.12 a,平均入渗补给强度为0.096 m/a,降水入渗补给量占多年平均降水量的18.1%。深厚包气带地区水分运移非常缓慢,水分在多次降水叠加驱动下不断形成新的脉冲逐步向深部运移,降水补给到地下水需要一个长期的过程。研究成果对深厚包气带地区土壤水分运移研究和降水入渗补给评价都具有重要借鉴意义。     

VG模型参数对灌溉补给系数的敏感性分析

运用模型手段,计算灌溉补给系数时,VG模型中水力参数的不确定性严重影响了灌溉入渗补给系数的可靠性,且目前针对非均质岩土层入渗及其水力参数敏感性的研究较少。基于新疆伊犁霍城县原位试验场灌溉试验,运用HYDRUS-2D软件建立二维饱和-非饱和带水分运移数值模型,利用EFAST法和Morris筛选法分析了VG模型中水力参数对灌溉补给系数的敏感性,并分析比较两种方法的一致性。研究表明:当包气带岩性为均质结构时,θ_s(土壤的饱和含水率)及n(VG模型的形状参数)共同影响着灌溉补给系数。当包气带岩性处于上粗下细的结构时,θ_s对灌溉补给系数影响最大,即表明θ_s最为敏感,而且细颗粒θ_s相对于其他水力参数的耦合程度最大。n直接影响着土壤水分特征曲线的整体形状。同时EFAST法和Morris筛选法对参数敏感性分析结果呈现较高的相关性。由于VG模型中水力参数数量适中,EFAST法较Morris筛选法工作量合理,同时对模型参数敏感性分析更加贴近实际。研究成果对获取包气带水分运移模型参数有着重要意义。     

VG模型参数对灌溉补给系数的敏感性分析

运用模型手段,计算灌溉补给系数时,VG 模型中水力参数的不确定性严重影响了灌溉入渗补给系数的可靠性,且目前针对非均质岩土层入渗及其水力参数敏感性的研究较少。基于新疆伊犁霍城县原位试验场灌溉试验,运用 HYDＲUS－2D 软件建立二维饱和－非饱和带水分运移数值模型,利用EFAST 法和 Morris 筛选法分析了 VG 模型中水力参数对灌溉补给系数的敏感性,并分析比较两种方法的一致性。研究表明: 当包气带岩性为均质结构时,θs( 土壤的饱和含水率) 及 n( VG 模型的形状参数) 共同影响着灌溉补给系数。当包气带岩性处于上粗下细的结构时,θs 对灌溉补给系数影响最大,即表明 θs 最为敏感,而且细颗粒 θs 相对于其他水力参数的耦合程度最大。n 直接影响着土壤水分特征曲线的整体形状。同时 EFAST 法和 Morris 筛选法对参数敏感性分析结果呈现较高的相关性。由于VG 模型中水力参数数量适中,EFAST 法较 Morris 筛选法工作量合理,同时对模型参数敏感性分析更加贴近实际。研究成果对获取包气带水分运移模型参数有着重要意义。     

用土壤水平衡原理计算灌溉入渗系数的探讨

地下水资源评价中，经常需要通过田间入渗试验求取灌溉入渗补给系数。通常多采用实测在不同灌水定额下地下水位增升值然后按公式计算得出，由于试验过程易受自然和人为的多种因素的干扰，所得结果可靠程度差。本文依据包气带水量平衡原理，提出了解决这一问题的途径和方法。     

农业发展对区域地下水资源的影响

农业用水是河北省水资源消耗的主要构成部分,农业灌水量的变化过程在一定程度上反映了区域农业的发展历程。通过对比分析沧州地区农业发展及区域地下水的变化特征,结果表明:区域深层地下水动态与农业发展水平密切相关,水位与农业灌溉需水量变化趋势相反;浅层地下水位波动主要受降雨影响,其次为农业灌溉。当地下水位埋深小于1.2m时,灌溉水能够直接入渗补给地下水;而地下水埋深大于1.5m时,则不会直接入渗补给地下水。综合分析认为,合理开发利用微咸水,充分利用雨洪资源,是未来沧州地区灌溉农业可持续发展的有效途径,是水安全和粮食安全的重要保障。     

抽-灌同轴非完整井承压层非稳定流模型及解析解

对承压含水层在抽-灌同轴非完整井的抽、灌水作用下产生的地下水三维非稳定流建立了数学模型,应用Laplace变换、分离变量法以及井周边界条件傅里叶级数延拓的方法,推导得到考虑越流补给、各向异性条件以及在周期性循环抽水和灌水作用下的地下水水位变化的解析表达式。该解能够退化为考虑越流条件的Hantush非完整井流解析解、第一类越流定流量完整井解和Theis公式。通过算例,在恒定抽水和灌水速率情况下,分析了灌水与抽水速率比、灌水井滤壁长度对承压层水位变化规律及其沿厚度方向和径向分布的影响;在周期性抽水和灌水条件下,分析了承压层水位周期性波动变化的一些规律。     

Simulation of water allocation and salt movement in the root zone

This paper is concerned with the simulation of the water allocation and salt movement in the root zone of a particular crop. A mathematical model of four ordinary differential equations is developed. The model performs water balance and salt balance in unsaturated and saturated regions of the root zone. It is a lumped input and lumped parameter conceptual model, which considers the average soil moisture and salt concentration in the root zone. The equations are solved numerically over the time period of the growing season. Precipitation and irrigation water are treated as inputs.The analyzed results indicate that, for the shallow water table case, the water table elevation has an important effect on the soil moisture depletion dynamics of the unsaturated zone. An appreciable amount of water from the saturated zone is transferred through capillary rise to the unsaturated zone particularly in the case of sandy loam soils. It was found that the water table elevation varies significantly during the growing season.The salt movement simulation indicates a salt concentration build up in the unsaturated zone during the growing season. Contours of equal crop yield reduction as a function of the unsaturated zone initial salt concentration and the irrigation water salt concentration are obtained.The model was tested with data from the Mashtul Pilot Area in Egypt and its performance was satisfactory.     

非饱和带土壤水分势能与水分运动

本文通过对非饱和带水分势能的研究,阐述了土壤水分势能的变化与水分运动的关系,分析了“零通量面”的产生发展及其在研究土壤水分运动中起到的作用     

黄土中降雨入渗规律的现场监测研究

已有许多人工降雨试验确定的黄土入渗深度有限,一般很少超过4m,由此认为降雨难以通过正常渗流途径到达地下水位;而是通过裂隙、落水洞等通道灌入深部补给地下水的。然而调查发现,这种入水通道仅在黄土塬边的卸荷区常见,塬的中部很少。为了了解黄土地区地表水以何种方式补给地下水,在甘肃正宁县建立了一个监测站,通过在一深度为10 m的探井井壁上埋设土壤水分计,对天然降雨入渗条件下不同深度黄土层的体积含水率变化情况进行了为期一年的连续监测,同时采用雨量计记录其间的日降雨量。结果表明：2 m以内的浅部土层,土壤水分具有周年的背景变化趋势,该趋势和蒸发量的变化趋势吻合。当日降雨量小于18mm/d时,水分仅在表层循环,对地表以下（>20cm）的含水率几乎没有影响。当日降雨量大于18mm/d时,才会引起土壤含水率骤增,降雨量越大,土壤含水率增幅越大,影响深度越大,随着深度增加,增幅减小,时间上渐有滞后。观测点黄土的浸润带约为2m,2m以下的非饱和黄土中,水分以非饱和渗流或水汽形式迁移,水汽迁移量很小,但不可忽视,当遇到透水性差的古土壤层时,会在其顶部富集,长期作用则可能形成软弱带,诱发黄土滑坡。     

Modelling the Effects of Deficit Irrigation on Soil Salinity,Depth to Water Table and Transpiration in Semi-arid Zones with Monsoonal Rains

A soil water and solute transport model, calibrated for a dominant soil series in the Punjab of Pakistan, was used to evaluate consequences of deficit irrigation in semi-arid areas with a shallow water table. Simulations were carried out to determine the influence of irrigation amounts and subsurface drainage conditions on root zone salinity, depth to water table and transpiration. Additional simulations were made to evaluate a range of irrigation practices adopted by farmers under field conditions. The simulation results show that provision of 80% of the cumulative evapotranspiration requirements as irrigation will result in acceptable limits of root zone salinity and depth to water table, without significantly affecting transpiration of wheat and cotton crops. Under such circumstances, subsurface drainage will not be necessary. Results also show that current irrigation practices in the Punjab are resulting in yield reductions in general, due to either water shortage or waterlogging.     

膜缝沟灌技术要素试验研究

试验选择了膜缝宽度、土壤初始含水率、土壤密度及水深四个因素,通过四因素-三水平的正交试验设计方案,采用极差分析方法,以入渗速率和水平与垂向湿润锋推进距离的比值为评价指标,得出了适宜室内试验条件下膜缝沟灌较为合理的技术要素组合,即当初始含水率为9%、土壤密度为1.45g/cm3时,最优膜缝宽度为5 cm,最佳水深为12 cm。这对提高田间水利用率和灌溉水利用率,有一定的理论和实践意义。     

The Pros and Cons of Encouraging Shallow Groundwater Use through Controlled Drainage in a Salt-Impacted Irrigation Area

Encouraging shallow groundwater use through water table management or controlled drainage in irrigated areas can relief crop water stress under water shortage condition. But substituting fresh irrigation water with saline groundwater may speed up salinity buildup in the crop root zone, and consequently increase water use for salt leaching. With a proposed analytical model, this paper presents a case study demonstrating the effect of encouraging shallow groundwater use through controlled drainage on salt and water management in a semi-arid irrigation area in northwestern China. Based on the average rainfall condition, the model assumes that salt accumulates in the crop root zone due to irrigation and shallow groundwater use; till the average soil salinity reaches the crop tolerance level, leaching irrigation is performed and the drainage outlet is lowered to discharge the salt-laden leaching water. For the relatively salt tolerant crop–cotton in the study area, the predicted leaching cycle was as long as 751 days using the fresh water (with salinity of 0.5 g/L) irrigation only; it was shortened to 268 days when the water table depth was controlled at 2 m and 23% of the crop water requirement was contributed from the saline groundwater (with salinity of 4.43 g/L). The predicted leaching cycle was 140 days when the water table depth was controlled at 1.5 m and groundwater contribution was 41% of the crop water requirement; it was shortened to 119 days when the water table depth was controlled at 1.2 m and the groundwater contribution was 67% of the crop water requirements. So the benefit from encouraged shallow groundwater use through controlled drainage is obtained at the expense of shortened leaching cycle; but the shallow groundwater use by crops consists of a significant portion of crop water requirements, and the leaching cycle remains long enough to provide a time window for scheduled leaching in the off season of irrigation. Weighing the pros and cons of the encouraged shallow groundwater use may help plan irrigation and drainage practices to achieve higher water use efficiency in saline agricultural areas.     

An Empirical Assessment of On-Farm Water Productivity using Groundwater in a Semi-Arid Indian Watershed

Realistic estimation of irrigation volume applied to any crop at farm level generally requires information on event based discharge rates and corresponding periods of irrigation application. Use of mean seasonal discharge rates leads to erroneous estimation of volume due to unaccounted seasonal fluctuations in the water table, upon which the discharge rate of tube well is dependent. In the absence of such information, an alternative approach of estimating farm level water application based upon water table fluctuation data has been adopted in this study. The total actual water extracted during each irrigation event from the watershed was distributed among the farms irrigating crops in proportion to the product of irrigation time and the pump capacity (h_p). Volume of water withdrawal concurrent to an irrigation event was computed based on the water level fluctuations in the wells in conjunction with potential recharge contribution from the surface storage structures to the groundwater aquifer. A production function approach was used to estimate the marginal productivity of water for selected crops at various stages of plant growth. Water, as an input in the production function, encompassed either in-situ soil moisture storage from rainfall or irrigation from groundwater or both. The inter-season as well as intra-season groundwater use, and the consequent groundwater withdrawals were analyzed based on the marginal value and output elasticity of water at different crop growth stages during the season. The cotton crop realized marginal value product of water, ranging from Rs. 1.03/m³ to Rs. 10.43/m³ at different crop growth stages in cotton. Castor crop had the marginal value product ranging from Rs. 2.89/m³ to Rs. 6.81/m³. The availability and use of water, including soil moisture, in the two seasons, coupled with the local harvest prices received, yielded the differential marginal values of water.     

The Effect of Geological Heterogeneity and Groundwater Table Depth on the Hydraulic Performance of Stormwater Infiltration Facilities

Urbanization has led to a substantial change in the hydrological cycle of urban catchments. Increased runoff and urban flooding, decreased direct subsurface infiltration and groundwater recharge, deterioration of water quality are among the major effects of this alteration. To alleviate these effects, Low Impact Development (LID) practices have been frequently adopted for stormwater management. Among LID infrastructures, infiltration facilities are particularly challenging to design and model due to the considerable amount of uncertainties related to the hydrogeological configuration of installation sites. To date, analysis on how soil heterogeneity, groundwater table depth, and thickness of the unsaturated zone affect the hydraulic performance of infiltration facilities are lacking. To address this knowledge gap, a series of numerical experiments under transient variably water saturated conditions were performed for a hypothetical infiltration facility. Numerical simulations showed that i) infiltration rates increase considerably as the initial depth of the groundwater table increases, ii) the contribution of the bottom of the facility to the infiltration of water is generally higher than the sides, iii) the presence of a less conducting soil layer at a short depth from the bottom of the facility reduces infiltration rates dramatically, iv) the complete clogging of the bottom of the facility has a dramatic impact on the hydraulic performance, v) the stochastic heterogeneity of the soil controls the overall stormwater infiltration process through the facility, and the hydraulic performance may largely deviate from the case when heterogeneity is absent.