基于粘结裂缝模型的混凝土受拉性能数值模拟

为研究混凝土细观结构对于混凝土受拉性能的影响,采用自编程序建立骨料形状为圆形、椭圆形以及随机多边形三种混凝土细观模型。并批量插入粘结单元,形成粘结裂缝模型。与已有实验对比验证数值模型的准确性。在此基础上讨论了网格尺寸、骨料形状以及数值模型细观参数对于混凝土受拉性能的影响,结果表明:混凝土细观粘结裂缝模型可以很好的模拟混凝土宏观开裂,网格尺寸对于混凝土细观粘结裂缝模型的受拉性能、裂缝扩展形态影响很小,骨料随机分布以及骨料形状对于混凝土裂缝扩展形态影响很大,对于受拉性能影响很小。界面粘结单元的粘结强度和断裂能对混凝土的宏观受拉性能有较大的影响,研究混凝土的力学性能时应优先考虑界面的影响。     

水工三级配及湿筛混凝土单轴受压力学特性细观数值模拟

为了研究水工大骨料混凝土单轴受压的力学特性,运用颗粒流离散元软件PFC 2 D建立三级配大骨料混凝土试件模型,通过将单轴压缩数值模拟得到的强度与已有文献中三级配大骨料混凝土试验数据进行对比,标定出水工大骨料混凝土中砂浆颗粒间的接触参数、粗骨料颗粒间的接触参数以及砂浆与粗骨料接触面的细观参数,将标定出的接触参数运用到湿筛...     

混凝土碱骨料反应力学性质劣化机理研究

本文建立了混凝土三相介质(骨料、水泥砂浆及其交界面)细观颗粒模型,通过对不同碱骨料反应程度的混凝土试件进行单轴受压数值模拟,得到混凝土刚度退化和宏观损伤因子随碱骨料反应膨胀应变增加而增加的规律。基于细观层面,分析碱骨料反应引起的混凝土内部细观应力分布和细观损伤演化的规律。由数值结果可知,碱骨料反应造成骨料膨胀,在砂浆内产生细观拉应力,一旦超过材料的细观强度即产生微裂缝,使细观拉应力得到释放。这些微裂缝构成了混凝土内部的细观损伤,随着碱骨料反应发展,细观损伤范围不断增加,从而导致碱骨料反应的混凝土力学性质的劣化。     

针、片状骨料对混凝土单轴拉压破坏影响细观模拟

为了研究针、片状骨料对混凝土力学性能的影响,建立细观层次的混凝土随机骨料三维数值模型,以粗骨料中针、片状颗粒的粒形和体积占比为变量,对含针、片状骨料二级配立方体混凝土模型在单轴受拉和单轴受压荷载作用下的破坏过程进行模拟研究。结果表明：(1)混凝土的抗拉、抗压强度随着针、片状骨料含量的增加而降低,针、片状骨料含量对混凝土抗拉强度的影响比抗压强度小。(2)针、片状骨料对混凝土在单轴拉压荷载下的破坏影响主要与其排列方式有关,具有较大横向骨料-砂浆交界面的骨料对混凝土拉伸损伤的产生和发展起到主导影响,在单轴受压荷载作用下,混凝土中竖向或者近似竖向排列的针、片状骨料表面更容易产生裂缝。(3)针、片状骨料对混凝土的强度和破坏过程均产生不利影响,影响大小的排序为片状骨料>针状骨料>针、片状骨料混合。     

碾压混凝土单轴抗拉强度尺寸效应的数值模拟

碾压混凝土与混凝土一样也存在着尺寸效应。采用随机骨料模型模拟碾压混凝土的细观结构,利用有限元方法数值模拟碾压混凝土试件单轴抗拉的细观损伤断裂,并重点对单轴抗拉强度尺寸效应进行了研究。     

三级配混凝土劈拉强度二维细观数值模拟

为从细观结构上研究混凝土劈裂抗拉强度,通过自编程序建立混凝土细观模型,采用混凝土损伤塑性模型描述细观各相材料的损伤演化。利用有限元技术数值模拟三级配混凝土试件的细观损伤断裂和劈裂抗拉强度,探讨了不同骨料分布、骨料形状、垫条宽度及界面厚度对劈裂抗拉强度的影响。结果表明:不同骨料分布和骨料形状对劈拉极限强度略有影响,但数值模拟结果均在试验统计范围内,且与文献资料中给定的试验结果相符。按照现行试验规程选取垫条宽度时,可以有效地缓解加载部位应力集中现象,使劈拉强度接近真实混凝土强度。骨料粘结界面厚度越小,混凝土劈拉极限强度越高。     

混凝土劈裂抗拉力学性能的细观数值研究

采用随机骨料模型模拟混凝土的细观结构,在细观层次上将混凝土看成是由硬化水泥砂浆体、粗骨料颗粒及二者间的黏结带构成的三相非均质复合材料。利用有限元方法数值模拟混凝土试件的细观损伤断裂和劈裂抗拉,并对其劈裂抗拉破坏进行了研究。结果表明:骨料与砂浆的界面是混凝土劈裂抗拉破坏的薄弱环节,所采用的数值模拟计算方法基本可行。     

基于内聚力模型的含畸形骨料混凝土单轴受拉细观模拟研究

基于内聚力模型的研究方法,以畸形骨料(针状)的长宽比Ck、畸形骨料在混凝土中的占比Zb和畸形骨料在混凝土中所处的级配Jp3个参数为变量,在细观层次上对二级配含畸形骨料混凝土的损伤和开裂过程开展单轴拉伸模拟研究,对含畸形骨料混凝土在单轴拉伸下的受力全过程进行了分析.结果表明,Ck越大、Zb越高、Jp越大时,混凝土抗拉强度...     

大坝混凝土非连续变形的并发多尺度区域分解法

大坝混凝土的裂缝萌生和失稳扩展分析需要尽可能准确地模拟骨料和砂浆界面的弱不连续，而界面过渡区微米级的厚度模拟使得有限元网格存在网格剖分质量不佳和网格数量庞大的问题。通过在大坝混凝土细观结构的不同材料实体单元间预嵌零厚度界面单元，并进行宏细观子区域界面节点重新匹配，建立了骨料-砂浆-界面单元的宏细观区域分解有限元网格。同时结合隐式梯度损伤模型和内聚力模型，在同一模型中实现骨料、砂浆基质的损伤失效模拟及骨料-砂浆界面的弱连接到脱开模拟，构建了大坝混凝土非连续变形的宏细观并发多尺度区域分解模型。将模型用于某大坝混凝土的直接拉伸试验模拟，不同随机骨料模型均能捕捉骨料和砂浆界面的弱连接到脱开过程。重现的混凝土试件破坏形态与已有研究结果一致，证明了模型的合理性。本研究可为大坝混凝土损伤断裂力学性能的数值试验提供技术支持。     

基于细观刚体弹簧元的轻骨料混凝土力学性能数值模拟

采用基于二维细观刚体弹簧元的数值方法,模拟了轻骨料混凝土静态加载下的力学性能,并将数值模拟结果与试验结果进行了对比分析.得出的主要结论为:加载边界无约束试件的抗压强度与峰值应变相对于有约束试件分别降低31.4%、55.6%;立方体试件抗压强度、峰值应变随尺寸的增大而减小,100mm×100mm×100mm、200mm×200mm×200mm非标准立方体试件抗压强度换算系数分别为0.95和1.09,峰值应变换算系数分别为0.91和1.08,通过数值模拟得到了棱柱体试件单轴受压、单轴受拉状态下的应力应变关系全曲线,并给出了单轴拉压强度之间的关系.与试验结果的比较分析表明,二维刚体弹簧元数值方法能较好地预测轻骨料混凝土的静态力学性能,可以用于分析轻骨料混凝土结构.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.