集料形态特征对集料-沥青黏附及水稳定性的影响

为评价集料形态特征对集料-沥青黏附性及其体系水稳定性的影响,提出了一种定量测试集料-沥青黏附性的新方法.借助集料图像测量系统(AIMS)测试了5种集料的形态特征,并对不同形态集料沥青混合料的水稳定性进行评价,建立了集料形态特征与集料-沥青黏附性及水稳定性的关系,同时基于灰色关联法分析了集料形态特征对集料-沥青黏附性及水稳定性的影响排序.结果 表明:提出的集料-沥青黏附性定量测试方法简单、可靠;沥青混合料水稳定性最佳的棱角性为2500～3000,球度为0.65～0.75;随着集料表面纹理的增大,沥青混合料的水稳定性增强;集料表面纹理对集料-沥青黏附性的影响最大,棱角性对沥青混合料浸水飞散损失指标的影响最大,球度对沥青混合料冻融劈裂强度比、浸水车辙变形拐点指标的影响最大.     

长期老化对沥青表面能及其与集料黏附性的影响

为了研究长期老化对沥青表面能及其与集料黏附性的影响,选取基质沥青(BA)、苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物(SBS)改性沥青(SBS-MA)、橡胶沥青(RA)、高黏沥青(HVA)4种沥青和石灰岩、玄武岩、辉绿岩3种岩性集料,通过接触角试验和表面能理论计算,分析了长期老化前后不同类型沥青的表面能及其与不同集料的黏附功变化...     

基于衰减全反射红外光谱技术的水在沥青中扩散过程研究

采用衰减全反射傅里叶红外光谱技术,以羟基伸缩振动峰面积为量化指标,研究了水在沥青中的扩散过程,并探讨了温度、压力和沥青老化等因素对水在沥青中扩散系数的影响.结果表明:扩散入沥青中的水的总量与羟基伸缩振动峰面积之间存在对应关系;水在沥青中的扩散过程可分为2个阶段,第一阶段以吸收自由水为主,扩散系数较高,第二阶段以水分子与沥青分子或极性基团的结合为主,扩散系数较低;温度和压力的提高均会增强水在沥青中的扩散能力;老化会降低沥青对水扩散的抵抗能力,使水在沥青中扩散的第一阶段显著加快.     

基于真实沥青膜厚的沥青与集料黏结性能评价与验证

为定量评价真实沥青膜厚的沥青与集料黏结性能,基于表面能理论分析了沥青、集料与不锈钢夹具三相体系的潜在破坏模式,采用动态剪切流变仪(DSR)测试了5种沥青与2种集料在无水、有水及不同温度下的黏结性能.结果 表明:无水条件下,沥青趋向于发生内聚性失效,而在有水条件下,其趋向于发生沥青与集料界面的黏附性失效;残留拉拔强度比(...     

沥青稳定再生集料的试验研究

采用钠水玻璃、有机硅树脂和硅烷偶联剂强化再生集料(RA),测试未强化和强化再生集料的压碎值、磨耗值、吸水率和黏附性,优选强化剂;采用扫描电镜观察未强化和强化再生集料的表面微观形貌,探讨强化剂强化再生集料的机理;采用再生粗集料和天然细集料配制沥青稳定再生集料(ATRA),然后进行车辙试验、低温弯曲试验和水稳定性试验,测定沥青稳定再生集料的路用性能.结果表明:再生集料存在孔隙和微裂缝,致使其压碎值、磨耗值和吸水率较高,黏附性较低;有机硅树脂对再生集料综合性能强化效果优于硅烷偶联剂和钠水玻璃;有机硅树脂强化后再生集料的大部分孔隙被有效封堵,微裂缝得到一定程度上的修复,再生集料的抗压碎性能和黏附性提高,吸水性降低;当采用未强化再生粗集料时,沥青稳定再生集料的平均弯曲应变、残留稳定度和冻融劈裂强度比均不满足JTG F40—2004规范要求;当采用2%(质量分数)有机硅树脂强化再生粗集料时,沥青稳定再生集料的路用性能大幅提高,能满足JTG F40—2004规范的相关要求.     

隧道路面钢渣沥青混合料抗滑性能衰减试验研究

利用室内加速磨耗仪模拟了隧道钢渣沥青路面的抗滑性能衰减过程,研究了钢渣沥青混合料(SSAM)在不同钢渣掺量、不同荷载和不同温度条件下的抗滑性能衰减规律,并且结合扫描电镜(SEM)及压汞(MIP)试验,分析了SSAM抗滑性能衰减过程及机理.结果表明:钢渣的掺入从衰减终值、损失率和衰减速率3个方面提高了沥青混合料的抗滑性能;SSAM抗滑性能随钢渣掺量的增加呈现先升后降趋势,在50%钢渣掺量处出现拐点;荷载对SSAM抗滑性能的影响主要表现在衰减过程的第2阶段至第5阶段,温度对SSAM抗滑性能的影响主要表现在第1阶段;钢渣集料表面纹理丰富,孔结构和孔级配更合理,从而改善了SSAM沥青膜的黏结性,提高了SSAM抗滑性能的稳定性.     

基于表面自由能理论分析沥青-集料界面之间的黏附能力

基于表面自由能理论,对加入Sasobit、RH有机温拌剂的温拌沥青与不同集料(石灰岩和玄武岩)之间的黏附能力进行研究,建立不同体系的黏附模型及水损害模型并计算其黏附功和剥落功;利用能量参数评价不同体系的沥青-集料界面之间的黏附能力。结果表明:无水条件下,温拌剂的加入会提高沥青-集料界面之间的黏附能力,但在有水条件下,温拌剂的加入却剧烈降低了沥青-集料界面之间的黏附能力;同时,集料的性质也会对沥青-集料界面之间的黏附能力有影响,石灰岩较玄武岩更有利于提高沥青-集料界面之间的黏附能力。     

钢渣沥青混合料疲劳性能及改善机理

采用钢渣替代部分粗集料,制备了4种钢渣掺量的沥青混合料,并对其进行不同应变水平下的四点弯曲疲劳试验,分析钢渣掺量和应变水平对混合料疲劳性能的影响,以揭示疲劳性能改善机理.结果表明:随着钢渣掺量的增加,沥青混合料疲劳寿命呈先增加后降低的趋势,峰值出现在钢渣掺量为30%(质量分数)时;钢渣沥青混合料初始劲度模量和疲劳寿命均随着应变水平的增大而降低;疲劳损伤演化过程可分为失稳、平衡、失效3个发展阶段,疲劳失效劲度模量衰减比S_r/S_(50)小于50%,并随着应变水平的增大而逐渐减小;疲劳裂纹扩展主要发生在矿料-沥青界面处,且受应变水平影响较大;钢渣的化学性质和表面构造在改善界面相结构方面起到了交互黏附和嵌入锚固作用,用钢渣作为粗集料可显著提升沥青混合料的疲劳性能.     

基于表面能理论的沥青混合料抗剥落性能

基于表面能理论和黏附剥落模型,采用Wilhelmy吊片法和躺滴法分别测试沥青与集料的表面能参数,计算沥青与集料的黏附功、剥落功及沥青混合料水稳定性评价指标ER,对在不同条件下、掺加不同抗剥落剂的沥青混合料的水稳定性能进行分析.结果表明:基于黏附剥落模型的评价指标ER与反映沥青混合料水稳定性的宏观指标之间存在良好的相关性,ER值越大,沥青混合料的抗剥落性能越好;抗剥落剂能够有效提高沥青的表面能,提升沥青自身的黏聚功以及沥青与集料的黏附功,降低水对沥青与集料的剥落功,从而改善沥青混合料的水稳定性能;经历热老化、浸水、冰冻和冻融条件后,抗剥落剂仍能对沥青混合料的水稳定性起到改善效果.     

湿热环境下海盐侵蚀对沥青-集料界面体系的损伤效应分析

为研究海盐湿热耦合作用对沥青集料界面体系的损伤效应,分析了盐溶液类型、浓度、浸泡时间对沥青集料界面体系抗拉强度、沥青膜剥落率、自愈能力以及自愈后水稳定性的影响,探讨了盐湿热环境下沥青集料界面体系的损伤机理.结果表明：沥青膜厚度为6μm的沥青集料试样抗拉强度最大,可作为后续模拟试验的标准试样;随着盐侵蚀时间的延长,沥青集料试样抗拉强度逐渐减小,沥青膜剥落率逐渐上升,并且在前期变化速率较大,之后逐渐趋于稳定;60℃高温烘干能够有效地恢复沥青集料的界面强度,但因集料表面受到溶液的侵蚀,自愈之后的水稳定性明显下降,海盐溶液的腐蚀性越强,水稳定性越差;溶液的综合剥落功越大,沥青集料试样抗拉强度越高,沥青膜剥落率越低,说明海盐溶液的腐蚀特征和表面张力特征均会影响其损伤效应.     

Rate constants of reactions of ozone with organic and inorganic compounds in water—III. Inorganic compounds and radicals

Second-order rate constants for reactions of ozone with 40 inorganic aqueous solutes are reported. Included are compounds of sulfur (e.g. H₂S, H₂SO₃, HOCH₂SO₃H), chlorine (e.g. Cl⁻, HOCl, NH₂Cl, HClO₂, ClO₂), bromine (e.g. Br⁻, HOBr), nitrogen (e.g. NH₃, NH₂OH, N₂O, HNO₂) and oxygen (e.g. H₂O₂), as well as free radicals (e.g. O₂⁻, OH^•). Most of these compounds exhibit an increase in rate constant with increasing pH corresponding to their degree of dissociation. Rate constants are based on ozone consumption rates measured by conventional batch-type or continuous-flow methods (10⁻³-10⁺⁶ M⁻¹ s⁻¹ range) and determinations of stoichiometric factors. Also listed are data determined by pulse-irradiation techniques using kinetic spectroscopy (10¹⁰ M⁻¹ s⁻¹ range). Additional literature data are reviewed for completeness. Results are discussed with respect to water treatment and environmental processes.     

Formation of disinfection by-products in indoor swimming pool water: the contribution from filling water natural organic matter and swimmer body fluids

The contribution and role of different precursors in the formation of three class of disinfection by-products (DBPs) [trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), and halonitromethanes (HNMs)] in swimming pool waters were examined using filling waters obtained from five drinking water treatment plant (WTP) effluents and three body fluid analogs (BFAs). BFAs exerted higher chlorine demands as compared to natural organic matter (NOM) in filling waters. BFAs exhibited higher HAA formation potentials than THM formation potentials, while the opposite was observed for the filling water NOM. There was no appreciable difference in the HNM formation potentials of BFAs and filling water NOM. Different components in the BFAs tested exhibited different degree and type of DBP formation. Citric acid had significantly higher THM and HAA yields than other BFA components. The effect of temperature was greater on THM formation, whereas the effect of contact time had more impact on HAA formation. Experiments with filling waters collected from WTP effluents at three different times showed more variability in HAA than THM formation at the WTPs studied.     

建筑西向房间夏季室内热环境改善

以国内某大学综合实验大楼为例,实测了其中一间西向房间的室内外空气温度与壁面温度,分析了其夏季室内热环境。为了在经济合理地使用能源的情况下,满足它对夏季冷量与冬季热量的需求,根据实测的数据,利用建筑热平衡原理,对其夏季室内热环境特性进行了分析,指出了其热工设计缺陷,并对其进行了热舒适性的改造。通过软件模拟出改造后房间室内空气温度值,对比改造前后室内空气温度值,结果显示改造后的温度值明显降低,热舒适性得到了改善。     

Behavior of alkylphenol polyethoxylate metabolites during soil aquifer treatment

The attenuation of alkylphenol polyethoxylates (APEOs) metabolites was studied at a soil aquifer treatment (SAT) site located in Arizona, USA. Two parcels of water were monitored during infiltration; one parcel was predominantly oxic while the other was predominantly anoxic. In this study, only alkylphenol ethoxycarboxylates (APECs) and carboxyalkylphenol ethoxycarboxylates (CAPECs) were detected, no short-chained APEOs were observed-even under anoxic conditions. APEO metabolites were rapidly (<7 days) removed under both aerobic and anoxic conditions. In general, the length of the ethoxycarboxylate chain decreases with depth--at depths greater than 3m, only alkylphenoxy acetic acids (AP1ECs), carboxyalkylphenoxy acetic acids (CAP1ECs), and alkylphenols (APs) remain. Under aerobic conditions, octylphenol and nonylphenol concentrations decreased by approximately 80% (w/w) within 3m of the ground surface. Under anoxic conditions however, alkylphenol concentrations increased by approximately 200% during the first 1.5m and then decreased during the next 1.5m; overall, under anoxic conditions, alkylphenol concentrations increased by approximately 38% within 3m. During infiltration, APEC and CAPEC concentrations decrease by more than 95% within 3m of SAT. Alternate flooding and drying cycles appear to enhance overall APEO metabolite removal efficiencies.     

膨润土对重金属离子Pb~(2+),Zn~(2+),Cr(VI),Cd~(2+)的吸附性能

试验研究了pH值、吸附时间和吸附剂用量对膨润土吸附重金属离子Pb2 ,Zn2 ,Cr(VI)和Cd2 的影响.结果表明,在本试验的pH值、吸附时间及吸附剂用量条件下,膨润土对Pb2 ,Zn2 ,Cd2 的吸附效果均优于其对Cr(VI)的吸附效果;pH值是影响上述吸附的重要因素,离子交换和表面络合是上述吸附的主要形式.     

沥青混合料动态蠕变模量与动稳定度的关系

研究了分别基于AC13和AC25优化出的9组级配、SBS改性中海70#沥青和中海70#沥青两种结合料、花岗岩和石灰岩两种集料以及50,70 mm两种车辙试件厚度等条件下的沥青混合料动稳定度(DS)与车辙模量(E_(DS)),E_(DS)与动态蠕变劲度模量(S_(dy)),S_(dy)与DS这三者的关系.结果表明,不同沥青混合料的S_(dy)与采用厚度匹配的车辙试件DS之间存在良好的相关性.因此可以将DS转换为S_(dy),并用其作为沥青路面结构设计的参数.     

Removal of VUV pre-treated natural organic matter by biologically activated carbon columns

A potential alternative water treatment process using VUV (185 nm+254 nm) irradiation followed by a biological treatment is described. The system uses sufficient VUV radiation (16J cm(-2)) to significantly enhance the production of biologically degradable moieties prior to treatment with biologically activated carbon (BAC). Two similar activated carbons were used, one virgin and one taken from a water treatment plant with an established biofilm. The VUV-BAC process decreased the overall dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration of a natural water sample by 54% and 44% for the virgin carbon and previously used BAC, respectively. Furthermore, VUV-BAC treatment decreased the trihalomethane (THM) formation potential (THMFP) by 60-70% and the haloacetic acid (HAA) formation potential (HAAFP) by 74%. The BAC systems effectively removed the hydrogen peroxide residual produced by VUV irradiation. Although nitrite formation can result from VUV treatment of natural organic matter (NOM), none was detected before or after BAC treatment.     

小剪跨比钢筋混凝土实腹支托的受力性能及非线性全过程分析

本文用非线性全过程分析和足尺试件的破损试验的方法对工业建筑结构中常用的小剪跨比钢筋混凝土支托进行力学性能的讨论。文章提出了小剪跨比支托不同于一般支托的力学特性和破坏机理,认为“剪摩理论”对于小剪跨比支托的适用性是存在的。     

A modification of the Trent Index for use in Denmark

A new pollution index based on macroinvertebrates has been devised which can be used as a surveillance system in Danish streams. The index is inspired by the Trent Index although it was necessary to incorporate two new principles. First, the pollution indicators Asellus aquaticus and Chironomus sp. are used as negative taxa, with a negative influence on the index value, thereby strongly enhancing the utility of the keygroups. Secondly, the taxonomic groups used in the Trent Index have been replaced by establishing positive and negative index groups, where the number of negative index groups is subtracted from the number of positive. Thus, the utility of the basic principle, increasing pollution effecting decreasing numbers of taxonomic groups, is enhanced.     

750kV GIS中金属氧化物避雷器对VFTO影响的研究

随着超高压气体绝缘变电站(GIS)的广泛使用,由隔离开关(DS)和断路器(CB)操作引起的快速暂态过电压(VFTO)的危害越加明显。以西北地区750 kV官亭GIS变电站为计算原型,利用电磁暂态程序(EMTP)对不同运行方式下GIS设备上的VFTO进行数值仿真计算和分析。重点在于对不同运行方式下金属氧化物避雷器(MOA)的限制过电压效果进行分析。计算结果表明:DS无分合闸电阻时,MOA防护效果更明显;MOA主要的抑制效果体现在MOA附近的设备上,对于远离MOA的设备上的VFTO的抑制效果较小;由于VFTO持续的时间极短,通过MOA的能量很小。