新型仿生球形两栖子母机器人系统设计

为解决传统两栖机器人的一些突出缺点,探寻机器人领域更多的可能性。本文设计了一种新型仿生球形两栖子母机器人系统,该系统中球形两栖母机器人在陆地采用仿生四足爬行方式运动,在水下采用矢量喷水电机进行喷水推进,无噪声,增加隐蔽性,并为微型子机器人提供控制信号和能源。微型子机器人陆地采用轮式驱动,设计了可以实现水陆两栖的桨叶轮。该子母机器人系统通过XBee通信模块实现无线通信。通过进行的子母机器人的陆地和水下运动试验,验证了设计的子母机器人系统的有效性。     

基于柔性长鳍波动推进的仿生水下机器人设计与实现

以基于柔性长鳍波动推进的仿生水下机器人试验模型为背景,主要研究其设计与实现问题．首先,介绍了仿生水下机器人试验模型的设计原则及其系统总体结构,然后重点研究了仿生柔性长鳍、主控模块与通讯系统、运动控制子系统的设计方法、系统构成和工作原理,最后介绍了试验模型的系统测试与航行试验结果及其结论,并指出了仿生水下机器人试验模型的改进重点和柔性长鳍波动推进技术今后的研究方向．基于柔性长鳍波动推进的仿生水下机器人试验模型的研制成功,初步验证了柔性长鳍波动推进方式应用于水下机器人推进控制系统在原理上和技术上是可行的．     

仿趋磁细菌的微型机器人研究

为了克服现存微型机器人运动灵活性欠佳的缺点,借鉴趋磁细菌的运动方式,设计了一种内外联合调控的仿生微型机器人．该微型机器人的螺旋桨模仿趋磁细菌的鞭毛,主动推进机器人运行;其体内的永磁块模仿趋磁细菌的磁小体链,与体外导向磁场相互作用控制其运动方向．实验研究了体外控制信号对微型机器人运动速度的影响以及导向磁场控制下微型机器人的转向特性．结果表明,该微型机器人可实现运行速度和运行方向的灵活控制,可在非磁性细小管路的探测中发挥重要作用．     

水下机器人操纵系统优化控制研究北大核心CSCD

水下机器人(ROV)在水中运动时会受到波浪、海流等干扰,造成系统稳定性差。因此需要一种高效的运动控制方法。常规运动控制方法存在动态响应差、自适应能力不足等缺点,难以有效抑制环境干扰,为提高系统的稳定性,提出了一种结合PID的广义预测优化算法。根据ROV动力学模型,优化广义预测控制算法,结合PID对上述算法进行平滑处理,并以水下机器人的艏向和纵向运动为例验证控制效果。仿真结果表明,控制算法响应速度快、震荡低,且具有良好的抗干扰能力,为系统稳定性优化提供了科学依据。     

基于CPG控制的双髻鲨仿生机器人设计与实验研究

随着人类对自然的探索越来越深入,新型水下航行器的需求与日俱增,仿生机器人因其特殊的推进方式和高效的推进效率而受到越来越多的关注,而传统的仿生鱼类仅模拟了流线型外壳,少有提及仿生对象本身结构对于仿生性能的影响,本文提出了一种基于中央模式发生器(CPG)的类双髻鲨仿生机器人.以鱼类基本运动形态为基础,将鱼身抽象为关节连杆结构,建立了三关节四连杆的仿生机器鱼模型并进行了仿真计算.根据步态规律预估了其运动性能,随后通过实验验证了可行性.本仿生鱼旨在以简单的机械结构和较低的控制成本,实现对双髻鲨的最大限度模拟,得益于良好的仿生结构,中央模式发生器的引入,以及柔性硅胶材料在鱼身的应用,此机器人拥有体型小,控制简单,地形适应能力强,能量利用率高等特点,与传统水下推进器相比噪音更小,环境适应能力更强,在科研、农业等行业均具有广泛的应用前景,如野外勘测,水下救援,水域巡逻等.     

小型两栖仿龟机器人多模式运动研究

针对浅滩环境和水下狭窄空间的科研考察、资源勘探等任务,提出一种“腿－多矢量喷水”复合驱动的小型两栖仿龟机器人。通过研究“腿－多矢量喷水”复合式驱动系统的运动机理,设计仿生爬行步态和旋转步态。根据“腿－多矢量喷水”复合驱动机构的变结构特性,提出“H”、“工”和“X”等多模式运动。通过机器人水中运动学建模,建立基于实时动态推力矢量分配优化机制的水中3维自主运动控制方法。最后搭建机器人原型机,陆地上的多地形运动实验验证了机器人在非结构化浅滩环境中的适应能力强,水中运动控制实验验证了两栖机器人多模式运动控制的灵活性和可行性。     

水下机器人三维可视化控制系统

研究水下机器人可视化系统问题,由于海洋作业情况复杂,存在弱观测、大时滞环境中机器人的稳定性和实时性差,控制显得尤为困难。针对目前可视化系统开发难度大、周期长的缺点,提出了一种WPF技术的三维可视化系统的设计方案,包括3DSMAX几何建模,Expression Blend 2三维可视化实现和Visual Studio 2008控制代码设计。结果表明,采用改进的泛化图形环境的方法为水下机器人可视化系统的实现提供了一种高效、简易的途径。经水池实验证明,系统能够对水下机器人进行实时可视化显示并完成操控任务。     

柔性长鳍波动推进仿生水下机器人控制系统设计与实现

论文以基于柔性长鳍波动推进的仿生水下机器人试验模型为背景,主要研究其控制系统总体结构、硬件和软件的设计与实现问题。控制系统设计为主从结构,主从模块间通过CAN总线进行通讯。主控模块采用遥控与程控两种工作模式,并通过遥控指令实现模式切换。试验模型的推进、俯仰与转向控制由仿生柔性长鳍、重心调节模块和2自由度“十”字形尾舵3个控制子模块实现,各控制子模块设计为闭环伺服控制系统。系统综合测试和试验模型航行试验结果表明,论文设计实现的控制系统主从模块间通讯顺畅,功能协调,性能可靠,实现了设计功能并达到了预期的目标。     

控制六足仿生机器人三角步态的研究

基于仿生学原理,在分析六足昆虫运动机理的基础上,对六足仿生机器人的三角步态运动原理进行了分析.论文涉及六腿机器人步态研究的一些基本参数的描述,讨论了用相对运动的原理研究步态的方法,结合慧鱼机器人组合包中的构件拼出六足仿生机器人.该机器人模型结构简单,设计独特,能前进和后退,且能避开小型障碍物.基于三角步态运动原理对其进行了反复实验,实验结果表明六足仿生机器人具有较好的机动性和稳定性.     

微型仿生四足机器人的研究

介绍了一种微型仿生四足机器人,对其机械结构和运动方式进行了理论分析和软件仿真,并制作了机器人样机,其长度41 mm,宽度49 mm,高度29 mm.利用两套平面连杆机构的有效组合,模拟了足式运动的抬腿、前跨、后拉等动作,通过可旋转式的机身实现机器人的转向,以微型电机配合微型齿轮减速器作为机器人驱动源.     

Design and performance evaluation of a biomimetic microrobot for the father–son underwater intervention robotic system

Underwater intervention is a favorite and difficult task for AUVs. To realize the underwater manipulation for the small size spherical underwater robot SUR-II, a father–son underwater intervention robotic system (FUIRS) is proposed in our group. The FUIRS employs a novel biomimetic microrobot to realize an underwater manipulation task. This paper describes the biomimetic microrobot which is inspired by an octopus. The son robot can realize basic underwater motion, i.e. grasping motion, object detection and swimming motion. To enhance the payload, a novel buoyancy force adjustment method was proposed which can provides 11.8 mN additional buoyancy force to overcome the weight of the object in water. Finally, three underwater manipulation experiments are carried out to verify the performance of the son robot. One is carried by swimming motion and buoyancy adjustment; the other two are only carried by buoyancy adjustment. And the experimental results show that the son robot can realize the underwater manipulation of different shape and size objects successfully. The swimming motion can reduce the time cost of underwater manipulation remarkably.     

Preliminary mechanical analysis of an improved amphibious spherical father robot

Amphibious micro-robots are being developed for complicated missions in limited spaces found in complex underwater environments. Therefore, compact structures able to perform multiple functions are required. The robots must have high velocities, long cruising times, and large load capacities. It is difficult to meet all these requirements using a conventional underwater micro-robot, so we previously proposed an amphibious spherical father–son robot system that includes several micro-robots as son robots and an amphibious spherical robot as a father robot. Our father robot was designed to carry and power the son robots. This paper discusses improvements to the structure and mechanism of the father robot, which was designed to have a spherical body with four legs. Based on recent experiments in different environments, we have improved the father robot by adding four passive wheels, and we have redesigned its structure by means of three-dimensional printing technology, resulting in greatly improved velocity and stability. Moreover, due to the complexity and uncertainty of many underwater environments, it is essential for the father robot to have adequate structural strength. We analyzed the movement mechanisms and structural strength using finite element analysis to obtain the deformation and equivalent stress distributions of the improved robot. The results provide support for further analysis of the structural strength and optimal design of our amphibious spherical father robot.     

Development of ICPF Actuated Underwater Microrobots

It is our target to develop underwater microrobots for medical and industrial applications. This kind of underwater microrobots should have the characteristics of flexibility,good response and safety. Its structure should be simple and it can be driven by low voltage and produces no pollution or noise. The low actuating voltage and quick bending responses of Ionic Conducting Polymer Film (ICPF) are considered very useful and attractive for constructing various types of actuators and sensors. In this paper, we will first study the characteristics of the ICPF actuator used in underwater microrobot to realize swimming and walking. Then, we propose a new prototype model of underwater swimming microrobot utilizing only one piece of ICPF as the servo actuator. Through theoretic analysis, the motion mechanism of the microrobot is illustrated. It can swim forward and vertically. The relationships between moving speed and signal voltage amplitude and signal frequency is obtained after experimental study. Lastly, we present a novel underwater crab-like walking microrobot named crabliker-1.It has eight legs, and each leg is made up of two pieces of ICPF. Three sample processes of the octopod gait are proposed with a new analyzing method. The experimental results indicate that the crab-like underwater microrobot can perform transverse and rotation movement when the legs of the crab collaborate.     

SMA驱动的微型平面关节机器人的研究

近年来，利用形状记忆合金（ＳＭＡ）的形状记忆效应原理制作的驱动器已在机器人领域中得到应用，ＳＭＡ驱动器以其重量轻、结构紧凑、易控制等优点，大大推动了微型机器人的发展．本课题使用所研制的推挽式直线位移型和旋转关节型ＳＭＡ驱动器代替传统的伺服驱动系统，研制了一台三自由度（两个旋转自由度和一个直线自由度）且带末端夹持器的微型平面关节机器人．本文将介绍该机器人的结构设计，控制系统及其软件设计．     

Underwater autonomous motion control of a small-scaled spherical robot with neural networks

Considering the complex and variability of the operating environment of underwater spherical robot, usually it is difficult to solve the control problem when the robot changes its motion state or it is subject to waves and ocean currents, in those cases wherein robots are subject to continuous parametric changes or external disturbances, online gains tuning is a desirable choice. In this paper, with the goal of supporting some autonomous tasks of our small-scaled spherical robot, such as ecological observations and intelligent surveillance, a neural network-based auto-tuning control system was designed and implemented, which has a great advantage of processing online for the robot due to their nonlinear dynamics. The neural network plays the role of automatically estimating the suitable set of control gains that achieves the stability of the system. Simulation results are presented for the underwater swimming, in terms of the motion performance, stability, and velocity of the robot. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method was demonstrated by showing that the underwater horizontal and desired triangular trajectory motion were stable, and the design presented in this paper is able to meet future demands of underwater robots in biological monitoring and multi-robot cooperation.

     

自重构移动微机器人设计与自动对接

设计了一种模块化的自重构移动微机器人系统。系统中的每个微机器人模块既可作为动力单元,拖动其它模块进行更远距离的探测,也可自动脱离成为无线通信节点,拓展整个系统的通信距离。通过这2种方式扩展了单个微型移动机器人的探测范围。研制了由1个红外接收器和4个红外发射器组成的导引系统,并基于其设计了一种新型的自动对接方法。最后进行了微机器人之间的对接实验,验证了该方法具有很高的效率和可靠性。     

基于滤波反步法的欠驱动AUV三维路径跟踪控制

研究了欠驱动自主水下航行器 (Autonomous underwater vehicle, AUV)的三维空间路径跟踪控制问题.针对基于虚拟向导建立的三维路径跟踪误差模型, 采用滤波反步法设计跟踪控制器,通过二阶滤波过程获得虚拟控制量的导数, 避免了直接对虚拟控制量解析求导的复杂过程, 同时滤除了高频测量噪声, 增加了系统对噪声的鲁棒性.通过设计滤波误差补偿回路, 保证了滤波信号对虚拟控制量的逼近精度.基于李雅普诺夫稳定性理论设计鲁棒项, 保证了闭环跟踪误差系统状态的渐近稳定.仿真结果表明了该控制器对噪声干扰具有一定的鲁棒性, 能够实现对三维路径的精确跟踪.     

水下机器人实验平台软件系统

基于QNX实时多任务操作系统，设计了机器人软件系统。该系统采用了RTM(实时监控)和DCP(设备控制)两个公共数据区，利用QNX的消息传送机制通过两个公共数据区的通信接口在RTM和DCP之间通信，这种数据隔离机制保障了程序的模块化和可扩展性。     

A biomimetic underwater microrobot with multifunctional locomotion

Underwater microrobots are in urgent demand for applications such as pollution detection and video mapping in limited space. Compact structure, multi-functionality, and flexibility are normally considered incompatible characteristics for underwater microrobots. Nevertheless, to accomplish our objectives, we designed a novel inchworm-inspired biomimetic locomotion prototype with ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) actuators, and conducted experiments to evaluate its crawling speed on a flat underwater surface. Based on this type of biomimetic locomotion, we introduced a new type of underwater microrobot, using ten IPMC actuators as legs or fingers to implement walking, rotating, floating, and grasping motions. We analysed the walking mechanism of the microrobot and calculated its theoretical walking speed. We then constructed a prototype of the microrobot, and carried out a series of experiments to evaluate its walking and floating speeds. Diving/surfacing experiments were also performed by electrolysing the water around the surfaces of the actuators. The microrobot used six of its actuators to grasp small objects while walking or floating. To implement closed-loop control, we employed three proximity sensors on the microrobot to detect an object or avoid an obstacle while walking.