基于肖特基二极管的四次谐波混频器（英文）

针对冰云探测设备的预研,详细介绍了一款基于肖特基二极管的低变频损耗670 GHz四次谐波混频器,为了提升混频效率,采用两级紧凑微带共振单元(CMRC)本振低通滤波器来抑制射频信号、本振三次谐波及二次谐波混频产物.由于本振频率仅为射频频率的四分之一,大大降低了本振链路的复杂度和成本.测试结果表明,在640-700 GHz频带内单边带变频损耗为16.7～22.1 dB,在665 GHz最优单边带变频损耗为16.8 dB.     

基于肖特基二极管的670 GHz四次谐波混频器设计

常温固态太赫兹谐波混频器是太赫兹系统应用中的关键器件。介绍了一款基于肖特基二极管的670 GHz四次谐波混频器的仿真与设计。在高频结构仿真软件(HFSS)中对准垂直结构肖特基势垒变阻二极管进行三维结构建模,采用基于谐波平衡算法的整体综合仿真方法对混频器进行仿真和优化。结果表明：在功率为10 mW的167 GHz本振信号驱动下,混频器单边带变频损耗在637~697 GHz射频频率范围内小于13.8 dB,3 dB变频损耗带宽为60 GHz;最优单边带变频损耗在679 GHz为10.6 dB。     

采用次谐波混频技术的毫米波超宽带混频器研制

提出了一种次谐波混频技术结合宽带匹配滤波电路的设计方法,能有效降低本振源的制作难度,并可扩展中频带宽。应用高频场仿真软件以及谐波平衡仿真软件,研制了两个频段的超宽带次谐波混频器。测试结果:K频段混频器,固定本振频率15 GHz,射频频率在18~26.5 GHz的频带内变化时,变频损耗小于10.7 dB,最小变频损耗为7.5 dB;Ka频段混频器,固定本振频率22 GHz,射频频率在26.5~40 GHz的频带内变化时,变频损耗小于11.5 dB,最小变频损耗为8 dB。测试结果指标与传统的双平衡混频器指标相当,证明了电路设计方案的正确性。     

基于微带线的W波段二次分谐波混频器设计

采用微带混合集成电路技术设计了一款W波段二次分谐波混频器.通过分析二级管封装结构引入的寄生参量,提出了一种减小二级管并联寄生电容的方法.为了避免在W波段使用传统分谐波混频器中普遍使用的过孔接地及侧边平行耦合微带线带通滤波器,提出了一种改进型分谐波混频器结构.测试结果表明混频器在本振频率为45 GHz,中频频率为2.4 GHz时单边带变频损耗最小,最小值为8 dB.射频频率在90 ～ 100 GHz测试频率范围内,变频损耗的测量值小于10.5 dB.     

基于石英基片的二毫米波段二次谐波混频器设计和研制

介绍了一种基于石英基片的2mm波段二次谐波混频器.阐述了谐波混频器的基本原理,建立了混频二极管对结构的高频模型,并用全波分析软件对整个电路进行了仿真优化.实测得到射频信号在116～120GHz范围内,当本振频率为59GHz、功率为7～14dBm时,最低变频损耗为17dB,最高变频损耗为20dB.混频器的P1dB为1dB...     

0.22 THz宽带混频电路研究

基于中国电子科技集团公司第十三研究所的反向并联肖特基二极管,采用电磁场和电路软件联合仿真,完成了0.22 THz分谐波混频电路设计。在固定中频输出频率10 MHz的条件下测试了混频电路的变频损耗,在175~235 GHz共60 GHz带宽内双边带变频损耗小于15 dB,在196 GHz处最佳变频损耗为8.5 dB。测试结果与仿真结果趋势吻合良好。基于冷热负载,测试了分谐波混频电路的噪声温度,当本振功率为5.7 mW时,在216 GHz处双边带噪声温度为1 200 K。     

220 GHz 二次谐波混频器集成模块

在220 GHz二次谐波混频器的设计基础上,提出中频传输波导的垂直转换结构,实现了四通道混频器集成模块方案,缩短了混频器单通道的横向尺寸,为太赫兹接收机系统多通道线阵列集成提供了可行性方案。为优化系统模型的准确性,基于TCAD对肖特基势垒二极管进行三维半导体器件建模计算,依据提取的关键特性参数进行混频器的高频电磁波仿真。通过对该设计方案进行测试,结果表明:当本振频率为110 GHz,功率为7 dBm,射频输入200~240 GHz,混频器的单边带变频损耗为8.6~13 dB,在204~238 GHz的单边带变频损耗为8.6~11.3 dB。当本振频率为108 GHz时,驱动功率仅需3 dBm。此外,基于该混频器模块构建的220 GHz接收机系统,积分时间为700 μs时其温度灵敏度为1.3 K。     

基于肖特基二极管的450 GHz二次谐波混频器

为了在亚毫米波波段进行遥感探测,研制了450GHz的二次谐波混频器.混频器的核心部件是一对反向并联的肖特基二极管,长度为74μm,截止频率高达8THz.在石英基片上搭建悬置微带的匹配电路,并采用一分为二的金属腔体.在二极管的仿真中获得二极管管芯的输入阻抗,然后考虑二极管的封装、匹配电路,仿真得到混频器的单边带变频损耗为8.0dB,所需本振功率为4mW.测试表明,本混频器的单边带变频损耗的最佳值为14.0dB,433~451GHz之间的损耗小于17.0dB,3dB带宽为18GHz,所需的本振功率为5mW.     

基于反向并联二极管对的D波段次谐波混频器

设计并制作了一个D波段次谐波混频器。该混频器使用VDI公司反向并联肖特基二极管对,安装在50μm厚的石英基片悬置微带上。通过HFSS和ADS的联合设计仿真,混频器在射频频率141~158GHz频段内变频损耗低于10dB,在149 GHz处获得最佳变频损耗7.8dB。最后加工了实物并进行了测试,结果显示,在138~155GHz范围内,变频损耗基本小于20dB,带内最低损耗在10dB左右。该混频器具有结构简单,容易制造,变频损耗低等优点。     

664GHz 接收前端技术研究

基于X 波段源,通过9×2×2 次倍频链实现了输出约1-2mW 的320-356GHz 全固态倍频源。该信号源作为本振信 号驱动664GHz 接收前端的二次谐波混频器,该混频器采用了有源偏置技术以降低混频器的本振驱动功率和接收机的噪 声温度。仿真结果表明,混频二极管在0.3mW 本振驱动功率及0.35V 直流偏置下,在650-680GHz 带宽内,仿真得到的 单边带变频损耗小于12dB,666GHz 最小损耗为10.8dB。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

A method for calculating the center position of collimated light

It is a key problem to accurately calculate beam spots＇ center of measuring the warp by using a collimated laser. A new method, named double geometrical center method （DGCM）, is put forward for the first time. In this method, a plane wave perpendicularly irradiates an aperture stop, and a charge couple device （CCD） is employed to receive the diffraction-beam spots, then the geometrical centers of the fast and the second diffraction-beam spots are calculated respectively, and their mean value is regarded as the center of datum beam. In face of such adverse instances as laser intension distributing defectively, part of the image being saturated, this method can still work well. What＇s more, this method can detect whether an unacceptable error exits in the courses of image receiving, processing and calculating. The experimental results indicate the precision of this method is high.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.