两种串列方柱气动性能的试验研究

针对两种布置形式（水平布置和对角布置）的串列双方柱,通过同步测压风洞试验,在雷诺数为Re = 8.0×104、间距比为P/B = 1.75 ~ 5.00（其中P为方柱中心间距、B为方柱边长）条件下,得到了两种布置形式串列双方柱的表面风压,重点研究了对角串列双方柱的气动力、风压分布、Strouhal数等气动性能随方柱间距的变化规律,并与水平串列双方柱进行比较。水平串列双方柱的气动力在P/B = 3.00 ~ 3.50时会发生跳跃现象,下游方柱的平均阻力由负值突变为正值,而对角下游方柱平均阻力系数则均为负值。结果表明：当P/B<3.00时,对角串列双方柱的平均和脉动气动力系数、最大平均负压强度和脉动风压系数均大于水平串列双方柱,而当P/B > 3.00时则情况相反;对角串列双方柱的Strouhal数明显小于相同间距下的水平串列双方柱,且在P/B <3.00时对角串列双方柱的升力功率谱出现了多个峰值。     

分形及规则布置方柱绕流场及气动噪声特性数值研究

采用大涡模拟并结合K-FWH声比拟方法对两种具有相同阻塞率的方柱布置(规则布置和分形布置)流场进行数值模拟研究。首先利用前人的单方柱绕流实验和数值结果对本文所使用的大涡模拟方法进行验证,结果表明本文所采用的数值方法能较好的预测绕流问题的湍流特性。研究发现在雷诺数为10⁴,两类布置方柱尾流场平均阻力系数大致相等。规则布置方柱尾流场旋涡脱落呈现明显的“相位锁定”现象,而分形布置方柱尾流场旋涡脱落杂乱无序。与此同时,声学仿真结果表明两类流场的远场声压级指向分布大致相同。规则布置方柱流场中的噪声呈现“相位锁定”现象,分形布置方柱流场能够改变噪声频谱特性,使低频噪声向高频噪声转移。     

扁平流线型箱梁涡激振动及气动力特性分析

为了研究扁平流线型箱梁涡激振动及气动力特性受附属构件的影响,选取某准流线型桥梁主梁为研究对象,通过增减模型的附属构件来模拟裸梁和非裸梁2种断面,进行了不同风攻角下的风洞测压和测振试验。结果表明：扁平流线型箱梁的涡激振动特性受模型附属构件的影响较大,栏杆断面在正攻角下更易发生涡激振动;在相同攻角和风速情况下,栏杆断面存在更为明显的卓越频率,说明模型附属构件会对扁平流线型箱梁的旋涡脱落产生较大影响;扁平流线型箱梁平均风压系数受模型断面的影响较大,但脉动风压系数受模型断面和风攻角的共同影响;不同模型断面会对扁平流线型箱梁的平均三分力系数造成影响,但其变化趋势主要与风攻角有关。     

线形布置双方柱平均气动力特性试验研究

为研究线形布置双方柱在不同风向角和不同间距比时的平均气动力特性,采用刚性模型测压风洞试验的方法,测试并分析了双方柱在风向角0°≤α≤90°、间距比1.2≤L/D≤8范围内的平均升阻力系数。研究表明,线形布置双方柱的平均气动力特性按照风向角可分为3类:小风向角(0°≤α≤10°)、中等风向角(10°α60°)和大风向角(60°≤α≤90°)。小风向角下,平均气动力系数在临界间距比3≤L/D≤4时存在明显的跳跃现象;中等风向角下,随间距比的增大,上游方柱的平均阻力系数先减小后增大,平均升力系数变化不大,下游方柱的平均阻力系数逐渐增大,平均升力系数逐渐减小;大风向角下,当L/D≤2时,随着间距比的增大,上游方柱的平均阻力系数逐渐减小,平均升力系数先减小后增大,下游方柱的平均阻力系数先减小后增大,平均升力系数则相反;当L/D≥2.5时,双方柱的平均气动力系数随间距比的增大变化平缓。     

敞开型大跨度屋盖结构风振响应的风向效应

基于刚性模型风洞试验,在不同风向角下对巴哈马国家体育场结构的表面风压进行了测量,根据模型测压结果,对模型的表面风压分布特点与机理进行了分析.在计算出屋盖平均风荷载作用下响应的同时,根据随机振动理论并结合结构的整体有限元模型,编制程序计算了屋盖结构的风振响应.计算与分析表明,对于敞开型大跨度屋盖,在不同的风向条件下由于建筑物的干扰效应不同,引起气流绕屋盖结构所形成的风场有着很大的不同,风向不仅影响结构在平均风荷载作用下的响应,也影响结构在脉动风荷载作用下的风振响应,因此对此类屋盖结构进行抗风验算与评估时应充分考虑风向的影响.     

串列圆角弧边三角形双塔建筑气动干扰效应

对圆角弧边三角形双塔建筑在串列布置时的气动力进行了风洞试验研究,分析了不同排布方式和相对间距对受扰建筑层阻力系数、层升力系数以及基底弯矩系数功率谱密度的影响。试验结果表明：平均层阻力和升力系数的干扰效应主要表现为遮挡效应,当施扰建筑弧面迎风时相对更强;平均层阻力系数随间距比减小而减小,当双塔均关于来流方向对称时,平均层升力系数接近0,此时间距影响很小;顶部绕流会减弱遮挡作用,使得顶部附近的平均和脉动层风力系数相对增大;施扰建筑弧面迎风时脱落在尾流的漩涡将显著影响受扰建筑,大幅增强小间距比时受扰建筑的脉动风荷载,并使其横风向基底弯矩系数功率谱的峰值频率受控于尾流漩涡脱落频率。     

非稳态风致载荷下车体结构典型载荷谱仿真研究

为了考虑随机风载荷对车体结构疲劳强度的影响,以某型高速列车车体结构为研究对象,提出一种计算方法研究风致载荷作用下的车体结构典型载荷谱。主要内容包括:首先,根据京津线路沿线的风谱,选择Cooper风速谱作为目标谱,以线性滤波方法(卡尔曼滤波法)模拟作用在车辆上的风速。同时,基于风速与风压关系,引入一种权重函数模拟的时域计算方法获取高速列车横风作用下非定常的气动载荷。根据车辆动力学参数、轨道不平顺特征以及沿线瞬时最大风速等建立整车多体动力学模型和确定车辆典型运行工况。在车辆动力学模型中施加气动载荷激励,评估高速列车在风致载荷工况作用下的列车运行安全性。根据提出的载荷谱仿真计算方法,提取车体结构的载荷时间历程。采用雨流计数法对其进行载荷谱编制,形成典型的车体结构风致载荷谱。研究结果表明:采用线性滤波法获取的风速功率谱与目标谱在主要频段内拟合精度较高,随机风速的最大能量分布集中于0.01~3 Hz范围内;通过引入权重函数的气动力计算可以有效过滤气动力中的高频脉动成分,能够真实反映实际气动力载荷的延迟特征。该方法可以有效研究风致载荷作用下的车体结构载荷谱。     

斜截椭圆柱式涡流发生器强化传热的大涡模拟

对流体在放置斜截椭圆柱式涡流发生器矩形槽道内的流动与传热特性进行大涡模拟,得出流场中速度、温度与压力参数的瞬态变化特性,再现温度场、压力场及诱导旋涡的变化过程,并对流动结构及涡流发生器强化传热的机理进行分析。为验证大涡模拟计算结果的准确性,在相同条件下对未布置涡流发生器的空槽道分别采用湍流模型和大涡模拟进行对比计算,两者的计算结果符合较好。计算结果表明：流场中布置的涡流发生器可以诱导漩涡,而由其所诱导的流向涡对强化传热起主要作用。与相同条件下未布置涡流发生器的情况相比,局部对流换热系数可提高64%～105%,平均对流换热系数则可提高17%～36%;涡流发生器附近位置的对流换热系数提高幅度最大,传热面附近流体的流动状况及流动结构与传热密切相关。     

开口状态及干扰对柱面结构风荷载的影响

为满足储煤量、工艺及环保的要求,柱面煤棚结构常常成对出现且在端部和两侧采用不同形式的开口,煤棚间的相互干扰和开口状态对风荷载的影响效应目前尚不明确。针对此问题,通过刚性模型测压试验,研究了端部、两侧开口状态以及煤棚间距对其结构表面风荷载的影响,通过对比结构整体力系数、体型系数分布及脉动风压系数,给出了风向角、开口状态及间距对风荷载的影响规律,分析了其产生机理,并给出了该类结构的风荷载建议。结果表明:半封闭的端部开口方式能有效减小结构整体风荷载,且脉动风压值最小;两侧30%开孔率的开口形式,结构表面的风荷载分布更均匀,减小结构的脉动风压;煤棚之间的干扰对平均风荷载主要为遮挡效应,对脉动风荷载影响不显著。     

沟槽与方柱阵列结构的微铣削和加工表面疏水性

采用理论分析与试验结合的方法研究沟槽与方柱阵列结构参数对水滴在其表面接触角的影响。基于适用于光滑表面的Young氏方程和适用于粗糙表面的Wenzel模型及Cassie-Baxter模型,建立沟槽结构和方柱阵列结构的Wenzel模型公式以及Cassie-Baxter模型公式,计算出水滴在其表面的接触角理论预报值。采用直径0.1 mm微铣刀加工出相应的沟槽结构和方柱阵列结构表面,测量水滴在加工表面上的接触角,并与理论预报值进行比较分析。研究结果表明,沟槽与方柱阵列结构可以使水滴在其表面的接触角增大,接触角随着微结构间距增加而增大,随着凸台(方柱)宽度增大而减小。沟槽结构与方柱阵列结构对接触角的影响规律不尽相同:沟槽结构表面上水滴在垂直于沟槽方向和平行于沟槽方向的接触角有差异并且相互影响;水滴在沟槽结构表面有着更稳定的接触角变化,而在方柱阵列结构表面有更大的接触角,并且更接近球状。     

风诱导塔振动对塔气动特性影响研究

塔设备风诱导振动对卡门涡脱落及气动特性的影响规律研究对于塔设备共振预测和设计计算十分重要,对塔设备振动下的气动特性问题进行数值模拟研究。采用数值求解N-S方程结合Transition SST湍流模型的方法模拟塔设备周围气流的非定常流动,获得塔外表面的风压系数分布,并结合试验数据验证了文中模拟方法的准确性;继而将塔设备振动简化为正弦运动,采用弹簧动网格技术实现网格动态生成。研究了塔设备振动频率以及振幅的变化对横向力系数、阻力系数和涡脱落频率等气动参数的影响规律,结合塔设备共振条件,指出了气动特性的改变对塔设备共振预测的影响规律。     

Aerodynamic load maps of bluff bodies: Measurement and diagnostics

Bluff bodies may assume arbitrary attitudes in a flow, causing aerodynamic loads that are sensitive to attitude. The Continuous rotation technique obtains 6-component loads on bluff bodies with 1-degree azimuth resolution about selected axes at a rate of 1 revolution per minute. The load coefficient variation is Fourier transformed and the resulting complex series is truncated in order to obtain rapidly computable, analytical formulae. The method is applied to bluff body shapes including cylinders, a cuboid, a flat plate and a porous box. A cylinder whose length is equal to its diameter, is used to show that rate effects, hysteresis, vortex shedding and other unsteady aerodynamic phenomena are negligible below 10 revolutions per minute. Approaches to generalize the aerodynamic loads on yawed finite cylinders of various aspect ratio are studied. The reasons for differences in aerodynamic load behavior between 2 cylinder models, are analyzed. To complement experiments, the ROTCFD unsteady Navier Stokes code is used to perform diagnostic computations. Methods to generalize the predictions are explored. Maps of the leading coefficients of the Fourier series of each load component over the aspect ratios space, are interpolated. The interpolation varies sharply for aspect ratios between 0.5 to 1. The variation is more gradual beyond aspect ratio 2. By aspect ratio 4, a ‘high aspect ratio’ limit appears to be reached.     

串列三圆柱绕流的时均压力分布与气动力

运用刚性模型测压风洞试验方法对单圆柱、不同间距串列双圆柱和串列三圆柱绕流的时均压力分布与气动力进行了研究。首先,进行单圆柱模型和不同间距串列双圆柱模型的绕流试验,试验的雷诺数为3.4×104;其次,通过与单圆柱进行对比,讨论了气动干扰对串列三圆柱时均压力分布与时均阻力的影响规律;最后,通过与串列双圆柱进行对比,讨论了圆柱的数量对干扰规律的影响。试验结果发现,串列三圆柱的绕流存在两个完全不同的流态,其切换的临界间距(L/D)cr在3.5～4.0之间,两个流态下的时均压力分布与时均阻力存在明显的差异。本研究可对实际工程中串列圆柱结构的风荷载取值提供参考。     

Influence of corner radius on the near wake structure of a transversely oscillating square cylinder

The near wake flow field features of transversely oscillating square section cylinders with different corner radii were studied in an attempt to assess the influence of corner radius. The investigation was performed by using particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique in a water channel with a turbulence intensity of 6.5%. Five models were studied with r/B=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5 (r is the corner radius and B is the characteristic dimension of the body), and the body oscillation was limited to lock-in condition (at fe/fo=1.0; fe is the excitation frequency and fo is the vortex shedding frequency from a stationary cylinder at the same Re). The corner radius was found to significantly influence the flow features around the bodies. Except for r/B=0.5, for all the other cases of r/B ratios, cycle-to cycle variation in the mode of vortex shedding was observed in the case of oscillating cylinders inducing highly non-linear wake characteristics. Apart from variation in the shedding mode, changes in shedding cycle timing were also observed for sharp and rounded square cylinders. The hgher the r/B ratio, shedding in the near wake was found to be more uniform (lesser variation in shedding cycle timings). Another admissible shedding mechanism is newly identified to operate in the near wake of oscillating cylinders now being called as the ‘passive shedding’ mechanism. Results indicate that increasing the corner radius suppresses the possible instabilities of the cylinder.     

Control of flow around a square cylinder at incidence by using a splitter plate

Passive control of vortex shedding behind a square cylinder at incidence has been conducted experimentally by using a stationary splitter plate for the Reynolds numbers of 3.0×10⁴. The splitter plate was located at the center of the rear face of the square cylinder in tandem. The width of the cylinder and the plate were both chosen to be 30 mm and the incidence angle of the square cylinder was rotated between 0° to 45°. In this study, the combined effects of the splitter plate and angle of incidence on the pressure distributions and vortex-shedding phenomenon were investigated. Vortex shedding frequency was obtained from velocity measurements and aerodynamic force coefficients acted on the cylinder were calculated from pressure distributions. Characteristics of the vortex formation region and location of the flow attachments, reattachments and separation were observed by using the smoke–wire flow visualization technique. For the case with the plate, there is a sudden jump in the Strouhal number in the vicinity of 13° which corresponds to a minimum value of the drag coefficient. At zero angle of incidence, Strouhal number and a drag coefficient of the square cylinder decreased about 20% by means of the splitter plate. Drag reduction was minimum at about 13° and reached its maximum value at about 20°.     

Numerical simulation of vortex-induced vibration of a square cylinder

Vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of a square cylinder in a cross flow is examined numerically. Both the rigid and elastic cases are simulated at a low Reynolds number of 100. The approach solves the unsteady flow field using a finite element method with a deforming grid to accommodate the moving cylinders. As for the cylinder motions, a two-degree-of-freedom structural dynamics model is invoked. Fluid-structure interactions are resolved through iteration at the same time step. The calculated results for the case of rigid cylinder indicated that the non-dimensional vortex shedding frequency (or the Strouhal frequency) of a square cylinder at rest is 0.13, which is in good agreement with the published results. For the elastic case, with the change of the cylinder’s natural frequency, “lock-in” and “beat” phenomena were successfully captured. The phenomena of resonance and galloping can also be indicated.     

稳态偏航状态的风力机风轮气动力研究

根据水平轴风力机的特征参数建立了偏航致动盘的涡流柱面模型,用稳态偏航状态下的叶素动量理论计算出周向诱导流动因数。以Pitt-Peters模型为收敛条件,考虑了风轮的偏航角参数,建立计算水平轴风力机轴向诱导流动因数的计算模型,并用C++语言在VC环境下进行仿真计算,解决了气动设计和性能计算的关键问题,并通过实例验证了仿真过程的可行性。     

大跨度三心柱面网壳风压分布试验研究

通过大气边界层风洞刚性模型同步测压试验,对大跨度三心柱面网壳表面风压分布特性进行了研究。根据试验结果分析了结构不同风向下的平均和脉动风压分布、典型测点脉动风压谱以及相关性等。结果表明:风向角对网壳表面风压分布有较大的影响,一般情况下,结构迎风面为正压区,顶部为负压区,尾流区受分离、涡脱和再附等特征紊流影响明显;结构的边沿处受柱涡、锥形涡影响明显,风压梯度变化剧烈。迎风面大部分区域脉动风压功率谱类似于典型的纵向风湍流谱,呈单峰形状,主要激励为来流湍流;边沿处风压谱受特征湍流影响明显。结构表面相关性随测点间距离的增加而不断减小;风向不同,相关性衰减差别较大。     

Influence of blade-tower interaction in upwind-type horizontal axis wind turbines on aerodynamics

The blade-tower interaction of upwind horizontal axis wind turbines has become important to aerodynamic loading as the systems become larger. However, there are not enough studies describing these phenomena. To investigate this interaction, we performed numerical simulations for uniform, yawed, wind shear flow conditions, and various tower cases using the nonlinear vortex correction method with time-marching free wake. At 5 m/s, the change in the normal force coefficient is approximately 10% of the average. The blade root region has a larger azimuth range of the interaction and a bigger change in aerodynamic loading. The blade-tower interaction decreases as the yaw error and wind shear exponent increases. The interaction due to tower radius variations is higher than that due to tower clearance variations. With regard to stochastic load, the blade-tower interaction may affect the total fatigue load at low wind speed and in a more unstable atmospheric condition.