氯酸钠,亚氯酸钠和二氧化氯的制造与应用

氯酸钠是生产亚氯酸钠和二氧化氯的原料；亚氯酸钠与二氧化氯又是互为转化的原料，三者是关系密切的系列产品。本文介绍氯酸钠系列产品，包括稳定性二氧化氯，近年迅速发展的缘由、生产概况、制造方法和应用领域，并对这些产品的发展与应用推广提出了建议。     

盐酸法制二氧化氯生产过程中数学关系的建立和应用

一、前言二氧化氯是合成优质漂白剂亚氯酸钠的中间原料,它更是广泛地用于漂白纸浆、净化饮用水等方面的高效优质漂白剂和氧化剂。国外工业制取二氧化氯的过程主要通过氯酸钠在酸性介质中的还原来实现。近十几年来,美国、加拿大等国氯酸钠年产量增长了一倍以上;每年生产氯酸钠的总量中用于制取二氧化氯的部分,由70％左右上升到80％,甚至90％。尽管用二氧化氯漂白的纸张在白度、亮度和强度等方面都明显优于用任何其它漂白剂漂白的纸张,目前国内生产的氯酸钠用     

电解法合成二氧化氯研究进展述评

对阳极氧化氯化钠和阴极还原氯酸钠直接合成二氧化氯以及阳极电解亚氯酸钠释放二氧化氯的研究进展进行了述评。     

电解法合成二氧化氯研究进展述评

对阳极氧化氯化钠和阴极还原氯酸钠直接合成二氧化氯以及阳极电解亚氯酸钠释放二氧化氯的研究进展进行了述评     

氯酸钠电解工艺的探讨

一前言: 氯酸钠产品是强氧化剂,是制造氯酸盐,过氯酸盐,二氧化氯和亚氯酸钠的原料。广泛用于分析试剂,医药,印染,漂白,非农耕地除草,杀虫,鞣革,冶金等工农业生产方面。工业生产氯酸钠主要有两种方法:化学法和电解法。化学法多作为平衡氯气的一种手段,多为氯矸厂综合利用产品。电解法投资小,原料便宜,成本低,生产过程简单,产品质量高,多为单品种选用。     

我国氯酸盐生产概况

氯酸钾是基本化学工业中重要的化工产品,是生产火柴的主要原料;它还广泛应用于焰火、火药、印染和医药等工业生产,在国民经济中占有重要地位。我国氯酸盐生产已有四十余年历史,随着国民经济发展的需要,生产规模和产品质量逐年发展和提高;不仅满足国内需要,还向许多国家出口,在国际市场上享有一定声誉。目前,全国氯酸盐产量可达22000吨/年,其中氯酸钠产量只占15%。氯酸钠主要用于氧化剂和制造高氯酸盐;应用于制造二氧化氯和亚氯酸钠约占3%。利用氯酸钠作为除秀剂,脱叶、林园和铁路杀草等方面还没开展研究和应用。     

国内外氯酸钠生产现状及发展前景(1～4)

氯酸钠是一种用途广泛的无机盐,是制备二氧化氯的重要原料。本文叙述了国内外氯酸钠生产现状及生产技术,初步展望了我国氯酸钠工业的发展前景,并对今后的发展提出了建议。     

氯酸钠法二氧化氯制备工艺研究

二氧化氯(ClO2)作为一种新型消毒剂已被人们所接受，氯酸钠制备工艺因价格远低于亚氯酸钠工艺而收到人们的普遍关注。本文对2种氯酸钠工艺进行的基础实验研究表明，氯酸钠、双氧水和硫酸工艺在转化率、产物纯度等方面具有明显优势，有良好的经济效益和社会效益。     

高纯二氧化氯发生器应用小结

1高纯二氧化氯发生器的基本原理高纯二氧化氯发生器是以氯酸钠、硫酸为原料,尿素作为还原剂,采用负压曝气生产二氧化氯,氯酸钠、硫酸按一定比例混合,在一定的温度下反应生成二氧化氯气体。其化学反应方程式为:     

气流中制备二氧化氯的方法及设备

本发明提出了以无机酸（如盐酸）、次氯酸盐（如次氯酸钠）和亚氯酸盐（如亚氯酸钠）为原料，在含有载气流（最好为空气）的反应介质中生产二氧化氯的方法和装置，生产的二氧化氯含水量低，可用于氧化处理对水敏感的物质。     

The impact of Na2O on the synthesis of α-C2SH with different mineral composition and the stability of intermediate and final products

In this work the effect of Na₂O on the synthesis of α-C₂S hydrate (2CaO·SiO₂·H₂O), named as α-C₂SH, with different mineral composition and the stability of intermediate and final products were investigated. It is worth noting that new results was discovered by evaluating the mineral composition of hydrothermally synthesized α-C₂SH samples (200?°C; 2–72?h). It was found that Na₂O additive significantly influenced the formation and stability of intermediate and final products: within 12?h of hydrothermal treatment together with α-C₂SH a new calcium silicate hydrate phase, killalaite, was obtained in the products. Besides, the mineral composition of formed compounds slightly varied by prolonging the duration of synthesis to 24?h. For the first time it was proved that Na⁺ ions are not incorporated into the crystal structure of the main synthesis product, α-C₂SH. On the contrary, the mentioned ions are intercalated into the crystal structure of other calcium silicate hydrates. Moreover, the investigated alkaline additive reduced the recrystallization temperature of the synthesis products to wollastonite by 50?°C and significantly decreased the values of both specific area and total pore volume of α-C₂SH till 8.496?m²/g and 0.05084?cm³/g, respectively. The synthetic products were characterized by XRD, DSC, SEM/EDX and N₂ adsorption analysis.     

新型无磷过碳酸钠的制备、应用及发展前景

叙述了绿色环保的新型无磷过碳酸钠产品的开发背景、制备工艺、产品特点及应用和发展前景。     

Hydrothermal synthesis of Na4Mn9O18 nanowires for sodium ion batteries

Na₄Mn₉O₁₈ was recognized as the most interesting material for sodium ion batteries due to its low cost, high specific capacity and good cycle performance. The excellent electrochemical performance of Na₄Mn₉O₁₈ nanostructures was shown in literature. In this work, Na₄Mn₉O₁₈ nanowires were synthesized by hydrothermal reactions of Mn₂O₃ powder and NaOH solution at the temperatures of 185–205 °C for 48–96 h. The investigation of composition and structure of the synthesized products via scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses showed that major intermediate products at the low and high temperatures were Mn₃O₄ and birnessite Na_0.55Mn₂O₄1.5H₂O, respectively. The synthesized Na₄Mn₉O₁₈ nanowires showed a good electrochemical performance with discharge capacities of over 90 mAhg⁻¹, and Coulombic efficiencies of more than 91% at a rate of 0.2C during 30 cycles of charge/discharge.     

Preparation and Characterization of Blocked PAPI with Sodium Bisulfate

Abstract

In this work sodium bisulfate was used as a blocking agent to block polymethylene polyphenylisocyanate (PAPI). The particle size distribution rate and the factors influencing the stability of the blocked isocyanate emulsion were studied by varying the stirring speed. Furthermore the blocked isocyanate was characterized using a variety of methods. In order to determine the best stirring speed for preparing blocked isocyanate, a laser particle size analyzer and thermo gravimetric analysis were used to the measure particle size distribution rate and the stability of the blocked isocyanate emulsion, respectively. Experimental results show that blocked rate was 96.77%, and that the blocked isocyanate emulsion dispersion was best, and had the greatest stability, at the stirring speed of 400 r/min. Different solvents were used to wash the blocked isocyanate emulsion and the freeze-dried product. Analysis by XPS, FTIR, DSC and TGA were used to characterize the blocked products, and the blocked isocyanate was also quantitative analyzed. Results from XPS, FTIR, DSC and TGA analytical methods were able to qualitatively analyze the various components of products. Combining these results with the quantitative analysis the blocked rate of instrument analysis was found to be 86.18%. This was lower than the value of 96.77% for the blocked rate measured by chemical analysis. This work could provide a reference for researchers to distinguish the components of blocked isocyanates and provide an instrument analysis method for measuring the blocked rate.     

Separation of Actinides and Fission Products Using Titanium-Based Materials

Separation of minor actinides such as americium and curium from lanthanides and other fission products is important for the development of efficient nuclear fuel reprocessing methods. This article describes findings from initial investigations into the use of titanium-based materials for the separation of actinides including americium, plutonium, neptunium, and uranium from fission products including lanthanides, strontium, and cesium. Two types of materials were studied; the first was sodium titanates (ST) that have a layered structure and the second was titanosilicates that have a 3-dimensional tunnel structure. Testing indicated that the layered sodium titanates and tunnel-structured titanosilicate materials exhibit a strong affinity for Am, lanthanides, Sr, and Cs at pH 3 and a significantly reduced affinity for Am and the lanthanides at a higher acid concentration (pH 1). Testing also indicated that the ST material exhibited high affinity for actinides in a pH 3 solution. The addition of complexing agents significantly decreased the sorption of Am and lanthanides.     

海藻酸钠的浓度对聚苯胺/海藻酸钠电化学性能的影响

以海藻酸钠(SA)为软模板,采用原位氧化聚合法制备了聚苯胺/海藻酸钠(PANI/SA)电极材料,研究了SA的浓度对其结构、形貌及电化学性能的影响。利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和扫描电镜(SEM)对所制PANI/SA的结构和形貌进行了表征。在1 mol/L H2SO4溶液中,通过循环伏安法(CV)、恒电流充放电(CD)和交流阻抗法(EIS)测试了电极材料的电化学性能。结果表明:PANI/SA的比电容随聚合体系中SA质量分数的增大先升高后降低,w(SA)=0.01%时,PANI/SA为由纳米纤维相互交织缠绕的网状结构,其比电容最高(459.7F/g),较纯PANI提高了20.8%。     

羟基乙叉二膦酸合成新方法的研究

HEDP(羟基乙叉二膦酸)是一种用途广泛的工业水处理剂。合成原料中的三氯化磷易分解成氯化氢气体,污染环境。本文主要研究以亚磷酸替代三氯化磷为原料合成HEDP。实验结果表明,以亚磷酸、醋酸、十二烷基磺酸钠为原料,合成HEDP的相对最佳工艺条件为:m[H3PO3]:m[CH3COOH]:m[CH3(CH2)11SO3Na]=10:4:1,反应温度为:112℃,保温反应6小时。合成的产品基本符合HEDP的质量要求。     

Na and Li ion diffusion in modified ASTM C 1260 test by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

In the current study, MRI was applied to investigate lithium and sodium ion diffusion in cement paste and mortars containing inert sand and borosilicate glass. Paste and mortars were treated by complying with ASTM C 1260. Lithium and sodium distribution profiles were collected at different ages after different treatments. Results revealed that sodium ions had a greater diffusion rate than lithium ions, suggesting that Na reaches the aggregate particle surface before Li. Results also showed that Na and Li ions had a competitive diffusion process in mortars; soaking in a solution with higher [Li] favored Li diffusion but hindered Na diffusion. In mortars containing glass, a substantial amount of Li was consumed by the formation of ASR products. When [Li] in soaking solution was reduced to 0.37 N, a distinctive Na distribution profile was observed, indicating the free-state Na ions were continuously transformed to solid reaction products by ASR. Hence, in the modified ASTM C 1260 test, [Li] in the storage solution should be controlled at 0.74 N, in order to completely prevent the consumption of Na ions and thus stop ASR.     

Ruthenium(II)-Catalyzed Selective C(sp2)−H Acyloxylation of 2-Aroyl-Pyridine Derivatives with Sodium Carboxylate

A ruthenium-catalyzed C(sp²)−H acyloxylation of 2-aroyl pyridine derivatives with simple sodium carboxylate utilizing transformable directing groups is described. This protocol features broad functional group tolerance and chemo- and regio-selectivity, providing the acyloxylation products in 45%-84%yield. Furthermore, the synthetic utility of this protocol was demonstrated by the late-stage functionalization of pharmaceutical compounds. Notably, the acyloxylation products could be further transformed into a variety of useful heterocycles under mild conditions.     

Viscoelastic Behavior of Alkyl Ether Sulfate Systems Containing Nanosized Colloidal Silica

Surfactant systems incorporating wormlike micelles (WLM) are utilized in both industrial and consumer products. While the viscoelastic behavior of such systems provides for many desired end-use properties, there is often a need to further modify the rheological properties of such systems. These WLM systems behave much like polymer systems. Furthermore, incorporation of nanosized particles results in interaction of nanoparticles with the large WLM structures altering the rheological behavior. While there are a number of studies that have focused on the effect of particles on the rheological behavior in cationic surfactant systems, fewer studies have been done on systems containing anionic surfactants. In this study, relaxation behaviors in systems containing sodium alkyl ether sulfate and sodium carbonate were studied. The anionic surfactant was an alkyl ether sulfate with an average chain length of 12 carbons and one ethoxy group. WLM behavior was achieved through the addition of sodium carbonate. Ludox TMA, a nanosized colloidal silica, was employed at different concentrations in the WLM systems. Temperature was varied between 5 and 45°C. While characterization of relaxation in terms of the Maxwell model adequately described data below the threshold of ωτ ~1, the model failed to adequately describe behavior at higher frequencies. A modified expression with an additional relaxation mode adequately described relaxation throughout the frequency range studied. It was also found that zero-shear viscosities generally increased with an increase in silica concentration, and relaxation times decreased. Measurements of relaxation due to a compressive stress via ultrasonic attenuation measurements in the surfactant/particle systems are also discussed.