Space Vector Sequence Investigation and Synchronization Methods for Active Front-End Rectifiers in High-Power Current-Source Drives

Space vector pulsewidth modulation (PWM) schemes for the active front end of a high-power drive normally produce low-order and suborder harmonics due to the low switching frequency and the drifting of synchronization between the PWM waveform and the rectifier input frequency. To provide a synchronized PWM and achieve the best harmonic performance, different space vector sequences suitable for a current-source converter are investigated in this paper. Details on how to achieve the waveform symmetries with a minimum switching frequency for each sequence are discussed. A thorough comparison of the harmonic performance of different space vector sequences is carried out. An optimum space vector modulation method by switching between two best sequences is proposed to achieve the best line-current total harmonic distortion with reduced switching losses. In addition, two synchronization methods, namely a PWM frame regulation method and a direct digital phase-locked loop synchronization method, are proposed. Both methods are equally effective in providing tight synchronization of the PWM waveform with the rectifier input frequency. The work has been verified in simulation and experiment.     

Performance of PLL Synchronized Optical PPM Communication Systems

Receiver timing synchronization of an optical PPM communication system can be achieved using a phase-locked loop (PLL) if the photodetector output is properly processed. The synchronization performance is shown to improve with increasing signal power and decreasing loop bandwidth. The bit error rate performance of the PLL synchronized PPM system is analyzed and compared to that of the perfectly synchronized system. It is shown that the increase in signal power needed to compensate for the imperfect synchronization is small (less than 0.1 dB) for loop bandwidths less than 0.1 percent of the slot frequency.     

超混沌系统的一种同步方法

本文提出了超混沌系统的一种同步方法。先将系统的部分状态变量差进行反馈，然后通过滤波积分器，可以使两个结构相同的超混沌系统达到浊 同步。     

Random Mobility and Heterogeneity-Aware Hybrid Synchronization for Wireless Sensor Network

Random mobility of a node in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) causes the frequent changes in the network dynamics with increased cost in terms of energy and bandwidth. During data collections and transmission, they need the additional efforts to synchronize and schedule the activities of nodes. A key challenge is to maintain the global clock scale for synchronization of nodes at different levels to minimize the energy consumption and clock skew. It is also difficult to schedule the activities for effective utilization of slots allocated for aggregated data transmission. The paper proposes the Random Mobility and Heterogeneity-aware Hybrid Synchronization Algorithm (MHS) for WSN. The proposed algorithm uses the cluster-tree for efficient synchronization of CH and nodes in the cluster and network, level-by-level. The network consists of three nodes with random mobility and are heterogeneous regarding energy with static sink. All the nodes and CH are synchronized with the notion of the global timescale provided by the sink as a root node. With the random mobility of the node, the network structure frequently changes causing an increase in energy consumption. To mitigate this problem, MHS aggregate data with the notion of a global timescale throughout the network. Also, the hierarchical structure along with pair-wise synchronization reduces the clock skews hence energy consumption. In the second phase of MHS, the aggregated data packets are passed through the scheduled and synchronized slots using TDMA as basic MAC layer protocol to reduce the collision of packets. The results are extended by using the hybrid approach of scheduling and synchronization algorithm on the base protocol. The comparative results show that MHS is energy and bandwidth efficient, with increased throughput and reduced delay as compared with state-of-the-art solutions.     

A novel communication strategy for decentralized control of paralleled multi-inverter systems

A new communication strategy for decentralized control of paralleled multi-inverter systems is introduced in this paper. The proposed strategy utilizes the common mode signal's circuit in the paralleled system as a channel of communication between individual inverters. Source voltage synchronization for paralleled inverters is presented to demonstrate its effectiveness. One inverter module acts as a source and a synchronized signal is sent by means of frequency modulation in this channel to all other modules via the common mode current. Each module will then receive and transform the signal to be used as a synchronized voltage command for individual inverters. The approach enables synchronization in the paralleled multi-inverter system and the method is not affected by external factors such as load change, output voltage variation, and different types of loads. The principle of operation, performance of the proposed strategy, as well as the experimental evaluation with three single-phase paralleled inverters are discussed and presented in this paper.     

Time synchronization in sensor networks: a survey

Time synchronization is an important issue in multihop ad hoc wireless networks such as sensor networks. Many applications of sensor networks need local clocks of sensor nodes to be synchronized, requiring various degrees of precision. Some intrinsic properties of sensor networks, such as limited resources of energy, storage, computation, and bandwidth, combined with potentially high density of nodes make traditional synchronization methods unsuitable for these networks. Hence, there has been an increasing research focus on designing synchronization algorithms specifically for sensor networks. This article reviews the time synchronization problem and the need for synchronization in sensor networks, then presents in detail the basic synchronization methods explicitly designed and proposed for sensor networks.     

An Orthogonal Design of Experiments for Accurately Estimating Harmonics of Periodic Signals at Low Frequencies

The lack of synchronization between the sampling rate and the signal frequency is the main source of leakage errors in the harmonic analysis of periodic signals performed by means of digital techniques. An algorithm for accurately measuring the harmonic parameters of low-frequency, arbitrary voltage signals without using synchronization circuits was published recently. It is shown that the algorithm is an alternative orthogonal design of experiments for the problem of fitting a linear trigonometric model to integrating digital voltmeter data. This was experimentally confirmed in recent comparison of the proposed method with a synchronous synthesizing and sampling system. The harmonic magnitudes as a percentage of the fundamental measured by both methods differ by less than one part in 10^{6}. The algorithm can be advantageously used in almost any kind of low-frequency ac applications where two arbitrary voltage signals measured by two voltmeters are to be compared for harmonic magnitude and phase shift.     

Periodic timing error components in feedback synchronizersoperating on nonsynchronized signal samples

This letter shows that the synchronization error resulting from a timing recovery loop, operating on nonsynchronized samples of a noisy sinusoid, contains periodic components. This periodic timing jitter is caused solely by nonideal interpolation between the nonsynchronized signal samples and is absent when using synchronized sampling. The results of our linearized tracking analysis are confirmed by computer simulations     

Theoretical study of harmonic injection locking of millimeter wave harmonic gunn oscillators

Harmonic injection locking behavior of millimeter wave second harmonic Gunn oscillators is studied based on an equivalent circuit model. A large signal model of Gunn device in harmonic mode operation is employed. Injection locking curves of voltage amplitude and phase difference between injected current and harmonic voltage are calculated by means of describing function technique. Stability of the locked harmonic oscillators is also investigated. It is revealed that the harmonic locking bandwidth is much smaller than that of fundamental wave oscillators and is closely related to the susceptance slope parameter of fundamental wave circuit. It is also found that the stable region is smaller than that of fundamental wave oscillators. Some conclusions have been made for the application of harmonic injection locking technique.     

基于基片集成波导的W波段基波注入锁定谐波振荡器

研制了一种基于基片集成波导的W波段平面注入锁定谐波振荡器.为了获得大的注入功率, 注入锁定谐波振荡器采用基波端口强耦合结构, 利用谐波提取技术的频率倍频作用, 自由振荡输出频率在90.2 GHz附近.当基波注入信号在45.08 GHz附近时, 锁定带宽大于120 MHz, 输出功率大于6.5 dBm.将该平面集成的注入锁定谐波振荡器与低频参考信号同步, 能够产生稳定的W波段低相噪信号.     

基于基片集成波导的W波段基波注入锁定谐波振荡器

研制了一种基于基片集成波导的W波段平面注入锁定谐波振荡器.为了获得大的注入功率,注入锁定谐波振荡器采用基波端口强耦合结构,利用谐波提取技术的频率倍频作用,自由振荡输出频率在90.2 GHz附近.当基波注入信号在45.08 GHz附近时,锁定带宽大干120 MHz,输出功率大于6.5 dBm.将该平面集成的注入锁定谐波振荡器与低频参考信号同步,能够产生稳定的W波段低相噪信号.     

引入注意力机制的视频声源定位

在日常生活中视觉事件通常伴随着声音的产生。这表明视频流与音频之间存在某种潜在的联系,本文称之为音视频同步的联合表达。本文将视频流与音频融合并通过训练所设计的神经网络预测视频流和音频是否在时间上同步来学习这种联合表达。与传统音视频信息融合方法不同,本文引入注意力机制,利用视频特征与音频特征的皮尔森相关系数在时间维度和空间维度同时对视频流加权,使视频流与音频关联更加紧密。基于学习到的音视频同步的联合表达,本文进一步利用类激活图方法进行视频声源定位。实验结果表明,所提出的引入注意力机制的音视频同步检测模型可以更好地判定给定视频的音视频是否同步,即更好地学习到音视频同步的联合表达,从而也可以有效地定位视频声源。      

一类四维超混沌系统的同步研究

采用误差变量的线性组合对一类四维动态超混沌系统进行单向反馈控制，解析地证明了实现同步的可能性，从Lyapunov理论角度分析了对于四维动态系统采用单变量单向耦合的可行性，求出同步所需控制器要满足的条件。当驱动系统参数做周期变化时，用文中的控制器实现了两个超混沌系统很好同步。     

A Single Slow-Light Element for Independent Delay Control and Synchronization on Multiple Gb/s Data Channels

Independent delay control and bit-level synchronization of multiple data channels are demonstrated through a single stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS)-based slow-light element. Multiple, independently tunable SBS gain resonances are generated in a single piece of highly nonlinear fiber from multiple SBS pumps. Each pump is broadened by noise modulating the laser current so that the bandwidth is compatible with high-speed gigabit-per-second data signals. Bit-level synchronization on three 2.5-Gb/s nonreturn-to-zero on-off keying channels shows independent and continuous delay control of up to 112ps. Bit-error-rate measurement on the synchronized channels shows 3.5-dB power penalty. Effect of one channel on the other channel's delay is also investigated and the reason is attributed to the nonlinear crosstalk.     

Spectral synchronization in chaotic optical communication systems

The ability of chaotic carriers to synchronize in optical chaotic communication systems is studied experimentally under a spectral domain analysis. Synchronization of high-frequency components up to tens of gigahertz of the chaotic carriers can thus be evaluated. On the contrary, the traditional method of measuring the synchronization through chaotic carrier time-traces is constrained by the limited bandwidth of the real-time oscilloscopes used for such measurements, excluding the contribution of the high-frequency components of the chaotic carriers to the synchronization characterization of the system.     

A two-dimensional FFT algorithm for three-phase inverter-fedsystems

A spectrum analyzer for three-phase inverter-fed balanced systems which is capable of calculating up to 24 harmonic components of the line currents every 130 μs is presented. The method is based on a synchronized sampling technique and on a highly efficient fast Fourier transform (FFT) for three-phase systems. The latter consists of a two-dimensional six-point discrete Fourier transform (DFT) followed by a two-dimensional four-point DFT. The total FFT algorithm has been successfully implemented on a TMS32010 digital signal processor     

The Minimum Likelihood--A New Concept for Bit Synchronization

A new bit synchronization concept based on the "minimum likelihood" criterion instead of the conventional "maximum likelihood" concept is developed. The minimum likelihood situation is even easier to reach than the maximum likelihood because the derivative of the log likelihood function becomes identically zero there. Minimum likelihood implies "least likely" for synchronization (the worst case synchronization error) or an "orthogonal" timing condition which simply means that the locally generated clock is synchronized correctly, but with a delay of a half bit period. The structure and performance of the minimum likelihood bit synchronizer are discussed in detail in this paper. The results indicate that the minimum likelihood bit synchronizer has a much simpler structure, but with performance very close to the optimal maximum likelihood synchronizer.     

Frequency-detuned synchronization switching in chaotic DFB laser diodes

Synchronization switching between complete and generalized synchronization via frequency detuning of chaotic laser diodes has been observed. Maximum cross-correlation coefficients for the two forms of synchronization have been used to demonstrate such synchronization switching. The regime of synchronization achieved has also been confirmed by measurement of the time lag between the synchronized laser outputs.     

Temporal bit-sequence signal storage by using angular-multiplespectral volume holography (SPLUME)

A novel method is proposed for storing temporal bit sequences based upon the angular-multiple holographic recording of optical spectral components. The key technology is the spatially resolved generation of multifrequency reference beams whose phases are synchronized to the sideband of the optical cell. A preliminary experiment is made using an acoustooptic modulator for generating the multifrequency reference beams. In the experiment, a 4-bit-long nonreturn-to-zero 200-Mbit/s sequence is successfully recorded and regenerated from a photorefractive BaTiO₃ crystal as a real-time holographic medium. The recording bit rate is limited by the bandwidth of the modulator of the reference beam, not by the temporal response of the holographic medium. Cascading modulators is useful to broaden the bandwidth of the generated reference beam, resulting in expansion of the recording bit rate. Recording of an 8-bit-long 400-Mbit/s sequence is successfully demonstrated by cascading two modulators