锂离子电池PEO-LATP/LAGP陶瓷复合电解质膜的制备与性能表征

设计并制备了PEO-LATP/LAGP陶瓷复合电解质. 使用NASICON结构的Li_1.4Al_0.4Ti_1.6(PO₄)₃ (LATP)或 Li_1.5Al_0.5Ge_1.5(PO₄)₃ (LAGP)作为陶瓷基体, 以PEO为粘结剂, 得到了均匀、厚度仅为20 μm的复合电解质膜. 通过电化学性能表征发现当w(LATP/LAGP):w(PEO)=7:3时, 复合电解质膜具有最高的室温电导率, 达到0.186 mS/cm (PEO-LATP)与0.111 mS/cm (PEO-LAGP). 通过充放电循环实验表明, Li/复合电解质/LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2电池的首次放电容量达170 mAh/g. 使用PEO-LATP复合电解质的电池在循环时有较大的容量衰减, 而使用PEO-LAGP复合电解质则循环性能有明显的改善, 在10次循环后仍保持在150 mAh/g.     

Preparation of nitrogen-doped three-dimensional hierarchical porous carbon/sulfur composite cathodes for high-performance aluminum-sulfur batteries

Abstract

Aluminum-ion batteries, as a feasible substitute for lithium-ion batteries, have the advantages of high safety, high capacity, low cost and environmental friendliness. However, the cathode material is one of the key factors restricting the performance and practical application of aluminum-ion batteries. Sulfur is becoming a promising cathode material for aluminum-ion batteries due to its considerable theoretical specific capacity. However, the poor conductivity of elemental sulfur seriously limits the development of aluminum-sulfur batteries. In this work, nitrogen doped three-dimensional multi-stage porous carbon materials (N-C/S) were prepared, which were compounded with sulfur to prepare carbon sulfur composite cathode materials. The microstructure, phase morphology, element composition and electrochemical performance were analyzed by various characterization methods. Then, N-C/S composite was used as a positive electrode to assemble a new type of aluminum-sulfur batteries, and its performance was evaluated. This novel high-performance N-C/S composite cathode holds great potential in future high-performance aluminum-sulfur batteries.     

锂离子电池陶瓷复合全固态电解质的制备和性能研究

以负载Al₂O₃的无纺布为支撑膜, 浸涂PEO-LAGP-SN-LiTFSI的乙腈共混液干燥后制得新型复合固态电解质膜(CLASP)。该膜的热稳定性好, 即使在170℃的高温下依然不发生形变。当浸涂共混液中PEO: LAGP: SN: LiTFSI为3: 1: 1: 1, 固含量为10wt%时, 室温电导率可以达到3.66×10^-5 S/cm, 100℃时电导率可达2.52×10^-4 S/cm. CLASP膜的电化学窗口宽, 以该膜代替液态电解质装配的全固态LiFePO₄/CLASP/Li电池, 在55℃循环时表现出良好的循环稳定性, 高的库伦效率, 有望成为电化学性能优越的全固态电解质。     

Electrochemical characteristics with the addition of carbon nanotubes and the manufacturing process for sulfur cathode in the Li/S cell

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were purified using acid solution, and CNT-sulfur composite powder was prepared via precipitation, using the purified CNTs. In addition, the effect of the purified CNTs (PUCNTs) on the electrochemical performance of the Li/S cell was investigated. After the purification, almost all the impurities in the as-synthesized CNTs (ASCNTs) were removed, and the dispersibility of the CNTs was improved. On the other hand, the concentration of the structural defects and of the disordered structures in the PUCNTs was increased due to the surface oxidation of the tubes during acid treatment. In the case of the PUCNT-S composite powder, the outer wall of the tubes was well covered with sulfur, as opposed to the tubes in the ASCNT-S composite powder. The Li/S cell containing ASCNT-S composite cathode showed a large voltage decrease and a 680 mAh/g capacity during the first discharge process. The Li/S cell with PUCNT-S composite cathode, however, showed a higher discharge capacity and better cycle performance than the cell with ASCNT-S composite cathode. The electrochemical performance of the Li/S cell was improved for the PUCNT-S composite cathode using the CNTs purified by acid treatment.     

正极材料磷酸铁锂的二次掺碳改性研究

提出了一种二次掺碳制备锂离子电池正极材料LiFePO4/C复合材料的合成方法。实验结果表明不同阶段掺碳对合成LiFePO4/C复合材料的晶型没有影响,但对其电化学性能影响明显,二次掺碳能有效地提高容量和改善材料的稳定性;当蔗糖二次加入量为碳与磷酸铁锂质量比为3%(质量分数)时,样品颗粒细小且均匀,同时电化学性能最好,在0.2C倍率下首次放电比容量为161.19mA.h/g,循环20次后仍保持在153.68mA.h/g。     

Ultrathin graphite foam: a three-dimensional conductive network for battery electrodes

We report the use of free-standing, lightweight, and highly conductive ultrathin graphite foam (UGF), loaded with lithium iron phosphate (LFP), as a cathode in a lithium ion battery. At a high charge/discharge current density of 1280 mA g(-1), the specific capacity of the LFP loaded on UGF was 70 mAh g(-1), while LFP loaded on Al foil failed. Accounting for the total mass of the electrode, the maximum specific capacity of the UGF/LFP cathode was 23% higher than that of the Al/LFP cathode and 170% higher than that of the Ni-foam/LFP cathode. Using UGF, both a higher rate capability and specific capacity can be achieved simultaneously, owing to its conductive (～1.3 × 10(5) S m(-1) at room temperature) and three-dimensional lightweight (～9.5 mg cm(-3)) graphitic structure. Meanwhile, UGF presents excellent electrochemical stability comparing to that of Al and Ni foils, which are generally used as conductive substrates in lithium ion batteries. Moreover, preparation of the UGF electrode was facile, cost-effective, and compatible with various electrochemically active materials.     

锂硫聚合物二次电池关键材料研究进展

报告了在复合型纳米硫正极材料、纳米储锂合金负极材料和用原位合成工艺掺入纳米二氧化硅的凝 胶型聚合物电解质的研制方面所取得的进展;所研制的复合型纳米硫正极材料与凝胶电解质及锂金属负极配合 制成扣式实验电池进行测试,容量已达到７００mAh桙g,发现该材料放电电压是现有锂钴氧材料放电电压的一半, 双电池串联可以与现有锂钴氧材料电池互换;采用微乳液新工艺合成的Cu－Sn纳米合金材料,以石墨与金属锡 复合的材料,以及以金属氧化物作为原料,采用乳液法制备碳微球镶嵌金属锡的球形复合材料等高容量负极材 料取得了较大的进展     

纳米Li2MnSiO4正极材料的高压水热法制备及其电化学特性

采用高压水热法制备锂离子电池正极材料Li 2MnSiO 4,研究压强、反应温度和前驱体浓度对合成Li 2MnSiO 4的影响,并进一步研究碳包覆前后Li 2MnSiO 4的电化学性能。通过X射线衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜、充放电测试和交流阻抗等方法对样品的结构、形貌和电化学性能进行表征分析。结果表明:采用水热法在高压高温条件下可以合成高纯度的Li 2MnSiO 4材料,提高前驱体浓度有助于形成粒径较小的Li 2MnSiO 4纳米颗粒。电化学性能测试显示碳包覆后的 Li 2MnSiO 4/C比Li 2MnSiO 4具有更高的比容量,在0.1C (电流密度为33.3mA·g -1 )下首次放电比容量可达178.6mAh·g -1 ,循环50次后放电比容量为97.1mAh·g -1 ,容量保持率为54.4%。同时,Li 2MnSiO 4/C还具有比Li 2MnSiO 4更小的电荷转移阻抗和更高的锂离子扩散系数。     

A Host‐Configured Lithium–Sulfur Cell Built on 3D Nickel Photonic Crystal with Superior Electrochemical Performances

The insulator of the sulfur cathode and the easy dendrites growth of the lithium anode are the main barriers for lithium–sulfur cells in commercial application. Here, a 3D NPC@S/3D NPC@Li full cell is reported based on 3D hierarchical and continuously porous nickel photonic crystal (NPC) to solve the problems of sulfur cathode and lithium anode at the same time. In this case, the 3D NPC@S cathode can not only offer a fast transfer of electron and lithium ion, but also effectively prevent the dissolution of polysulfides and the tremendous volume change during cycling, and the 3D NPC@Li anode can efficiently inhibit the growth of lithium dendrites and volume expansion, too. As a result, the cell exhibits a high reversible capacity of 1383 mAh g^?1 at 0.5 C (the current density of 837 mA g^?1), superior rate ability (the reversible capacity of 735 mAh g^?1 at the extremely high current density of 16 750 mA g^?1) with excellent coulombic efficiency of about 100% and an excellent cycle life over 500 cycles with only about 0.026% capacity loss per cycle.     

多壁碳纳米管纸作正极集流体的锂硫电池性能

为了改善锂硫电池的循环性能,以纸纤维为基体,多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)为导电剂,采用真空抽滤法制得MWCNTs导电纸,并将MWCNTs导电纸作为正极集流体代替铝箔应用于锂硫电池。对MWCNTs导电纸进行了形貌结构表征和电化学性能测试,并对循环后的MWCNTs导电纸电极进行EDS检测。结果显示,MWCNTs均匀地附着在纸纤维基体上,多空隙的MWCNTs导电纸三维结构明显。采用MWCNTs导电纸作集流体的锂硫电池在0.05C和1C倍率充放电下循环30次,比容量分别保持615mAh/g、496mAh/g,库伦效率达97.5%以上,且电荷转移电阻在循环后降低。EDS元素分析结果证实MWCNTs导电纸对多硫化锂有吸附作用,从而一定程度抑制了锂硫电池的穿梭效应。因此,以MWCNTs导电纸作为集流体能有效增加活性物质硫的负载量和接触面积,使锂硫电池具有良好的循环稳定性和库伦效率性能。     

Rational Design of a High-Loading Polysulfide Cathode and a Thin-Lithium Anode for Developing Lean-Electrolyte Lithium–Sulfur Full Cells

Lithium-sulfur cells are attractive energy-storage systems because of their high energy density and the electrochemical utilization rates of the high-capacity lithium-metal anode and the low-cost sulfur cathode. The commercialization of high-performance lithium–sulfur cells with high discharge capacity and cyclic stability requires the optimization of practical cell-design parameters. Herein, a carbon structural material composed of a carbon nanotube skeleton entrapping conductive graphene is synthesized as an electrode substrate. The carbon structural material is optimized to develop a high-loading polysulfide cathode with a high sulfur loading capacity (6–12 mg cm⁻²), rate performance (C/10–C/2), and cyclic stability for 200 cycles. A thin lithium anode based on the carbon structural material is developed and exhibits long lithium stripping/plating stability for ≈2500 h with a lithium-ion transference number of 0.68. A lean-electrolyte lithium–sulfur full cell with a low electrolyte-to-sulfur ratio of 6 µL mg⁻¹ is constructed with the designed high-loading polysulfide cathode and the thin lithium anode. The integration of all the critical cell-design parameters endows the lithium–sulfur full cell with a low negative-to-positive capacity ratio of 2.4, while exhibiting stable cyclability with an initial discharge capacity of 550 mAh g⁻¹ and 60% capacity retention after 200 cycles.     

Electrosprayed polyaniline as cathode material for lithium secondary batteries

Doped polyaniline with LiPF₆ is electrosprayed onto aluminum foil using electrospinning technique, and evaluated as cathode active material for application in room-temperature lithium batteries. Doping level is characterized using FTIR and UV-vis spectroscopy. In FTIR Spectra, characteristic peaks of PANI are shifted to lower bands as a result of doping which indicates the effectiveness of doping. Doping level is also confirmed by UV-vis spectra. Surface morphology of the cathode is studied using scanning electron microscope. Electrochemical evaluation of the cell using electrosprayed PANI as cathode show good cycling properties. The cell delivers a high discharge value of 142.5 mAh/g which is about 100% of theoretical capacity, and the capacity is lowered during cycle and reached 61% of theoretical capacity after 50 cycles. The cell delivers a stable but lower discharge capacity at higher C-rates.     

A Carbonyl Compound‐Based Flexible Cathode with Superior Rate Performance and Cyclic Stability for Flexible Lithium‐Ion Batteries

A sulfur‐linked carbonyl‐based poly(2,5‐dihydroxyl‐1,4‐benzoquinonyl sulfide) (PDHBQS) compound is synthesized and used as cathode material for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). Flexible binder‐free composite cathode with single‐wall carbon nanotubes (PDHBQS–SWCNTs) is then fabricated through vacuum filtration method with SWCNTs. Electrochemical measurements show that PDHBQS–SWCNTs cathode can deliver a discharge capacity of 182 mA h g⁻¹ (0.9 mA h cm⁻²) at a current rate of 50 mA g⁻¹ and a potential window of 1.5 V–3.5 V. The cathode delivers a capacity of 75 mA h g⁻¹ (0.47 mA h cm⁻²) at 5000 mA g⁻¹, which confirms its good rate performance at high current density. PDHBQS–SWCNTs flexible cathode retains 89% of its initial capacity at 250 mA g⁻¹ after 500 charge–discharge cycles. Furthermore, large‐area (28 cm²) flexible batteries based on PDHBQS–SWCNTs cathode and lithium foils anode are also assembled. The flexible battery shows good electrochemical activities with continuous bending, which retains 88% of its initial discharge capacity after 2000 bending cycles. The significant capacity, high rate performance, superior cyclic performance, and good flexibility make this material a promising candidate for a future application of flexible LIBs.     

聚吡咯/磷酸铁锂复合正极材料的制备与表征

采用化学氧化法, 以吡咯为单体、 三氯化铁为氧化剂、 苯磺酸钠为掺杂剂在磷酸铁锂颗粒表面进行原位聚合, 制备了聚吡咯/磷酸铁锂(PPy/LiFePO₄)复合材料。用FTIR、 XRD和SEM对PPy/LiFePO₄复合材料进行了结构与形貌表征。用电化学工作站和充放电测试系统对复合材料的电化学性能进行了表征。结果表明: PPy/LiFePO₄复合材料作锂二次电池正极具有良好的充放电循环性能。当PPy质量分数为17%, 充放电电流为0.1 mA时, PPy/LiFePO₄复合材料最高放电比容量达163 mAh·g^-1, 50次循环之后放电比容量仍为初始时的94.9%; 与LiFePO₄相比, 当PPy的含量适当时, PPy/LiFePO₄复合正极材料的放电比容量会有明显提高。PPy的加入提高了LiFePO₄的电子电导率, 从而提高了活性物质有效利用率, 因此PPy/LiFePO₄复合材料的比容量和循环性能均得到了提升。     

Nanomaterials for lithium-ion rechargeable batteries

In lithium-ion batteries, nanocrystalline intermetallic alloys, nanosized composite materials, carbon nanotubes, and nanosized transition-metal oxides are all promising new anode materials, while nanosized LiCoO2, LiFePO4, LiMn2O4, and LiMn2O4 show higher capacity and better cycle life as cathode materials than their usual larger-particle equivalents. The addition of nanosized metal-oxide powders to polymer electrolyte improves the performance of the polymer electrolyte for all solid-state lithium rechargeable batteries. To meet the challenge of global warming, a new generation of lithium rechargeable batteries with excellent safety, reliability, and cycling life is needed, i.e., not only for applications in consumer electronics, but especially for clean energy storage and for use in hybrid electric vehicles and aerospace. Nanomaterials and nanotechnologies can lead to a new generation of lithium secondary batteries. The aim of this paper is to review the recent developments on nanomaterials and nanotechniques used for anode, cathode, and electrolyte materials, the impact of nanomaterials on the performance of lithium batteries, and the modes of action of the nanomaterials in lithium rechargeable batteries.     

LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2@WO3复合正极材料的制备与性能

为改善LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂（NCM）锂离子电池三元正极材料的电化学性能,采用液相蒸发法将WO₃包覆于NCM表面,得到NCM@WO₃复合正极材料。通过XRD、SEM和TEM对NCM@WO₃复合材料的结构和形貌进行表征,利用充放电测试、循环伏安及交流阻抗测试对其电化学性能进行表征。结果表明,当WO₃包覆量为3wt%时,NCM@WO₃复合材料性能最佳,在0.5 C下的首次放电比容量为179.9 mA·hg-1,不可逆容量损失降低至42.4 mA·hg-1,循环50圈后容量保持率为98.3%。WO₃的包覆提高了锂离子扩散速率,减少了电极材料与电解液的副反应,NCM@WO₃复合材料的电化学性能得到提升。      

Enhanced cycling performance and high energy density of LiFePO4 based lithium ion batteries

LiFePO₄ attracts a lot of attention as cathode materials for the next generation of lithium ion batteries. However, LiFePO₄ has a poor rate capability attributed to low electronic conductivity and low density. There is seldom data reported on lithium ion batteries with LiFePO₄ as cathode and graphite as anode. According to our experimental results, the capacity fading on cycling is surprisingly negligible at 1664 cycles for the cell type 042040. It delivers a capacity of 1170 mAh for 18650 cell type at 4.5C discharge rate. It is confirmed that lithium ion batteries with LiFePO₄ as cathode are suitable for electric vehicle application.     

Lithium Titanate Cuboid Arrays Grown on Carbon Fiber Cloth for High‐Rate Flexible Lithium‐Ion Batteries

High‐rate performance flexible lithium‐ion batteries are desirable for the realization of wearable electronics. The flexibility of the electrode in the battery is a key requirement for this technology. In the present work, spinel lithium titanate (Li₄Ti₅O₁₂, LTO) cuboid arrays are grown on flexible carbon fiber cloth (CFC) to fabricate a binder‐free composite electrode (LTO@CFC) for flexible lithium‐ion batteries. Experimental results show that the LTO@CFC electrode exhibits a remarkably high‐rate performance with a capacity of 105.8 mAh g^?1 at 50C and an excellent electrochemical stability against cycling (only 2.2% capacity loss after 1000 cycles at 10C). A flexible full cell fabricated with the LTO@CFC as the anode and LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ coated on Al foil as the cathode displays a reversible capacity of 109.1 mAh g^?1 at 10C, an excellent stability against cycling and a great mechanical stability against bending. The observed high‐rate performance of the LTO@CFC electrode is due to its unique corn‐like architecture with LTO cuboid arrays (corn kernels) grown on CFC (corn cob). This work presents a new approach to preparing LTO‐based composite electrodes with an architecture favorable for ion and electron transport for flexible energy storage devices.     

锂离子二次电池正极材料氧化锰锂的研究进展

综述了最近几年对于锂离子二次电池正极材料氧化锰锂的研究。研究的氧化锰锂材料主要有尖晶石结构的ＬｉＭＮ２Ｏ４、Ｌｉ４Ｍｎ５Ｏ９和Ｌｉ４Ｍｎ５Ｏ１２以及层状结构的ＬｉＭｎＯ２。对于ＬｉＭＮ２Ｏ４,通过引入适当的杂原子和采用新的溶胶－凝胶法制备复相 可以有效地克服Ｊａｈｎ－Ｔｅｌｌｅｒ效应所造成的容量衰减现象。Ｌｉ４Ｍｎ５Ｏ９display structure     

A Metal‐Free,Free‐Standing,Macroporous Graphene@g‐C3N4 Composite Air Electrode for High‐Energy Lithium Oxygen Batteries

The nonaqueous lithium oxygen battery is a promising candidate as a next‐generation energy storage system because of its potentially high energy density (up to 2–3 kW kg^?1), exceeding that of any other existing energy storage system for storing sustainable and clean energy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the consumption of nonrenewable fossil fuels. To achieve high energy density, long cycling stability, and low cost, the air electrode structure and the electrocatalysts play important roles. Here, a metal‐free, free‐standing macroporous graphene@graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C₃N₄) composite air cathode is first reported, in which the g‐C₃N₄ nanosheets can act as efficient electrocatalysts, and the macroporous graphene nanosheets can provide space for Li₂O₂ to deposit and also promote the electron transfer. The electrochemical results on the graphene@g‐C₃N₄ composite air electrode show a 0.48 V lower charging plateau and a 0.13 V higher discharging plateau than those of pure graphene air electrode, with a discharge capacity of nearly 17300 mA h g^?1 _(composite). Excellent cycling performance, with terminal voltage higher than 2.4 V after 105 cycles at 1000 mA h g^?1 _(composite) capacity, can also be achieved. Therefore, this hybrid material is a promising candidate for use as a high energy, long‐cycle‐life, and low‐cost cathode material for lithium oxygen batteries.