中心给粉旋流燃烧器气固两相流动的数值模拟

电厂采用的煤粉燃烧技术应达到稳燃、低污染、防结渣及防高温腐蚀的要求。中国电厂燃用煤的煤质偏差,煤种多变。在燃用这些煤的时候,锅炉的稳燃能力较低。针对这些问题,提出中心给粉旋流煤粉燃烧技术。由于燃烧器的气固流动特性对燃烧器的性能有很大的影响,利用可实现的k-ε和Lagrangian随机轨道模型对中心给粉旋流燃烧器的气固两相流动进行数值模拟,并将计算结果和三维相位多普勒测速技术(Phase-Doppler anemometry,PDA)试验结果进行详细比较,计算值和试验值速度分布的趋势基本相同。计算和试验结果表明,在轴向方向产生了回流区,切向速度分布出现典型的Rankine涡结构,中心线附近区域的径向速度小。当颗粒的轴向速度衰减为0之后,颗粒的运动方向发生偏转,开始向后上方运动。颗粒迂回型运动轨迹延长了煤粉在回流区中的停留时间。     

Effects of a swirling and recirculating flow on the combustion characteristics in non-premixed flat flames

The effects of swirl intensity on non-reacting and reacting flow characteristics in a flat flame burner (FFB) with four types of swirlers were investigated. Experiments using the PIV method were conducted for several flow conditions with four swirl numbers of 0, 0.26, 0.6 and 1.24 in non-reacting flow. The results show that the strong swirling flow causes a recirculation, which has the toroidal structures, and spreads above the burner exit plane. Reacting flow characteristics such as temperature and the NO concentrations were also investigated in comparison with non-reacting flow characteristics. The mean flame temperature was measured as the function of radial distance, and the results show that the strong swirl intensity causes the mean temperature distributions to be uniform. However the mean temperature distributions at the swirl number of 0 show the typical distribution of long flames. NO concentration measurements show that the central toroidal recirculation zone caused by the strong swirl intensity results in much greater reduction in NO emissions, compared to the non-swirl condition. For classification into the flame structure interiorly, the turbulence Reynolds number and the Damkohler number have been examined at each condition. The interrelation between reacting and non-reacting flows shows that flame structures with swirl intensity belong to a wrinkled laminar-flame regime.     

管内螺旋导流板引发的气液两相旋流场

用数值模拟的方法研究某种螺旋导流板结构引发的管内气液两相旋流的流动特点。空气为主相,水为次相,入口为雾状流。研究旋转给流型转变、气液相分布、速度分布及旋流衰减带来的影响。发现雾状流在螺旋导流板的作用下,转变为环状流。螺旋导流板内有二次涡的生成,且二次涡结构不断发展变化,离心力分布不均匀而形成沿管壁周向不连续的液膜;流出螺旋导流板后,二次涡会衰减消失,流体做螺旋向前运动,液膜沿圆管周向逐渐分布均匀。管中心处气相切向速度小,气相切向速度较大的区域远离旋流中心区,旋流中心与圆管中心存在小的偏心距;与直管及螺旋纽带相比,螺旋导流板引发的气液两相旋流在圆管中心的气相轴向流速远高于光管和螺旋纽带;与螺旋纽带相比,螺旋导流板引发的旋流强度更大且衰减减慢。     

Investigation of the turbulence characteristics in the swirling flow of a gun-type gas burner with two different hot-wire probes

Mean velocities and turbulence characteristics in the swirling flow of a gun-type gas burner (GTGB) were measured with a triaxial hot-wire probe (T-probe) and compared with previous data measured with an X-type hot-wire probe (Xprobe). Vectors and axial mean velocity data obtained by the measurement of the two types of probes in the horizontal plane and in the cross section differ in magnitude, but have very similar shape in overall distribution. Axial mean velocity components show especially wide differences around the slits and outer part of the swirl vanes within the range of X/R=2. Also, various turbulence intensities appear in a similar trend to axial mean velocity components within the range of X/R=2. The radial component of turbulence intensity around the slits and the outer part of swirl vanes above the range of X/R=2 has an opposite phenomenon. On the whole, the T-probe’s measurements appear smaller than the X-probe’s. This shows that the X-probe is better than the T-probe, especially on the swirling flow because it is much easier to use.     

The characteristics of pulverized coal combustion in the two stage cyclone combustor

Numerical investigations on air staging and fuel staging were carried out with a newly designed coaxial cyclone combustor, which uses the method of two stage coal combustion composed of pre-combustor and main combustor. The pre-combustor with a high air/fuel ratio is designed to supply gas at high temperature to the main combustor. To avoid local high temperature region in this process, secondary air is injected in the downstream. Together with the burned gas supplied from the pre-combustor and the preheated air directly injected into main combustor, coals supplied through the main burner react rapidly at a low air/fuel ratio. Strong swirling motion of cyclone combustor keeps the wall temperature high, which makes slagging combustion possible. Alaska, US coal is used for calculations. Predictions were made for various coal flow rates in the main combustor for fuel staging and for the various flow rate of secondary air in the pre-combustor for air staging. In-scattering angles are also chosen as a variable to increase residence times of coal particles. Temperature fields and particle trajectories for various conditions are described. Predicted temperature variations at the wall of the combustor are compared with corresponding experimental data and show a similar trend. The in-scattering angle of 20° is recommended to increase the combustion efficiency in the main chamber.     

适用于燃用贫煤1 025 t/h锅炉的中心给粉旋流燃烧器

提出了中心给粉旋流煤粉燃烧器,并针对某厂采用EI-DRB型燃烧器设计燃用贫煤的1 025 t/h锅炉稳燃能力差,不能燃用设计煤质的问题,进行了实验室冷态试验及锅炉冷、热态试验,得出了新型的燃烧器结构,并将下层8只燃烧器改造为新型燃烧器.试验表明,中心给粉燃烧器的回流区最大直径、长度与燃烧器最外层直径之比分别为1.40和1.89,可卷吸足够的高温烟气及时点燃煤粉,得出了外二次风叶片角度、一次风量、二次风量及三次风对燃烧器出口射流的影响规律;在实际运行参数下,EI-DRB型燃烧器没有回流区,不利于稳定燃烧.得出了二次风挡板开度和给粉机转数对燃烧器出口处温度场的影响规律.采用新型燃烧器后,锅炉效率提高,当电负荷降至140 MW时,锅炉可以不投油稳定运行,在燃用贫煤、无烟煤和贫煤的混煤时(混合比为11),锅炉在高负荷和低负荷下均可稳定运行.锅炉NOx排放下降.     

An experimental study on swirling flow behind a round cylinder in the horizontal circular tube

An experimental study is performed for turbulent swirling flow behind a circular cylinder using 2-D PIV technique. The Reynolds number investigated are 10,000, 15,000, 20,000 and 25,000. The mean velocity vector, time mean axial velocity, turbulence intensity, kinetic energy and Reynolds shear stress behind the cylinder are measured before and behind the round cylinder along the test tube. A comparison is included with non swirl flow behind a circular and square cylinder. The recirculation zones are showed asymmetric profiles.     

水平管内以叶轮起旋的螺旋流的数值模拟

采用RNG k-ε模型对水平管内以叶轮起旋的螺旋流的流动特性进行了数值模拟研究,通过试验验证了数学模型的准确性和可靠性。研究结果表明:叶片旋流器产生的旋流场,切向速度分布具有近似Rankine组合涡结构的特点,径向速度最大值达轴向速度的0.5倍。雷诺数对旋流强度影响较大,Re数越大,旋流强度越大,且旋流强度的衰减速率越小。强旋流使轴向逆压力梯度足够大而引发轴向回流,从而产生了中心回流区域;能够增加反应介质的滞留时间,提高气液两相的传质和传热效率,促进水合物浆体快速生成,保障管道安全输送。     

Frequency response of the flow in a radial swirler

We report the results of an experimental study on flow with a precessing vortex core in an isothermal radial swirler burner model. It was shown for the first time that in radial swirler flow, the Strouhal number (the dimensionless precession frequency of the vortex core) is inversely related to the swirl number in the range 0.5 < S < 0.8. A minimum occurs in the precessing vortex core frequency due to the reduced velocity of the helical vortex structure in the axial flow direction and the axial stretching of the helical vortex structure. This finding emphasizes the importance of accounting for the helical geometry of the precessing vortex when predicting the frequency response of burner installations.

     

An investigation of swirling flow in a cylindrical tube

An experimental study was performed for measuring velocity and turbulence intensity in a circular tube for Re=10,000, 15,000 and 20,000, with swirl and without swirling flow. The velocity fields were measured using PIV techniques and swirl motion was produced by a tangential inlet condition. Some preliminary measurements indicated that over the first 4 diameter, two regions of flow reversal were set up (the so called 2-cell structure). At the highest Reynolds numbers, the maximum values of the measured axial velocity components had moved toward the test tube wall and produce more flow reversal at the corner of the tube. As the Reynolds number increased, the turbulence intensity of swirling flow at the tube inlet also increased.     

Turbulent mixing flow characteristics of solid-cone type diesel spray

The intermittent spray characteristics of the single-hole diesel nozzle (d_n=0.32 mm) used in the fuel injection system of heavy-duty diesel engines were experimentally investigated. The mean velocity and turbulent characteristics of the diesel spray injected intermittently into the still ambient were measured by using a 2-D PDPA (phase Doppler particle analyzer). The gradient of spray half-width linearly increased with time from the start of injection, and it approximated to 0.04 at the end of the injection. The axial mean velocity of the fuel spray measured along the radial direction was similar to that of the free air jet within R/b=1.0-1.5 regardless of elapsing time, and its non-dimensional distribution corresponds to the theoretical velocity distributions suggested by Hinze in the downstream of the spray flow fields. The turbulent intensity of the axial velocity components measured along the radial direction represented the 20-30% of the Ū_cl and tended to decrease in the outer region. The turbulent intensity in the trailing edge was higher than that in the leading edge.     

Investigation of the three-dimensional turbulent flow fields of the gas swirl burner with a cone type baffle plate (I)

This paper presents vector fields, three dimensional mean velocities, turbulent intensities, turbulent kinetic energy and Reynolds shear stresses measured in the X-Y plane of the gas swirl burner with a cone type baffle plate by using an X-type hot-wire probe. This experiment is carried out at the flow rates of 350 and 450 ℓ/min which are equivalent to the combustion air flow rate necessary to release 15,000 kcal/hr in a gas furnace. The results show that the maximum axial mean velocity component exists around the narrow slits situated radially on the edge of a burner. Therefore, there is some entrainment of ambient air in the outer region of a burner. The maximum values of turbulent intensities occur around the narrow slits and in front of a burner up to X/R=1.5. Moreover, the turbulent intensity components show a relatively large value in the inner region due to the flow diffusion and mixing processes between the inclined baffle plate and the swirl vane. Consequently, the combustion reaction is expected to occur actively near these regions.     

Experimental investigation on the turbulence augmentation of a gun-type gas burner by slits and swirl vanes

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of slits and swirl vanes on the turbulence augmentation in the flow fields of a gun-type gas burner using an X-type hot-wire probe. The gun-type gas burner adopted in this study is composed of eight slits and swirl vanes located on the surface of an inclined baffle plate. Experiment was carried out at a flow rate of 450 //min in burner model installed in the test section of subsonic wind tunnel. Swirl vanes play a role diffusing main flow more remarkably toward the radial direction than axial one, but slits show a reverse feature. Consequently, both slits and swirl vanes remarkably increase turbulence intensity in the whole range of a gun-type gas burner with a cone-type baffle plate.     

Investigation of the three-dimensional turbulent flow fields of the gas swirl burner with a cone type baffle plate (II)

This paper presents three-dimensional mean velocities, turbulent intensities and Reynolds shear stresses measured in the Y-Z plane of the gas swirl burner with a cone type baffle plate by using an X-type hot-wire probe. This experiment is carried out at the flow rate of 450 ℓ/ which is equivalent to the combustion air flow rate necessary to heat release 15,000 kcal/hr in a gas furnace. Mean velocities and turbulent intensities etc. show that their maximum values exist around the narrow slits situated radially on the edge of and in front of a burner. According to downstream regions, they have a peculiar shape like a starfish because the flows going out of the narrow slits and the swirl vanes of an inclined baffle plate diffuse and develop into inward and outward of a burner. The rotational flow due to the inclined flow velocity going out of swirl vanes of a cone type baffle plate seems to decrease the magnitudes of mean velocities V and W respectively by about 30 % smaller than those of mean velocity U. The turbulent intensities have large values of 50 %–210 % within the range of 0.5<r/R<1 and around the narrow slits in front of a burner because the large transverse slope of axial mean velocity remains in these region. Therefore, the combustion reaction is expected to occur actively near these regions. Moreover, the Reynolds shear stresses are largely distributed near the narrow slits of a burner.     

An experimental and LES comparison of water- and air-based swirling flow test rigs in vertical and horizontal configurations

A 2D PIV experiment was carried out on the confined swirling flow and compared with simulation results. Simulations were performed using Star CCM+ commercial software. The LES WALE method of air and water was used to investigate the effect of working fluid on the swirling flow field. A second comparison was conducted to study the gravitational effects on the swirling flow. Velocity analyses were performed by extracting the mean velocity data, and FFT analysis was conducted on the instantaneous flow field of axial and pressure distribution. In general, good agreements were obtained using the experimental data; interestingly, the air simulation showed relatively higher performance in terms of predicting the asymmetric behavior of the flow. Energy cascade was studied at two different points, which indicated a similar tendency between air and water, with a slight shift of 0.1 Strouhal number in terms of dominant frequencies. The discrepancy of the CRZ and CTRZ formation was found to be of minor degree due to changes in the working fluid or the gravitational effect. Thus, a conclusion was made regarding whether applying water instead of air or altering the vertical test rigs affects the structure of the flow.     

Swirl effect on the spray characteristics of a twin-fluid jet

In the liquid fuel combustion chamber, employed fuel must be atomized before being injected into the combustion zone. Therefore, the complete fuel atomization is the most important condition for the combustion efficiency. The atomization quality strongly affects the combustion performance, exhaust pollutant emissions, and flame stability. Therefore, the whole process of spray atomization is of fundamental significance. During past decades many experimental and theoretical studies in this field have been carried out and some improved results have been obtained. Two-phase atomizers, having a variety of advantages such as spray uniformity, appreciable atomization, and smaller SMD with an increase of ambient gas, are considered to be applied in various industrial processes. The purpose of present study is to investigate the mean velocity, turbulence shear stress, turbulence intensity, mean drop size distribution, and droplet data rate in a two-phase swirling jet using PDPA systems.     

涡流管制冷分析

对涡流管制冷本质并进行相关的试验研究,进行理论分析,以及对四流道喷嘴涡流管的速度和温度分布进行数值模拟,结果表明:涡流管内实际流场由轴向,径向和漩涡运动组成,其流动形态在轴向上为阿基米德螺线,在横截面上为强制涡—自由涡的模型;管内流体能量的分离主要发生在涡流室区域附近,且气体从喷嘴出来后有少量直接进入冷端孔与冷气流混合,从而影响涡流管制冷效率。     

Large-eddy simulation and acoustic analysis of a turbulent flow field in a swirl-stabilized combustor

To conduct a comprehensive study on the flow characteristics and acoustic oscillation in a gas turbine combustor, a 3D large-eddy simulation (LES) was implemented. The formulation consists of the Favre-filtered conservation equations of mass, momentum, and energy. The subgrid-scale dynamics are modeled using a compressible flow version of the Smagorinsky model. To investigate the dominant coherent structure, the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) method was used for post-processing. The combustor of concern is the LM6000, lean-premixed dry low-NOx annular combustor, developed by General Electric Aircraft Engines (GEAE). Four important characteristics of swirl flow are visualized: vortex breakdown, procession and dissipation of vortical structures, recirculation zones, and helical waves immediately downstream of the swirl injector. It is shown that the turbulent motion of swirl flow directly affects acoustic oscillation through the cycle and spectral analysis. The four most dominant acoustic modes are extracted from the flow field by the POD analysis. The transverse modes in the y and z directions are dominant in all four modes, since the pressure fields are significantly affected by swirl flow.     

旋流风口的数值模拟与试验研究

旋流风口的形状较为复杂,其建模情况影响着室内流场和室内自净时间。为了研究旋流风口的入流条件对室内流场的影响,对真实和简化的旋流风口物理模型进行数值模拟,并对采用旋流风口送风时的室内温度分布和CO2浓度进行试验测试,从而验证旋流风口物理模型建模方法的正确性。研究结果表明,合理给出轴向速度和切向速度的简化物理模型,可以准确的模拟旋流风口的室内流场,这样就不用花费大量的计算资源去计算真实的物理模型。