石臼坨凸起东倾末端沙一、二段汇聚体系特征及砂体展布规律

利用钻井、测井和地震资料,采用源-汇思想,通过沟道、同沉积坡折带等空间地貌单元的发育样式及其与沉积体系(相类型、相标志和宏观地震相)的时空配置关系分析,阐明了渤海石臼坨凸起东倾末端沙一、二段不同汇聚体系对砂体分布的控制。结果表明:凸起东倾末端物源区分为东、西2个次凸,且发育易于风化的碎屑岩和火成岩母岩,具有良好的供源能力;凸起边缘发育单断陡坡型、走向斜坡型、分叉型和缓坡型等4种坡折样式,并且与沟谷共同构成良好的汇聚通道,形成了4种不同的汇聚体系;研究区沉积体系具有"东西分源、南北分带"裙带状分布特征,受不同汇聚体系控制,形成了单断陡坡型扇三角洲、走向斜坡型扇三角洲、分叉型扇三角洲和缓坡型辫状河三角洲等4种富砂差异分配模式,其中陡坡型扇三角洲易于形成断层遮挡和侧向尖灭圈闭,缓坡沟谷型辫状河三角洲易于形成地层超覆圈闭,两者均具有较大的勘探潜力。     

渤海西部海域沙垒田凸起古近系边缘断裂构造样式与沉积充填响应

渤海西部海域沙垒田凸起为继承性的古凸起,凸起边缘主要受北西向先存断裂及北东向早期断裂控制,根据控凹主断裂特征以及主断裂、早期同沉积断裂和伴生断裂之间的组合关系,古凸起边缘可划分为同向断阶型边缘、大型低角度正断层控制的缓坡边缘、平直状正断层控制的缓坡边缘,板式正断层控制的陡坡边缘及铲式正断层控制的陡坡边缘和座椅式正断层控制的陡坡边缘等6种。受边缘断裂坡折地貌影响,不同类型凸起边缘沉积相展布和纵向演化具有一定的规律性：同向断阶型凸起边缘,早期盆缘坡折之下发育低位扇三角洲,晚期发育辫状河三角洲前缘加厚带,分隔凸起与缓坡的晚期主干断裂早期控制高位扇三角洲,晚期控制了辫状河三角洲的发育;大型低角度正断层之上发育的同沉积断层控制了沙三段强裂陷期低位扇三角洲、浊积扇的沉积,之后发育缓坡辫状河三角洲_滨浅湖;对于平直状同沉积断层控制的缓坡边缘,沙河街组沉积时期发育缓坡背景下的水进和高位辫状河三角洲,东营组沉积时受断裂坡折影响,坡折之下发育辫状河三角洲前缘加厚带,之上发育辫状河三角洲平原和小型沟谷充填。陡坡边缘沉积充填在垂向上具有分层结构,由早期冲积扇或扇三角洲向辫状河三角洲演变,陡坡坡折控制低位扇三角洲的发育,坡折之上发育沟谷充填和辫状河三角洲平原沉积。     

渤海湾盆地埕北低凸起南侧陡坡带成藏特征研究

陡坡带是箕状凹陷中油气富集的一类重要构造带,具有紧邻油源、砂体极为发育、相变化快等特点,是油气勘探的重要目标。为了缓解埕北油田增储上产的压力,近年来对埕北低凸起南侧陡坡带进行了多轮滚动勘探,但是勘探效果不佳。在对埕北低凸起南侧陡坡带构造特征、地层发育及成藏条件分析的基础上,结合对已钻构造的精细解剖,总结了该区的成藏特征:一是圈闭的有效性控制了油气是否富集成藏;二是沉积相带控制了油气成藏的有利部位。分析认为,圈闭的有效性主要体现在控圈断层的封闭性,断层封闭性的好坏直接决定油气能否成藏。而不同的沉积相带,砂体横向非均质性较强,物性具有较大的差异。研究发现扇中是储集体中最好的储集相带,也是成藏的最有利部位。通过陡坡带成藏主控因素研究,对该区下一步的勘探部署起到至关重要的作用,同时对其它类似陡坡带提高勘探效率具有一定的指导意义。     

断陷湖盆多级坡折带的成因类型、展布及其勘探意义

对东营凹陷下第三系的研究表明,在箕状断陷湖盆中发育有多级坡折带,其成因类型有断裂坡折带、挠曲坡折带、沉积坡折带和侵蚀坡折带。作为凸起、斜坡(断阶)和洼陷等次级构造单元之间分界线的大型同沉积断裂往往形成断裂坡折带,从而从陡坡带到缓坡带依次发育有凸起-陡坡边缘、陡坡-洼陷边缘、凸起-缓坡边缘、缓坡-洼陷边缘等断裂坡折带。在这些坡折带附近的较小的同沉积调整断层可以形成更次级的断裂坡折,并形成各种复杂的坡折平面组合样式。在凸起边缘断裂坡折带的上下有时会形成侵蚀坡折带。挠曲坡折带主要与同沉积背斜、同沉积鼻状构造相伴生,其中在中央背斜带两翼、陡坡带的滚动背斜带和缓坡带的鼻状构造的两翼最为发育。沉积坡折带发育在大型三角洲前缘,以沿长轴发育的东营三角洲前缘最为典型。断裂坡折带控制了低位扇体以及岩性-构造复合圈闭的发育,沉积坡折带控制了低位扇、高位滑塌浊积扇以及岩性圈闭的展布,而挠曲坡折带和侵蚀坡折带除了对砂体有控制作用外,更突出地表现为对地层超覆、削蚀尖灭线以及对地层圈闭发育的控制。坡折带附近是非构造油气藏发育的有利场所,进一步勘探的潜力巨大。     

春光探区白垩系沉积特征及有利勘探相带

春光地区白垩系沉积相带的分布是决定油气藏分布特征的重要因素,通过地震相、岩心描述、钻测井和地震资料的分析,结合准噶尔盆地区域沉积背景,认为春光探区白垩系发育滨浅湖、扇三角洲和辫状河三角洲等三种沉积相。结合车排子凸起构造演化过程,确定了白垩系沉积演化特征。通过研究沉积相对圈闭发育的控制作用,认为地层超覆带是圈闭发育的有利区带;明确了三角洲前缘水下分流河道及滨浅湖滩坝砂是该区白垩系的有利勘探相带。     

孤北洼陷沙三段沉积特征及其控制因素

孤北洼陷作为典型的双断湖盆,受周缘边界断层交替活动的影响,内部结构独特,物源体系复杂,沉积类型多样。因此,准确恢复沉积体系演化规律是指导该类湖盆油气勘探工作的关键。综合利用岩心、薄片、测井、录井和地震等资料,对孤北洼陷沙三段物源及沉积相展布特征进行精细研究。结果表明,孤北洼陷东西两侧的长堤断层和埕东断层的交替活动,造成湖盆整体具有"两洼夹一突"的地貌特征,北部桩南断层的强烈活动造成东次洼具有"北断南超"的特点。湖盆内部整体受长堤、孤东、埕东和孤岛4个方向的物源控制。埕南陡坡断裂带分布进积型扇三角洲和退积型近岸水下扇,垂向上交替堆积,长堤陡坡断裂带分布进积型扇三角洲,孤北东缓坡带和孤北西缓坡带分布三角洲,来自孤东凸起的扇三角洲由洼陷东南部向北部延伸。总之,缓坡带受断层影响较小,地势平缓,以发育三角洲沉积为主,受到湖平面、古地貌的控制;陡坡带以断层活动和湖平面联合控制为主,地势陡,以近岸水下扇、扇三角洲和滑塌浊积扇沉积为主,平面分布范围较小。     

二连盆地下白垩统岩性地层油藏构造控制因素

根据地震、测井及钻井信息和层序地层学理论,对二连盆地岩性地层油气藏类型进行的深入研究表明,影响二连盆地下白垩统岩性地层油藏的主要因素有断陷结构的类型、坡折带控砂模式和断裂调节带类型。根据构造样式,将二连盆地断陷结构进一步细分为单断断超式、单断断槽式及复合式3种类型;将坡折带控砂模式细分为陡坡断崖型与近岸水下扇、陡坡断坡型与近岸水下扇—浊积扇、陡坡断阶型与扇三角洲—浊积扇、缓坡斜坡型与辫状河三角洲—扇三角洲、缓坡挠曲型与扇三角洲—浊积扇、缓坡断阶型与辫状河三角洲或扇三角洲—浊积扇6种类型;将断裂调节带划分为断层断弯型、断层断接型、断层交叉型和断沟型4种类型。对不同类型构造控制因素进行了分析,为二连盆地岩性地层油藏的研究和勘探提供了理论依据。     

构造-古地貌对沉积的控制作用——以渤海南部莱州湾凹陷沙三段为例

利用地震、测井及录井资料,恢复古近系沙河街组三段沉积时期莱州湾凹陷构造-古地貌特征,分析构造-古地貌对沉积体系的控制作用.沙三段沉积时期,莱州湾凹陷可划分为8个构造-古地貌单元,包括东部断坡带、东北斜坡带、北部斜坡带、西部斜坡带、南部斜坡带、中央凸起带、北部洼陷带和南部洼陷带,西部和南部斜坡带存在明显沟谷.受构造-古地貌控制,沙三段沉积时期莱州湾凹陷的东部发育扇三角洲,西部和南部发育辫状河三角洲,三角洲沉积体系的主体发育部位明显受次洼的控制.受东部断坡控制形成的扇三角洲砂体,受西部和南部缓坡及沟谷控制形成的辫状河三角洲砂体,特别是受西部缓坡控制在北部洼陷发育的大型辫状河三角洲砂体,是油气勘探的重要目标.图7参17     

东营凹陷下第三系低位域沉积及非构造圈闭

低位域是一个层序地层学概念,即发育在I型层序界面之上、初次水泛面之下的,常由盆底扇、斜坡扇和低位楔状体组成的体系域。由于控制低位域发育的坡折带类型不同,低位域的沉积体构成也就有所不同。北部陡坡断裂坡折带发育以冲积扇、小型低位三角洲、近岸水下扇和浊积扇为特征的低位域;东部东营三角洲沉积坡折带,发育以斜坡扇、低位三角洲和水下扇为特征的低位域;南部缓坡带,低位域以低位三角洲和低位滨浅湖相沉积为主。在这些低位域中,发育了不同类型的非构造圈闭,北部和南部坡折带为超覆型地层圈闭,东部沉积坡折带发育岩性圈闭。经过对这些圈闭的精细描述和初步评价,认为含油气前景比较乐观,有望为东营凹陷非构造圈闭勘探作出重要贡献     

北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷始新统隐蔽油气藏类型及勘探方向

南海北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷具有圈闭控制油气分布、储层控制油气富集、储集物性及流体性质控制油气产能的基本特点,因此,不同类型圈闭发育及展布特征,对油气成藏乃至分布均至关重要。指出本区不仅存在不同类型构造圈闭,而且亦在多物源湖盆沉积的始新统流一段2个三级层序内,发育有陡坡(扇)三角洲、缓坡(扇)三角洲、凹中盆底扇或浊积体、(扇)三角洲前端经改造形成的滩坝及低位滨浅湖砂岩超覆等多种类型的隐蔽圈闭,且这些不同类型非构造圈闭与油气运聚成藏条件配置良好,其中,尤以一号断层下降盘和二号断层下降盘中西段发育且易于识别的稳定沉降之缓坡(扇)三角洲、小型陡坡扇三角洲和高位浊积体等勘探潜力最佳。     

往复式空气压缩机常见故障及处理

介绍了往复式空气压缩机运行中常见故障,分析了产生故障的主要原因,提出了处理方法。     

Clothianidin dissipation in tomato and soil, and distribution in tomato peel and flesh

Clothianidin, a new neonicotinoid insecticide, was systematically evaluated. An analytical method using gas chromatography with electron capture detection was developed. Recoveries were between 92% and 102%, with relative standard deviations from 3% to 5% at three fortified levels. The decrease of clothianidin in tomato and soil samples under field conditions at Beijing, Shandong, and Anhui were determined. The dissipation rates of clothianidin fit first-order kinetics. Its half-lives ranged from 6.7 to 12.7 days in soil, and 7.0 to 11.9 days in tomato. On the suggested pre-harvest interval of 7 days, the distribution of clothianidin in tomato peel and flesh was studied. Most residues were found on the peel. Hence, removing the tomato peel before consumption is advisable. The stability of clothianidin fortified at 0.3 or 3 mg/kg in frozen green and red ripe tomatoes was also determined. The half-life mainly depended on the spiked levels of this pesticide.     

中国致密砂岩气及在勘探开发上的重要意义

致密砂岩气藏系指聚集工业天然气的致密砂岩场晕或圈闭,根据其储集层特征、储量大小及所处区域构造位置高低,可将致密砂岩气藏分为两类:"连续型"致密砂岩气藏和"圈闭型"致密砂岩气藏,前者通常位于构造低部位,圈闭界限模糊,无统一气水界面,往往气水倒置,储源一体或近源;后者位于圈闭高处,上气下水,储量规模较小但产量相对较高。中国致密砂岩气都是煤成气,组分以烷烃气(C1 4)为主,甲烷含量最高,烷烃气具正碳同位素系列;非烃气(主要是CO2和N2)含量低。截至2010年底,中国致密砂岩气的储量和年产量分别占全国天然气储量和产量的39.2%和24.6%,预计将来比例还会提高。与页岩气、煤层气等非常规气相比,中国近期在非常规气勘探开发中应以致密砂岩气为先。     

Aflatoxins and fumonisins in rice and maize staple cereals in Northern Vietnam and dietary exposure in different ethnic groups

Mycotoxins in food are increasingly a food safety hazard concern in particular in developing countries. This study was performed to determine the occurrence and determinants of aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination in rice and maize and to assess health risks through dietary intake exposure among ethnic minority groups in northern Vietnam. A total of 111 rice and 102 maize samples, were tested for occurrence of fungi and mycotoxins, i.e. aflatoxins (AF’s) and fuminisin B (FB). Results showed that 107 (96.4%) rice and 84 (82.4%) maize samples were contaminated by fungi. Aspergillus flavus was found in 68 (61.3%) rice and 30 (29.4%) maize samples, Aspergilus parasiticus in 40 (36.0%) rice and 27 (26.7%) maize samples. AF’s - were detected in 27 rice (24.3%) and 27 maize samples (26.4%) at minimum and maximum levels in rice of 2.06 and 77.8 ng/g and 20.5 and 110 ng/g in maize, respectively. Nine (8.1%) rice and 24 (23.5%) maize samples contained FB at ranges of 2.3–624 ng/g in rice and 5.6–89.8 ng/g in maize. Data collected through interviews and observations in households showed that type of crop, storage duration and presence of fungi, particularly mycotoxigenic fungi were important risk factors for AF’s and FB contamination. Based on daily food consumption data, the estimated average exposure dose of aflatoxin B₁(AFB₁) from rice was 21.7 ng/kg bw/day for adults and 33.7 ng/kg bw/day for children. For FB, the rice based average exposure amounted to 536 ng/kg bw/day for adults and 1019 ng/kg bw/day for children. The calculated excess risk of liver cancer incidence by ingestion of cereals containing AFB₁ was 1.5 per 100,000 adults and 2.3 per 100,000 children per year. The average intake of FB was calculated to be lower than the tolerable diet intake (TDI). Our findings highlight that rice and maize are contaminated with mycotoxins at levels representing actual health hazards for the ethnic minority groups consuming these stable cereals. Proper drying and storage conditions in households are likely to reduce the mycotoxin contamination.     

Aflatoxin M1 in raw and UHT cow milk collected in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) concentrations were determined in raw and UHT cow milk samples collected in different regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia during the autumn months of 2014. The mean AFM1 levels in the raw milk samples were (ng/kg): 6.22 in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 5.65 in Croatia. In all except one milk sample, AMF1 levels were below the LOQ value of 34.2 ng/kg (ELISA method). In four milk samples, AFM1 concentrations exceeded the EU MRL of 50 ng/kg. Samples were subjected to LC-MS/MS analysis which confirmed elevated values determined by ELISA. Elevated levels were in the range 56.6–132.6 ng/kg. Two positive milk samples from Bosnia and Herzegovina originated from Una Sana Canton, two from Croatia from eastern Croatia. The highest AFM1 levels of 132.6 ng/kg was measured in milk from eastern Croatia. In 214 samples of processed UHT milk from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia, AFM1 ranged from 2.29 ng/kg to 21.4 ng/kg, all below the LOQ value. AFM1 exceeded the EU MRL value in only 0.62% of milk samples, indicating the sporadic use of contaminated feedstuff at farms in both countries.     

改进中加强 创新中发展——改革开放30年企业思想政治工作的实践与探索

改革开放30年来，企业思想政治工作随着形势的不断变化，曾经面临着诸多新问题。企业思想政治工作正是在解决这些问题的实践中不断探索，创新思路和方法，提升效果和水平，成为企业改革、发展、进步的动力源泉。     

Aflatoxigenic fungi and aflatoxins occurrence in sultanas and dried figs commercialized in Brazil

The presence of aflatoxins, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus in dried fruits was investigated. A total of 62 dried fruit samples were analyzed (24 black sultanas, 19 white sultanas and 19 dried figs). A total of 10 A. flavus isolates were found, nine in one white sultana sample (corresponding to 18% infection) and one isolate in dried figs (2%), and all of them were aflatoxin B₁ and B₂ producers. A. parasiticus was not found. Aflatoxins were detected in 3 of 19 (16%) white sultana samples analyzed and, the limits were not higher than 2.0 μg/kg. In dried figs 11 of 19 (58%) samples were contaminated with aflatoxins and, with exception of one sample that was contaminated with 1500 μg/kg of B₁ aflatoxin, the others had less than 2.0 μg/kg. Neither aflatoxigenic or aflatoxins contaminated black sultanas.     

Aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in dried chestnuts and chestnut flour produced in Italy

The occurrence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in chestnut products made in Italy was surveyed. Thirty-seven samples of chestnut flour and fourteen of dried chestnuts were collected from retail outlets located in northern Italy. After extraction and purification through an immunoaffinity column, aflatoxins and ochratoxin A were analysed using both HPLC-FLD and HPLC-MS/MS. The mycotoxin contamination found in this survey was widespread and remarkable. As regards aflatoxins, the incidence of aflatoxin B₁ was 62.2 and 21.4% in chestnut flour and dried chestnuts, respectively; in the same products, the percentage of samples exceeding the value of 2.0 μg kg⁻¹ for aflatoxin B₁ (maximum limit fixed by EC Regulation 165/2010 in dried fruits) was 24.3% and 7.1%. A widespread and high incidence of AFG₁ was also found (40.5%). The maximum values for aflatoxin B₁ and total aflatoxins were 67.88 and 188.78 μg kg⁻¹, respectively (chestnut flour sample). Ochratoxin A occurred in all samples, showing very high values (mean 12.38 and 13.63 μg kg⁻¹ for chestnut flour and dried chestnuts, respectively); the percentages of samples exceeding the limit of 10 μg kg⁻¹ (EU limits for dried vine fruit) were 64.9 and 42.8% for chestnut flour and dried chestnuts, respectively. The maximum value was 65.84 μg kg⁻¹ (dried chestnut sample).