硅铝比对Cu-Co/ZSM-5-Al2O3催化剂性能的影响

采用物理混合法制备了不同硅铝比的ZSM-5与Al_2O_3的混合载体,并采用浸渍法制备Cu-Co基催化剂,考查其对合成气制混合醇性能的影响,并用Ar物理吸-脱附、H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等手段对其结构性能进行了表征。结果表明:当混合载体中ZSM-5硅铝比为50时,载体形成了新的孔道结构,有利于消除载体的堆积现象,促进载体活性物种的分散,更有利于表面活性物种的还原,同时改变了表面活性物中的化学状态,从而使合成气制备低碳混合醇具有较高的反应活性和选择性。在5.0MPa,300℃,V(H2)∶V(CO)∶V(N2)=4∶2∶1,GHSV=7200m L·h~(-1)反应条件下,不同硅铝比的混合载体催化剂表现出不同的催化活性,其中当混合载体中ZSM-5硅铝比为50时,CO转化率和C~(2+)醇类选择性分别达到21.31%和41.80%。     

Influence of operating conditions,Si/Al ratio and doping of zinc on Pt-Sn/ZSM-5 catalyst for propane dehydrogenation to propene

The direct catalytic dehydrogenation of propane to propene is an important route to enhance propene production. In the present experimentation the focus was to investigate the influence of incipient operating conditions, Si/Al ratio of zeolite support and effect of zinc doping on Pt-Sn/ZSM-5 catalyst performance. The catalysts were extensively investigated by reaction tests in a continuous plug-flow quartz micro-reactor. The experimental data shows that the manipulation of operating parameters significantly improves the reaction performance, while huge dynamicity is observed in product distribution. Reaction temperature, 600 °C is found to be most suitable, while increasing the weight hourly space velocity (WHSV), propene selectivity improves at the expense of lower conversion. The OPE was drawn to observe overall reaction network. It was found that the acidity of zeolitic support plays a more important role in achieving desired product selectivity than additional metallic content. Accordingly, the Si/Al ratio of the ZSM-5 zeolite the pro- pene selectivity was enhanced, leading to remarkable improvement in the total olefins selectivity which was remarkably improved owing to a suppression of secondary reactions. At Si/Al ratio 300, the selectivity of propene and total olefins becomes stable at 73% and 90% respectively. The doping of Zn on Pt-Sn/ZSM-5 improves only propene selectivity, but is severely affected by quick deactivation.     

Influence of the Si/Al ratio and crystal size on the acidity and activity of HBEA zeolites

Three HBEA samples were prepared through ion exchange followed by calcination under dry air flow at 550 °C from parent samples synthesized with different total Si/Al ratios or crystal sizes and characterized by various techniques. The denomination, Si/Al ratio and crystal size were the following—Cal: 12.5, ∼20 nm; LC: 14.5, 3000–10,000 nm; RAl: 7.0, ∼50 nm. Pyridine adsorption followed by FTIR shows very different values of the Lewis/Brønsted site concentration ratio: 1.2 with Cal, 0.2 with LC and 0.6 with RAl, which indicates a predominant positive effect of the crystal size on the framework stability. Methylcyclohexane transformation at 450 °C was found to occur through both protolysis and the carbenium ion chain mechanism. Protolysis plays a significant role on Cal only. This very difficult reaction which requires very strong protonic sites, most likely sites resulting from interaction of bridging OH groups with neighbouring Lewis sites was 3 and 12 times faster on Cal than on RAl and LC samples, respectively. Furthermore, from the low turnover frequency value of the protonic sites of LC, severe diffusion limitations were demonstrated to occur on this large crystal size sample.     

Aromatization of n-pentane over Zn/ZSM-5 catalysts: effect of Si/Al ratio and reaction pathway

Journal of Porous Materials - The metal modified ZSM-5 catalysts has been widely used in the aromatization of light alkanes. To investigate the effect of Si/Al ratio of ZSM-5 zeolites, a series of...     

Influence of Si/Al ratio on hexane isomers adsorption equilibria

In this work we aim to have a better knowledge of the influence of silica/alumina ratio (SAR) on the adsorption equilibrium of hexane isomers on MFI zeolites. With a manometric set-up coupled with a micro-calorimeter we did address adsorption properties and heats of adsorption of n-hexane, 2-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane and 2,3-dimethylbutane on three samples with different Si/Al ratio. The branched isomers all show a type I isotherm on the three samples, while n-hexane presents a dual site for SAR 1600 and 100, and type I for SAR 50. The Si/Al ratio has a large influence on the adsorption equilibrium properties, in addition the Henry’s constant and initial heats of adsorption increase with aluminium content. The saturation loading decreases with the increasing aluminium content. The differential heat of adsorption of n-hexane increases slightly with loading, whereas the heat of adsorption of branched hexanes presents a decrease with loading. The three MFI zeolite samples present equilibrium selectivity towards n-hexane.     

n-Hexadecane hydroisomerization over Pt/ZSM-12: role of Si/Al ratio on product distribution

The crystallization of pure ZSM-12 phase was accomplished at Si/Al ratios ranging from 45 to 120 using tetraethylammonium bromide as the structure directing agent. The obtained samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, temperature programmed desorption of ammonia, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption measurements at 77 K, respectively. The well characterized samples were used to prepare Pt (0.5 wt%)/ZSM-12 hydroisomerization catalysts which were employed to perform n-hexadecane isomerization reaction. The catalysts were compared in terms of their activity, selectivity and product distribution at different conversion levels obtained through variation in temperature and residence times. Thus, obtained trend for product distribution over Pt/ZSM-12 system has been discussed in terms of framework Si/Al ratio to understand its role in determining the product selectivity. ZSM-12 with Si/Al ratio of 120 depicted the highest overall selectivity and favored mono-branching while those having Si/Al ratio of 45, 60 and 90 were found to favor mutlti-branching.     

High-temperature adsorption of n-alkanes on ZSM-5 zeolites: influence of the Si/Al ratio and the synthesis method on the low-coverage adsorption properties

The influence of the composition and synthesis method on the low-coverage adsorption properties of C₅–C₉ n-alkanes on ZSM-5 zeolites was studied using the pulse chromatographic technique at temperatures between 200 and 400 °C. Experiments were performed with materials having Si/Al ratios between 12 and 400, synthesized with and without an organic template. For all ZSM-5 samples, the Henry adsorption constants increase exponentially with the carbon number, while zero-coverage adsorption enthalpies increase in a linear way. With decreasing Al content, the Henry constants and adsorption enthalpies decrease. An increase in adsorption enthalpy of 10.1 kJ/mol per added –CH₂– group is observed for an Si/Al ratio of 400, while an increase of 12.1 kJ/mol is found for an Si/Al ratio of 15. The contribution to the adsorption entropy per carbon atom depends on the ZSM-5 composition and varies between 11.2 and 14.4 J/(mol K). A significant effect of the synthesis method on the Henry constants, adsorption enthalpies and entropies is observed. All ZSM-5 samples synthesized using organic templates show the same unique relationship between adsorption enthalpy and entropy, different from that of zeolites synthesized without organic template.     

硅铝比对催化剂Pd/ZSM-5性能的影响及其应用于氢氧直接合成过氧化氢

以硅铝比分别为25,50和100的ZSM-5为载体,通过浸渍法制备催化剂Pd/ZSM-5(X),并借助XRD、NH_3-TPD、N_2吸附/脱附等温吸附线、CO脉冲表征手段分析催化剂性质。讨论催化剂Pd/ZSM-5的表面酸性和活性组分Pd尺寸对H_2O_2活性的影响。结果表明,硅铝比的增加导致Pd/ZSM-5的表面弱酸量降低,活性组分Pd尺寸增大,H_2O_2选择性和产率降低。当硅铝比为25时,催化剂Pd/ZSM-5(25)表面弱酸量最多,活性组分Pd尺寸最小,其H_2O_2的选择性和产率最大,分别为90.01%和270.2 mmol/(g_(Pd)·h)。     

Influence of initial Si/Al ratios on the structural,acidic and catalytic properties of nanosized-ZSM-5/SBA-15 analog composites prepared from ZSM-5 precursors

Nano-ZSM-5/SBA-15 analog composites (ZSC) were prepared in a two-step process from ZSM-5 precursors with different Si/Al molar ratios (10–50) via high-temperature synthesis in mildly acidic media (200 °C, pH 3.5) aiming to evaluate the influence of the initial Si/Al ratio on their structural, acidic and catalytic properties. The resulting materials were characterized by SAXS, XRD, FTIR, TEM, N₂ sorption, ²⁷Al solid state-NMR, NH₃-TPD, FTIR spectroscopy of adsorbed pyridine, AAS and ICP-AES. Under the applied synthesis conditions, a ZSC material with controlled distribution of nano-ZSM-5 and SBA-15 analog phases can be prepared from ZSM-5 precursors by adjusting the initial Si/Al ratio in the range of 20–30. Increasing the initial Si/Al ratio to 50, only ZSM-5 nanocrystals were obtained whereas reducing the initial Si/Al ratio to 10 led to the formation of a disordered mesoporous SBA-15 analog. The total acidity increases with the crystallinity of the ZSM-5 phase as varying the Si/Al ratio from 10 to 30 despite the decreased amount of incorporated aluminum. However, the acidity declines slightly when raising the Si/Al ratio to 50 because of the low incorporated aluminum. The catalytic performance of the ZSC materials compared to the reference materials, i.e. purely mesoporous Al-SBA-15 and purely microporous H-ZSM-5 was assessed in the gas phase cracking of cumene and 1,3,5-tri-isopropylbenzene (TIPB) as test reactions. The results show that a balanced ratio of nano-ZSM-5 and SBA-15 analog phases obtained by tuning the initial Si/Al ratio is crucial to achieve superior catalytic performance of the ZSC materials in the cracking of both cumene and TIPB.     

硅铝比对催化剂Pd/ZSM-5性能的影响及其应用于氢氧直接合成过氧化氢

以硅铝比分别为25,50和100的ZSM-5为载体,通过浸渍法制备催化剂Pd/ZSM-5(X),并借助XRD、NH_3-TPD、N_2吸附/脱附等温吸附线、CO脉冲表征手段分析催化剂性质。讨论催化剂Pd/ZSM-5的表面酸性和活性组分Pd尺寸对H_2O_2活性的影响。结果表明,硅铝比的增加导致Pd/ZSM-5的表面弱酸量降低,活性组分Pd尺寸增大,H_2O_2选择性和产率降低。当硅铝比为25时,催化剂Pd/ZSM-5(25)表面弱酸量最多,活性组分Pd尺寸最小,其H_2O_2的选择性和产率最大,分别为90.01%和270.2 mmol/(g_(Pd)·h)。     

Influence of Si/Al ratio on the activity and durability of Pd-ZSM-5 catalysts for nitrogen oxide reduction by methane

The selective reduction of NO by methane on Pd-ZSM-5 catalysts with different Si/Al and Pd loadings was examined in the presence and absence of water vapor. At low Si/Al, NO reduction activity was high and stable, while at higher Si/Al, activity was lower and deactivation was significant. The deactivated samples showed PdO bands in the Raman spectra, which indicated that dispersed Pd cations play a key role in NO reduction. The influence of Si/Al on the stability of dispersed Pd cations suggested the importance of Al site pairs for the stable dispersion of Pd cations.     

ZSM-5硅铝比对甲醇制丙烯反应产物的影响

采用红外光谱、X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、电感耦合等离子体焰炬(ICP)元素分析、氮低温吸附和吡啶红外等表征手段对合成的不同硅铝比ZSM-5催化剂进行了表征,并在微分反应器中考察了沸石硅铝比对甲醇制丙烯反应中丙烯收率和丙烯-乙烯质量比(P/E)的影响.结果表明,随着硅铝比增加,丙烯收率先升后降而乙烯收率则持续下降.机理分析表明,丙烯的稳定性低于乙烯是导致产物丙烯收率随催化剂酸性降低先升后降而乙烯收率连续下降的原因,是影响P/E比的关键因素.硅铝比为120的ZSM-5催化剂具有质量分率34.3%的丙烯收率,丙烯-乙烯质量比达到4.1,若要进一步提高丙烯收率和P/E比,需从其他方面(如扩散性能改善)对催化剂进行改性.     

Effects of the Si/Al atomic ratio on the activity of Cu-ZSM-5 catalysts for nitric oxide decomposition

A review of literature data for nitric oxide decomposition over Cu-ZSM-5 catalysts leads us to conclude that the turnover frequency depends on the Si/Al atomic ratio in a way opposite to the trend suggested by Iwamoto and co-workers and considered correct by Shelef in a recent letter published in this Journal. In particular we show that the turnover frequency increases with the number of Al atoms per unit cell (i.e. decreasing the Si/Al atomic ratio). This result suggests that the most active sites for NO decomposition over Cu-ZSM-5 catalysts may contain two close copper ions.     

n(硅)∶n(铝)对HZSM-5分子筛膜催化裂解性能的影响

采用二次生长法在不锈钢管内壁上制备了不同n(硅)∶n(铝)的HZSM-5分子筛膜.采用XRD、SEM和原位吡啶吸附红外光谱对样品的结构和酸性质进行了表征,以超临界正十二烷的催化裂解为模型反应对样品的催化性能进行了评价.随着n(硅)∶n(铝)的增加,HZSM-5交织生长程度变大并且Brφnsted酸量逐渐减少.低n(硅)∶n(铝)的分子筛膜表面具有较高的Brφnsted酸量,在反应的初始阶段存在活性的快速下降行为.适当增加分子筛膜的n(硅)∶n(铝),可以减缓反应初始阶段的活性下降速度,从而明显提高HZSM-5分子筛膜的催化活性.但过高的n(硅)∶n(铝)使分子筛膜表面的酸量大幅减少、致密性增加,不利于裂解反应.n(硅)/n(铝)为125的HZSM-5分子筛膜具有最高的反应活性和初始活性稳定性.     

Effects of Si/Al ratio on the structure and properties of metakaolin based geopolymer

Geopolymer with Si/Al ratios from 2 to 4 were prepared by adding different contents of fused silica into geopolymer matrix. Effects of Si/Al ratios on the structure, mechanical properties and chemical stability in air of the obtained geopolymer were systematically investigated. The results showed that all the geopolymer samples were XRD amorphous. Geopolymer with Si/Al ratios of 2 and 2.5 showed similar structure and property and they were classed as KGP-I; and geopolymer with Si/Al ratios of 3, 3.5 and 4 were similar and they were class as KGP-II. In alkaline solution, reactivity of fused silica were higher than that of metakaolin, resulting in higher content of both residual metakaolin and free alkaline cation in KGP-II than in KGP-I. Fused silica partially reacted with the alkaline solution in KGP-II indicating chemical interfacial bonding between silica and binder phase. With the increase in Si/Al ratios, KGP-II especially for geopolymer with Si/Al of 4 showed much higher mechanical properties than KGP-I due to the increased Si-O-Si bonds and residual silica as reinforcement. However, KGP-II showed worse chemical stability in air than KGP-I, with the presence of efflorescence on the surface, which was attributed to their higher residual free K⁺.     

Variation of the Si/Al ratio in nanosized zeolite Beta crystals

Zeolite Beta nanocrystals were prepared from basic aluminosilicate precursor solutions upon hydrothermal treatment at 100 °C. The Si/Al ratio of the initial system was systematically changed from 25 to infinity in order to study the limits in the framework composition of BEA-type crystallites synthesized from clear basic solutions. Furthermore, the effect of the Si/Al ratio on the precursor species, ultimate crystal size, morphology and yield was investigated. The results revealed that the crystallization kinetics of nanosized Beta are dependent on the amount of Al in the precursor solutions, that is, the nucleation and growth processes are faster in Al-rich systems. The crystallization process of zeolite Beta with Si/Al ratios in the initial solutions of 14, 23 and 32 was accomplished within 72 h, whereas longer crystallization times, 140 and 264 h, were necessary to obtain crystalline products with Si/Al ratios of 42 and infinity, respectively. The intermediates and final products were investigated by complementary techniques such as XRD, HRTEM, DLS, IR, NMR spectroscopy and chemical analysis. Low temperature (77 K) CO adsorption infrared spectroscopy was used to study the Brønsted acidity of zeolite Beta samples with different Si/Al ratios. The properties of Beta nanocrystals important for the design of catalysts and selective separation materials are provided based on the results obtained from the detailed characterization.     

Roles of ZSM-5 modifier agents in selective toluene disproportionation

Selective toluene disproportionation has been studied over ZSM-5 zeolites modified with P, Si and Cs compounds. For the P and Si modified samples, p-xylene proportion in the primary product was 100% due to the diffusional control on the internal xylene isomerization. The number and strength of the acid sites are reduced by the three modifier agents but a relationship between para-selectivity and the decrease of the acid strength has not been observed. The most para-selective samples have been those modified with Si which has been related to the deposition of this agent on the external surface of the zeolite crystals avoiding the primary product isomerization.     

ZSM-5凝胶体系硅铝比对SAPO-34/ZSM-5复合分子筛结构性质的影响

采用微波水热包覆法制备SAPO-34/ZSM-5复合分子筛。考察了ZSM-5凝胶体系硅铝摩尔比对复合分子筛微观结构和物化性质的影响,采用XRD、SEM、BET、NH_3-TPD等手段对合成的复合分子筛微观结构、形貌、孔结构及表面酸性质等进行分析表征。结果表明,ZSM-5凝胶体系硅铝比对复合分子筛样品晶相组成影响较小,但对样品比表面积、孔结构参数及表面酸性质影响较大。硅铝比为150时,SAPO-34/ZSM-5复合分子筛具有包裹状特殊晶体结构及多级孔(微孔孔容0.21 cm~3/g、介孔孔容0.09 cm~3/g)和弱酸中心(0.209 mmol/g)独特物化性质。     

ZSM-5凝胶体系硅铝比对SAPO-34/ZSM-5复合分子筛结构性质的影响

采用微波水热包覆法制备SAPO-34/ZSM-5复合分子筛。考察了ZSM-5凝胶体系硅铝摩尔比对复合分子筛微观结构和物化性质的影响,采用XRD、SEM、BET、NH_3-TPD等手段对合成的复合分子筛微观结构、形貌、孔结构及表面酸性质等进行分析表征。结果表明,ZSM-5凝胶体系硅铝比对复合分子筛样品晶相组成影响较小,但对样品比表面积、孔结构参数及表面酸性质影响较大。硅铝比为150时,SAPO-34/ZSM-5复合分子筛具有包裹状特殊晶体结构及多级孔(微孔孔容0.21 cm³/g、介孔孔容0.09 cm3/g、介孔孔容0.09 cm³/g)和弱酸中心(0.209 mmol/g)独特物化性质。