可生物降解有机物在水厂净水工艺中的变化

以上海市两座不同水源的典型水厂为研究对象,分析了可生物降解有机物(BOM)和总有机物(以DOC表征)在水厂常规净水工艺中的变化规律.结果表明,水厂常规工艺对AOC、BDOC与DOC的去除能力均不高,且受水温影响明显,两水厂出水均为生物不稳定性饮用水;DOC主要在沉淀单元被去除,BDOC在沉淀、砂滤单元都有去除,AOC则主要在砂滤单元被去除;加氯可造成DOC(或BDOC)向AOC的转化,使出厂水AOC浓度增加,要确保出厂水的生物稳定性,必须同步削减水中BOM与总有机物的浓度.     

不同工艺出水中有机物的致突变性及类雌激素效应

取南方某市水源水和经5种不同饮用水处理工艺处理后的出水，采用XAD-2大孔树脂分别提取水样中的非挥发性有机物，对其进行Ames试验和重组酵母菌雌激素效应检测，比较了水源水及不同工艺出水中非挥发性有机物（NOCs）的致突变性和类雌激素效应。结果表明，各工艺对水源水中具有致突变性和类雌激素效应的有机物均有一定程度的去除作用，其中经预臭氧氧化-混凝、沉淀-砂滤-GAC过滤-次氯酸钠消毒工艺处理的出水，其NOCs的致突变性和类雌激素效应均较低。     

原水有机物特性对混凝过程和出水余铝的影响研究

北京某水厂水源复杂,且水质随季节变化突出。为了保证首都地区优质的饮用水供应,对该水厂混凝过程及出水中不同分子质量区间的余铝含量进行了一系列调查,并详细分析了不同组分的有机物对混凝过程以及出水余铝的影响。结果表明:水厂3B工艺的原水中含有较多的腐殖酸类和分子质量1 500 u的有机物,3A工艺的原水中含有较多的蛋白质类物质,不同有机物对水厂混凝过程影响不同。原水经过混凝后,浊度和颗粒数都有一定程度的降低,3A工艺的原水形成的絮体能较快达到平衡,其混凝出水中颗粒态铝含量较3B工艺少。小分子有机物(分子质量1 500 u)的含量与出厂水中余铝含量具有较明显的正相关性。     

聚合铝铁在处理巢湖水中的应用

合肥供水集团有限公司四水厂(以下简称四水厂)以含胶体物质及有机物均较高的巢湖水为源水，当以聚合氯化铝为混凝剂时混凝效果较差且出水余铝含量较高，使用亚铁氯化(硫酸亚铁 氯气)时又因尾氯的卤代作用而使得水中氯仿等卤代烃的含量升高，而采用聚合铝铁时则处理效果良好，出水中的余铝及卤代烃含量均很低。此经验可供以富营养化内陆湖泊为源水的水厂借鉴。     

地震灾区饮用水源地污染应急处理及修复技术

地震后地表水源水系统的突发性污染,造成水中污染物种类多、微生物浓度高等,针对以地表水为水源的水厂开发的工艺,综述了震区水源水应急处理工艺;同时根据目前国际上采用的水污染修复技术,主要介绍了生物-生态强化修复技术,以应对地震后地表水中少量有毒有害有机物修复。     

自来水不同处理单元出水中有机污染物的致突变性研究

利用ＸＡＤ－２大网状树脂，富集了Ｂ水厂不同处理单元出水中非挥发性微量有机物，运用Ａｍｅｓ试验方法，研究了该厂不同处理单元出水中有机物的致突变性变化规律。     

生活饮用水和瓶装饮用水的细菌内毒素活性调查

2012年4月—5月对北京市城市生活饮用水和市售瓶装饮用水进行样品采集,采用动态浊度法鲎试验定量检测内毒素活性。北京市3个水源水的内毒素范围为21.3~68.2 EU/mL。北京市A水厂进、出水内毒素分别为11.2、4.1 EU/mL,水厂的整个处理流程对内毒素的去除率达63%;此外,A水厂的出水中均未检出异养菌和菌落总数(平板计数),说明水厂处理流程对水中微生物的控制效果有效。北京市城区12个管网末梢水的内毒素范围为0.1~9.1 EU/mL。市售的9种瓶装饮用水内毒素范围为(<0.004)~16.0 EU/mL。与国外相关报道相比,北京市水源水、水厂进出水和管网末梢水中内毒素范围明显偏低,瓶装饮用水中内毒素污染水平和国外相关报道基本一致。     

Q市给水系统中消毒副产物的变化研究

以Q市石头坪水厂的水源水、滤后水、出厂水和管网水为检测对象,考察了采用液氯消毒工艺时水中消毒副产物的组成、变化规律和影响因素,并提出了控制饮用水中消毒副产物的对策。结果表明,Q市自来水中消毒副产物含量均低于国标限值,其中三氯甲烷含量最多,浓度为11.11μg/L,是主要控制指标;消毒副产物主要产生于净水厂,且随输水管线的延长,其含量有增加的趋势;水中消毒副产物含量具有季节性变化规律;净水工艺对水中有机物的去除率可达到52%,通过提高有机物去除率和控制投氯量可有效减少消毒副产物的产生。     

南方某水厂深度处理工艺效果评价

南方某水厂处理工艺流程为:进水—预臭氧—混凝—叠沉池—V型滤池—后臭氧—活性炭滤池—液氯消毒池—出水。本文评价了各处理单元的处理效果,结果发现:出厂水水质满足106项标准;工艺对藻类计数总去除率为97%,藻毒素浓度均低于检测限值;9月份原水2—MIB超过嗅闽值达14.4倍,出水中2—MIB和土臭素浓度均低于嗅阈值。但水厂各单元的TOC含量均大于5.0mg/L,建议水厂应采用必要的强化混凝措施以提高对有机物的去除;另外GC—MS检测出原水中有甘氨酸和二氟苯,说明该水源受到工业和农业面源污染的威胁。     

大庆油田深度水处理工艺运行分析

以大庆油田某水厂深度处理改造后的运行状况为基础,结合蓝藻高发时期水质特点,通过采样检测和数据汇总,分析了污染物去除效果,研究了常规工艺、臭氧-生物活性炭以及超滤工艺的运行条件及对出水水质的影响。原有常规工艺无法满足出水水质要求,通过采用O3-BAC-UF联用的深度处理技术,在特殊时期水厂超滤膜出水未见异常,出厂水浊度仍可稳定在0.5 NTU以下,CODMn可稳定在3 mg/L以下,深度处理后出水中蓝藻未检出,满足《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006)要求。该研究可对其他采用高藻、微污染水源作为原水的水厂提供参考和借鉴经验。     

东湖源水与自来水中致突变性物质比较

应用Ames试验与色质联机（GC／MS）分析相结合的方法，对武汉东湖源水及自来水中非挥发性有机物的致突变性及化学组分进行了比较。试验结果表明，无论投加体外代谢活化系统（S9）与否，自来水非挥发性有机物对TA98与TA100菌株均具明显的致突变性，而源水为阴性结果；GC／MS分析鉴定了源水及自来水的非挥发性有机物中含有邻苯二甲酸酯（酞酸酯）等20余种化合物。     

Mutagenic activity in drinking water prepared from groundwater: a survey of ten cities in The Netherlands

A survey of the mutagenic activity (Ames Salmonella/microsome assay) in drinking water prepared from groundwater in 10 cities of The Netherlands is presented. Mutagenic activity with strain TA98 with S-9 mix was found in the drinking water of six cities. There are strong indications that this mutagenic activity is caused by organics of natural origin. In the drinking water of three cities, trichloroethane, trichloroethene and tetrachloroethene were detected, which indicates that in these water-catchment areas organic pollutants have reached groundwater.     

双水源对置供水管网中三卤甲烷变化规律浅析

为有效控制供水管网中的三卤甲烷浓度,考察了以太湖和阳澄湖为双水源的管网水中三卤甲烷的变化趋势。采集S市分别经过A水厂(以太湖为水源)和B水厂(以阳澄湖为水源)处理后的供水管网水样,探讨三卤甲烷和余氯浓度随供水距离的变化规律,并进行了三卤甲烷-余氯和三卤甲烷-供水距离的线性回归分析。结果表明,在A、B水厂单独供水管网中,三卤甲烷随供水距离的增加而升高,余氯浓度随供水距离的增加而降低;在A、B水厂同时供水的对置供水管网中,三卤甲烷浓度由A水厂到B水厂呈现先升高后降低的变化规律,而余氯浓度则呈现先降低后增加的变化规律,对置供水管网中10 km处为水力交接点,此处余氯浓度最低,三卤甲烷浓度最高。经线性回归分析发现,三卤甲烷浓度与余氯浓度和供水距离之间存在显著的相关性,并且温度对模型的影响较大。     

北京田村山水厂水源水致突活性研究

利用Ａｍｅｓ试验，以北京田村山水厂水源水为研究对象，对各输水阶段原水及其加无水样的致突活性和其它物理、化学特性进行分析，结果表明：该水厂水源水质沿着输水系统明显下降，水的致交活性升高，水源水的色度、浊度、有机物和藻类的多少与致突活性密切相关，氯化消毒导致水的致突活性增加与否与水源水质直接相关．     

广州市西江引水工程水质预警系统研究与实践

为全面和实时掌握西江水源水质基本状况、变化趋势和规律,有效监控水源水质污染事故,强化水源水质监测和预警作用,以西江水源水质在线监测系统为基础,在国内首次建成了具有三道防线(水源地取水口、鸦岗配水泵站和水厂入口)的水源水质预警系统,提高了对水源突发水质污染事件的预测、预警和处置能力,对于保障广州市饮用水安全具有重大意义.重点介绍了西江水源水质在线监测系统的基本情况,包括水质指标选择、在线监测仪器配置、系统组成和基本特性,对城市水源水质预警系统的建设具有参考意义.     

Evaluation of different treatment processes with respect to mutagenic activity in drinking water

Treatment processes which are applied in The Netherlands during the preparation of drinking water have been evaluated with regard to introduction and removal of organic mutagens as well as halogenated organics. It appeared that the most efficient processes in reducing mutagenic activity were activated carbon filtration and artificial dune recharge. In general these processes were also the most efficient in removing halogenated organics. Using low doses of chlorine dioxide (< 1 mg C10₂/1) for safety disinfection of drinking water, no change or substantial less mutagenic activity than by chlorination (1 mg Cl/1) was found. This counts too for the formation of halogenated organics. Transport chlorination of stored river Meuse water was able to introduce or activate mutagenic nitro organics which have not been found previously. Ozone treatment under field conditions showed mostly a tendency to decrease the activity of organic mutagens. It was also shown that dependent on the water quality and treatment conditions a slight increase of mutagenic activity occurred, but this activity would be reduced by increasing the ozone dose. It seems possible to optimalize the ozone treatment conditions regarding the level of ozone dose and the contact time to avoid an increase of mutagenic activity. Futhermore it was shown that when a mutagenic raw water source was used a proper combination of treatment processes is able to produce drinking water in which no mutagenic activity could be detected under the test conditions. Finally it is stated that before far-reaching decissions with respect to use mutagenicity data for a selection of water sources or treatment processes will be made, more information on the relation mutagenic activity from drinking water and effects on human health should become available.     

Removal of mutagens from drinking water by granular activated carbon. Evaluation using bacterial mutagenicity tests

The performance of a full-scale granular activated carbon (GAC) treatment system in removing mutagens from drinking water obtained from the Ohio River has been evaluated using two bacterial mutagenicity tests. The Salmonella/microsome assay (Ames Test) and a fluctuation assay were both performed using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100. Influent and effluent waters were collected at two GAC adsorbers, one filled with virgin GAC and one with nearly exhausted GAC. The samples were submitted to reverse osmosis (RO) pre-concentration, sequential liquid-liquid extractions and XAD-2 resin adsorption. The RO aqueous concentrations of both influents gave positive mutagenic responses with both strains in the fluctuation assay but no activity in the Ames test. The extracts and adsorbates showed mutagenic responses in the Ames test with both strains, the highest values being observed with TA100 in the absence of metabolic activation. The summation of mutagenic activity on the basis of net revertants per liter indicated that exhausted GAC removed a substantial fraction (more than 85%) of the mutagenic activity whereas virtually complete removal was observed with virgin GAC. These data suggest that short-term mutagenicity tests may be useful in evaluating the performance of GAC or other adsorbents used in the treatment of drinking water.     

天津城市供水系统中卤乙酸含量的研究

考察了天津市城市供水系统中卤乙酸的含量及其变化规律.结果表明,各自来水厂的出厂水及管网水中的二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸含量均远远低于<生活饮用水卫生标准>(GB 5749-2006)规定的限值;自原水进入自来水厂至最终到达用户自来水龙头的整个过程,水中的二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸含量呈快速上升--保持平稳--快速下降的变化趋势,其中滤后水中的卤乙酸含量最接近或达到峰值;采用预氯化工艺会促进卤乙酸的生成,水温与卤乙酸的生成呈正相关.     

泉州市第三水厂二期工程设计

泉州市市第三水厂二期工程设计规模为10×104 m3/d,是泉州市迄今为止规模最大、工艺最齐全的净水厂。工程投产以来,运行正常,出水水质优良。介绍了该水厂的工艺流程、设计参数和运行情况,供类似水厂借鉴。     

黄浦江水源及净水过程中水质的生物急性毒性分析

应用发光细菌法对黄浦江闵行段及闵行二水厂各处理单元出水的生物急性毒性进行了测定与评价。结果表明：黄浦江闵行段水体的生物急性毒性与沿途污染物的排放、汇入和水文特征有关,水厂取水口处的毒性最低。在净水过程中,水质的生物急性毒性变化受投加氧化剂和消毒剂的影响较大,投加KMnO4及加氯加氨均可使生物急性毒性升高;当余氯浓度降低后,其毒性会显著降低。絮凝沉淀、砂滤单元可使生物急性毒性降低。