变频设备噪声系数测量方法分析

针对变频设备噪声系数测量中的复杂性高和准确度差的问题,阐述了采用增益法和噪声系数分析仪测试变频系统噪声系数的基本原理,指出了2种测试方法中容易产生测试误差的操作步骤及相应的操作要点,分析了噪声系数分析仪变频模式下非零校准产生的原因及其对最终测试结果的影响,比较了使用不同方法测试同一系统的测试结果,解释了测试结果差异产生的原因,说明了2种测试方法的适用范围和各自的局限性。     

A low-noise fully-differential CMOS preamplifier for neural recording applications

A fully-differential bandpass CMOS preamplifier for extracellular neural recording is presented in this paper.The capacitive-coupled and capacitive-feedback topology is adopted.We describe the main noise sources of the proposed preamplifier and discuss the methods for achieving the lowest input-referred noise.The preamplifier has a midband gain of 43 dB and a DC gain of 0.The-3 dB upper cut-off frequency of the preamplifier is 6.8 kHz.The lower cut-off frequency can be adjusted for amplifying the field or action potentials located in different bands.It has an input-referred noise of 3.36 μVrms integrated from 1 Hz to 6.8 kHz for recording the local field potentials(LFPs)and the mixed neural spikes with a power dissipation of 24.75 μW from 3.3 V supply.When the passband is configured as 100 Hz-6.8 kHz for only recording spikes,the noise is measured to be 3.01 μVrms.The 0.115 mm2 prototype chip is designed and fabricated in 0.35-μm N-well CMOS(complementary metal oxide semiconductor)2P4M process.     

Simulation of noise figure of nonlinear amplifiers using the orthogonalization of the nonlinear model

A simulation procedure of noise figure (NF) of nonlinear amplifiers is developed. NF is defined in terms of the effective signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) at the output of a nonlinear amplifier. The effective output SNR when the input consists of a communication signal plus Gaussian noise is evaluated through the identification of the effective output noise and nonlinear distortion power using the orthogonalization of the nonlinear model. The approach is useful for the assessment of noise performance of low‐noise amplifiers in wireless systems. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 2009.     

基于布里渊散射的光纤传感系统性能分析

根据布里渊光纤时域分析(BOTDA)传感系统连续光谱谱宽较宽的特点,分析了光源强度噪声对直接检测BOTDA光纤传感系统性能的影响,结果表明,连续光源的强度噪声造成系统信噪比的急剧下降.另外,根据布里渊光纤时域反射(BOTDR)传感系统信号很弱的特点,分析了非相干外差检测和带前置光放大器的直接检测BOTDR传感系统的信噪比.     

近红外无创测量中的测量前放的噪声最优化设计

为了提高生物信号光学无创测量系统的信噪比,对光电测量前放电路I-V转换电路的噪声模型进行了详细的分析,理论分析了各个噪声源对系统的影响,根据其数学模型,构造出其优化设计的目标函数.将此目标函数应用到血氧饱和度无创测量系统中,提高了系统的信噪比.     

射频接收前端的ADS设计与仿真

射频接收前端作为射频信号分析仪的重要组成部分,对射频（RF）信号的测量起着决定性的作用。使用ADS软件,构建了一种860~960 MHz的射频信号分析仪射频接收前端系统仿真平台。在设计中采用了前置低噪声放大器（LNA）来降低系统噪声,利用自动增益控制（AGC）来实现接收前端的大动态范围。对设计的射频接收前端的增益、噪声系数、灵敏度、动态范围等指标进行了分析计算,并通过仿真工具进行了仿真验证。仿真结果表明,所设计的射频接收前端各项指标均达到了设计要求。     

声传感器内藏式前置放大器设计

根据所述声传感器内藏式前置放大器的特点，提出了低噪声性能设计中的必须兼及动态范围新观点。提供了一种优质声传感器内藏式前置放大器实例。     

基于网络化的噪声系数测试系统设计

为了解决雷达整机级噪声系数自动测试的难题,采用非线性测试方法,用矢量信号源产生基准功率噪声,通过网络化的通信方式,实现测试的自动控制与采集.系统对引入的误差和不确定度进行讨论,并对不同状态下的基准噪声功率进行量化分析,总结推演出基于非线性系统的噪声系数测试理论算法,实现了雷达整机噪声系数的嵌入式自动测试.经过使用验证,系统测试符合设计要求,测试效率得到显著提高.     

Noise in lossless microwave multiports

This article addresses the noise behaviour (noise temperature and noise figure) of some passive microwave multiport circuits. The analysis method is based on the noise-wave formulation. With the exception of the attenuator case, which is used as a reference, the circuit elements considered are lossless devices, in the sense that neither conductive nor dielectric losses are accounted for. The analysis shows that, when connected to matched loads in some of their ports, these multiports circuits lose their lossless nature and their scattering matrix is not unitary; therefore, they generate thermal noise. The article addresses and formalizes mathematically the noise properties of a number of lossless microwave devices such as N-port power splitters, circulators, and hybrid couplers. While the noise-wave mathematical formulation may be cumbersome in some cases, all the devices and configurations analyzed in this work have been characterized in terms of noise figure and noise temperature, which is a much more practical approach in most situations. Some implications of the use of these devices and configurations in antenna arrays for antenna noise temperature evaluations have been also addressed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 14, 99–110, 2004.     

低噪声宽频带感应式磁传感器

感应式磁传感器是频率域电磁（FEM）法中使用最广泛的磁传感器,通常由感应线圈和前置放大器组成,其中前置放大电路是影响磁感应式磁传感器性能指标的核心因素。为了增加感应式磁传感器探测深度和微弱磁场信号的能力,要求前置放大电路具有宽频带、低噪声等性能。基于磁通负反馈的原理,设计并研制了斩波前置放大器,有效抑制了感应线圈的输出噪声,使感应线圈谐振频率两侧具有平坦的幅频特性曲线,拓宽了感应式传感器的响应频带。在屏蔽室内对感应式磁传感器的性能指标进行了测试,其频带范围为0.001Hz～10kHz,输入噪声为3.75nVHz（1/2）,为感应式磁传感器在实际中的应用提供了性能保障。     

基于PC104总线的雷达噪声系数测试模块

雷达接收机噪声系数是衡量接收机品质的重要指标.针对带有中频输出的现代雷达,采用虚拟仪器技术设计了基于PC104总线的噪声系数测试模块,实现了噪声系数的自动测试.试验结果表明,该模块在测试精度、测试方便性和实用性方面与专业噪声系数测试仪相当.对雷达性能测试能力的提高具有很高的实用价值和指导意义.     

图像高斯噪声估计的极大似然算法

提出一种图像高斯噪声极大似然估计方法,目的是估计出噪声图像所含噪声大小。首先,根据高斯噪声模型的特点,用极大似然法估计噪声值,对图像所含噪声模型进行分析。其次,把噪声图像用直方图表示,从归一化直方图中选出不同的样本观测值,用极大似然算法对噪声的方差进行估计。最后,用MATLAB对该方法进行了模拟实验,实验结果表明此方法所得的图像噪声的方差与实际图像噪声的方差近似相等。所以,此方法无论是在准确性上还是在可行性上均具有优良的特性。     

激光旋光仪中微弱光信号检测系统的设计与实现

光信号检测是激光旋光仪中一个不可或缺的组成部分。要求检测系统具有较高的测量分辨率、良好的测量重复性、高抗干扰性能和较高的测量精度。在该微弱光信号转换与信号提取系统中,前置放大器和滤波器的设计直接决定了对被检测信号的有效提取,对整个系统性能起着决定性作用。基于此,该系统利用T型电阻网络设计了前置放大器,对输出的微弱信号进行放大;利用双二阶环电路设计了窄带带通滤波器,滤除噪声后对信号进行提取。实验结果表明,该检测系统能将光功率为90nW的微弱光信号转换成幅度为240mV的电压信号,并且有效地抑制了噪声。     

Discrete wavelet transform based branched deep hybrid network for environmental noise classification

With ever growing urbanization, the environmental noise is becoming hazardous. Vehicular traffic, locomotives, heavy machinery in industry, and construction processes are the major sources of noise pollution. It has adverse effects on the health of humans as well as that of the wild life. World Health Organization (WHO) puts noise pollution as the second major cause of illness due to environmental reasons. The effects of noise pollution on the quality of life are usually ignored. Due to this reason it is common, even in the first world countries, to have the WHO's peak noise standards violated in residential areas. Therefore, there is a need to have a real time, portable and easy to replicate, mechanism to monitor the noise sources. In this work, we propose a novel architecture of a deep neural network to classify a 10-class environmental noise data called URBANSOUND8K. This network is comprised of three components, (1) one dimensional two level Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) component, (2) branched component for feature extraction through auto-encoders, and (3) LSTM and fully-connected layers based classification component. With all components combined, we call this network DWTNet. By embedding the DWT component as a part of network, we eliminate the need of prior data conversion into spectral and/or spectro-temporal domains. The efficiency of DWTNet is comparable to the state of the art networks with significantly lower number of trainable parameters. We analyze the contribution of classification accuracy. We further study some of the classification results individually and show that some of the mis-classifications are actually multi-class classifications with distributed decision confidence.     

基于磁通负反馈的低噪声宽频带感应式磁传感器设计

感应式磁传感器（IMS）是频率域电磁法（FEM）中使用最广泛的磁传感器,通常由感应线圈和前置放大器组成.为了增加IMS探测深度和微弱磁场信号的能力,基于磁通负反馈技术,获得其在低频段平坦的灵敏度曲线,拓宽了其观测频带.采用斩波前置放大技术,降低了1/f噪声对IMS的影响,对IMS的输出噪声进行了压制.通过在屏蔽室内对所研制的IMS性能进行测试,结果表明：其频带范围为0.001Hz ～10 kHz,输入噪声为3 nV/Hz1/2,较3D-3磁传感器等效输入噪声提高了10.04dB,为其在实际项目应用提供了可靠的性能保障.     

基于BPANN噪声检测的反距离加权法滤除椒盐噪声

针对传统方法滤除高密度椒盐噪声出现模糊和图像细节丢失的问题,提出基于BP神经网络噪声检测的反距离加权插值法(IDWF)滤除椒盐噪声。该算法共分为两步。第一步,使用有监督学习的BP神经网络检测出被椒盐噪声污染的像素点并标记。第二步,使用反距离加权插值法对标记后的噪声图像进行重建。实验结果表明,该算法要优于传统的滤波方法,修复后的图像能够保留更多的细节,拥有更高的峰值信噪比和结构相似性指数,特别是对高密度噪声图像的修复有很好的效果。     

基于可变步长PCNN赋时矩阵高斯噪声滤波

提出了一种用脉冲耦合神经网络(pulse-coupled neural network,PCNN)赋时矩阵定位噪声、分类滤波并能自适应调整灰度补偿步长的高斯噪声滤波方法。使用PCNN求得含噪图像的赋时矩阵,再在滤波窗口中根据目标像素与周围像素的点火时刻关系确定噪声点,对噪声点分4类滤波:增加、减少可变灰度步长,维纳滤波和中值滤波,最后对图像维纳滤波平滑小噪声点。实验结果表明,该算法能有效去除噪声且较好保持图像的边缘细节,与同类高斯滤波方法进行峰值信噪比、信噪比改善因子比较,验证了算法的有效性。     

基于离散Hopfield神经网络的噪声数字识别

在Hebb学习规则的基础上,运用离散Hopficld神经网络的联想记忆能力,对含有噪声而产生畸变的0~9数字进行了识别。通过改进神经网络的记忆样本,即先对记忆样本做正交化处理,再对改进后的记忆样本进行学习,得到相应的权值矩阵,然后利用改进后的离散Hopfield神经网络根据待识别噪声数字的信息联想已记忆的数字。实验结果表明,改进后的神经网络对噪声数字有较好的识别效果,提高了记忆能力和识别的正确率。     

Nonlinear feedback active noise control for broadband chaotic noise

Feedback active noise control has been used for tonal noise only and it is impractical for broadband noise. In this paper, it has been proposed that the feedback ANC algorithm can be applied to a broadband noise if the noise characteristic is chaotic in nature. Chaotic noise is neither tonal nor random; it is broadband and nonlinearly predictable. It is generated from dynamic sources such as fans, airfoils, etc. Therefore, a nonlinear controller using a functional link artificial neural network is proposed in a feedback configuration to control chaotic noise. A series of synthetic chaotic noise is generated for performance evaluation of the algorithm. It is shown that the proposed nonlinear controller is capable to control the broadband chaotic noise using feedback ANC which uses only one microphone whereas the conventional filtered-X least mean square (FXLMS) algorithm is incapable for controlling this type of noise.     

通道扰动对神经元网络动力学行为的影响

利用Hodgkin-Huxley（H-H）神经元数学模型,研究高斯白噪声通过通道扰动对神经网络时空动力学行为的影响.相同参数条件下,比较外激励噪声与通道扰动对神经元网络各种时空斑图的影响,发现通道扰动更有利于神经元网络时空斑图之间的转换和螺旋波的形成.最后,进一步分析了温度和耦合强度对神经网络时空动力学行为的影响.