The impact of CSO/CTB distortion on BER characteristics by hybridmultichannel analog/QAM transmission systems

The FEC limit (uncorrectable errors) with CSO/CTB (composite second order/composite triple beats) distortion presence in a channel is not for modulated lasers only, but for coaxial networks with amplifiers too. The system quality reserve depends not only on CNR, but is more limited on CSO/CTB. It is important, for the definition of the system quality reserve, to calculate the CSO/CTB spectrum caused by analogue channels within analogue and digital QAM channels and also to calculate the changing of CNR from the intermodulation interaction between analog and digital channels in a CATV network     

The impact of CSO/CTB distortion on BER characteristics by hybridmultichannel analog/QAM transmission systems

This article describes the measurements of composite second order (CSO), composite triple beats (CTB) frequency spectrum and time-varying distortion in the basic bandwidth (BB) (0-4 MHz) of the 64-QAM digital channels by multichannel AM/64-QAM optical and coaxial transmission systems. For any regular standard frequency plans (Europe, USA, NCTA, etc.) there is, for the I and Q components in the BB of the QAM channels, the harmonic series of the CSO/CTB with the first harmonic f ₁. It has been shown that for all the same laser-optics or coaxial transmission systems the CSO/CTB distortions spectrum form in the QAM BB 60-80 μs duration bursts of a series pulse with a pulse period T=1/f₁ and a pulse duration τ≈0.4/f_m, where f_m is the CSO/CTB harmonic with maximum amplitude in the QAM BB. The bursts result in the essential unevenness of error bits in time domain distribution. These bursts can deteriorate essential error correction by the interleaver-deinterleaver and Reed-Solomon (RS) forward error correction (FEC) code of the transmission systems also with a relative low bit error rate (BER) of about 10^-5 before FEC. There is, white Gaussian noise like, intermodulation distortion from interaction of digital-, digital-analog channels too, that have added white Gaussian noise     

The notch filter test method simulation for the intermodulationnoise of return path CATV amplifiers

CATV return path is mainly carrying QAM signals. The frequency spectrum of QAM digital signals is noise-like. This means, that a return path amplifier is loaded with wideband noise, and intermodulation products will be noise-like too. This article describes the numerical simulations of the notch filter test method for intermodulation noise distortion in return path CATV amplifiers. The calculation is based on the frequency dependent intermodulations coefficients of the second and third order as well as clipping effect. It is possible to calculate the return path distortion spectrum and the output level limit for any channel plan. The simulation proved to be in good accord with measurement     

副载波多路复用模拟光传输系统中激光器非线性畸变的分析

本文主要分析副载波多路复用模拟光传输系统中激光器的非线性畸变，提出一个激光器非线性失真分析的完整的数学模型，特别考虑了多路副载波情况下激光器的削波影响。认真分析了ＱｕｎＳｈｉ等人的论文，对他们提出的传输系统中ＣＳＯ和ＣＴＢ的计算公式进行了改进，考虑了高阶失真项的影响。理论推导已为实验所得多路光纤ＣＡＴＶ链路中的ＣＳＯ和ＣＴＢ结果所证实。     

光发射机中MZ型波导调制器产生CTB的分析

AM－CATV外调制光发射机中的MZ型波导调制器，其转移特性呈正弦曲线。当多路信号同时调制时，将产生组合二次失真（CSO）和组合三次差拍（CTB）。本文对CTB进行了理论分析，并对我国450、550MHz二种CATV系统调制时的CTB进行了计算。这对非线性补偿电路的设计具有一定的指导价值。     

Radio-on-hybrid WDM transport systems based on mutually injection-locked Fabry–Perot laser diodes

A radio-on-hybrid wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) transport system employing mutually injection-locked Fabry–Perot laser diodes (F–P LDs) is proposed and demonstrated. System performances evaluated by carrier to noise ratio (CNR), composite second order (CSO), composite triple beat (CTB), bit error rate (BER), and third-order intermodulation distortion to carrier ratio (IMD₃/C) for simultaneous transmission of CATV/LAN/ITS are improved. Our proposed systems are relatively simple and potentially low cost due to the use of mutually injection-locked F–P LDs as broadband light source (BLS).     

Clipping distortion in lightwave CATV systems: models, simulations,and measurements

Theoretical, numerical, and experimental investigations of clipping distortions in CATV systems are reported. The applicability of A.A.M. Saleh's (1989) calculation of the carrier-to-nonlinear-distortion ratio (CNLD) is extended by incorporating a more precise spectral analysis and further analytic results. An effective transfer function model which spectrally resolves the clipping distortion at intermodulation products (IMPs) of all orders and frequencies, and features closed-form analytic calculation of the second- and third-order distortions (CSO and CTB) from basic principles, as well as the CNLD, is introduced. It is found that Saleh's model slightly overestimates the simulation results for the CNLD, while the new model is in essential agreement with the simulation for all three distortion measures. Experimental measurements of the CSO, CTB, and CNLD over a 50-dB range in distortion exhibited excellent agreement with the simulations and the new model over the entire range. The unified nature of the model allows standard CATV, CSO, and CTB measurements to be theoretically connected to the CNLD and clipping boundary     

Fundamental limits for linearity of CATV lasers

We have considered nonlinear distortions in a subcarrier multiplexed optical transmission system arising from carrier heating effects in the source laser. We included two sources of carrier heating: free-carrier absorption of the coherent radiation in the cavity, and the power flux into the active layer, associated with the input current. Resulting from the very existence of modulated optical and electrical signals, these effects cannot be avoided in any laser structure. Simple analytic expressions have been derived for the intermodulation distortion in multichannel single-mode lasers. For an 80-channel 60-540 MHz system with 3% optical modulation depth per channel, the composite second-order (CSO) distortion brought about by the hot-carrier effects is near the tolerance limit for CATV systems     

A correction scheme for measurement accuracy improvement inmultichannel CATV systems

Many commercially-available oscilloscopes offer the FFT-based spectral analysis capability and it is one of the most economical ways to perform spectral measurement. However, the measurement accuracy is always degraded by the incomplete-cycle sampling present in the FFT. Such degradation in the FFT-based measurement of multichannel CATV systems is investigated. It severely degrades the spectral amplitude accuracy as well as the frequency resolution, both of which are important in deriving the system parameters such as the composite-second-order (CSO), composite-triple-beat (CTB), and carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR). The undesirable effect is formulated mathematically for multichannel systems and the result is used to obtain more accurate spectral values. Windowing and a proposed correction method are used to alleviate such detrimental effects, and an improvement of 3-5 dB in the CTB measurement is achieved with the proposed correction scheme. A procedure for achieving better spectrum analysis for multichannel CATV systems is also presented. The analysis and the proposed schemes can improve the accuracy of the FFT-based measurements of multichannel CATV systems than the traditional windowing method     

入射偏振态偏离TE模对光纤AM CATV外调制发射机性能影响的研究

从理论上分析了入射到调制器的偏振态偏离ＴＥ模时对外调制光发射机组合二次失真（ＣＳＯ）和组合三次差拍（ＣＴＢ）的影响。得出在ＴＥ，ＴＭ模插入损耗相同时，传输５９个ＰＡＬ－Ｄ频道，在保证ＣＳＯ＝－７０ｄＢｃ时，偏离ＴＥ模的角度应小于６°。单频传输的实验结果和理论分析一致     

Compensation for Nonlinear Distortion of Optical Transmitter with Predistortion

The paper studies the nonlinear distortion of direct modulated laser diode applying to AM-VSB lightwave CATV systems from the viewpoint of rate equations and designs a predistortion circuit in an easier way. It is shown that CSO and CTB in 60 PAL channels have been improved obviously.     

Signal distortion and noise in AM-SCM transmission systemsemploying the feedforward linearized MQW-EA external modulator

In subcarrier multiplexing (SCM) optical video distribution systems, the nonlinear signal distortion generated by the combined action of laser chirp and fiber dispersion limits the transmission distance. This paper for the first time shows that low-chirp MQW (multiquantum well)-EA (electroabsorption) external modulators are applicable to AM-SCM transmission systems. The feedforward linearization technique is used to compensate the signal distortion due to the nonlinearity in the modulator's L-V (light power versus voltage) characteristic. The effectiveness of this type of modulator for suppressing dispersion-induced distortion is clarified experimentally. A feedforward linearized transmitter with composite second order (CSO) intermodulation distortion <-62 dBc, composite triple beat (CTB) intermodulation distortion <-59 dBc and a carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) >50.5 dB is successfully constructed. It is shown that the transmitter can achieve a CSO <-59 dBc, a CTB <-57 dBc and a CNR >49.5 dB for a 32 channel AM signal and 10 km transmission. Furthermore, estimations of the signal distortion cancellation and the noise characteristic achieved with feedforward circuit modeling are shown. The results obtained here emphasize that MQW-EA external modulators are applicable to AM-SCM transmission systems     

Second-order distortion of amplified intensity-modulated signalswith chirping in erbium-doped fiber

Second-order distortion produced in an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) is investigated theoretically and experimentally. Rate equations for intermodulation products are led by the perturbation method. From numerical calculation, it is shown that optimum combinations of input power to EDFA and signal wavelength exist that give a distortion-free condition, Improvement of the composite second-order (CSO) distortion, which results from the cancellation of the laser distortion and the gain tilt induced distortion, was confirmed for VHF multichannel transmission. Furthermore, CSO distortion-free transmission in cascaded EDFA's has been demonstrated for a 42-channel AM-SCM signal by experimentally determining the optimum operating condition of the EDFA such that each amplifier generates no additive distortion     

Frequency-dependent distortions of composite triple beat inlightwave CATV transmission systems

The frequency-dependent distortion of composite triple beat (CTB) for analog AM multichannel lightwave transmission systems is studied. A modified circuit model which takes into account the small signal behavior of the leakage path is developed, and it is shown that it is adequate to describe the measured frequency-dependent behavior of CTB in a 42-channel load lightwave CATV (cable television) transmission system using a cap-mesa buried-heterostructure (CMBH) distributed-feedback (DFB) laser inside the transmitter module     

Analytical formulation of distortion and chirp in CATV DFB lasersincluding spatial hole burning

Analytical formulas for distortions permitting the calculation of composite second order (CSO) and composite triple beat (CTB) in distributed feedback (DFB) laser diodes are given, including gain compression and longitudinal spatial hole burning (LSHB). An improved chirp expression including both effects is also proposed. Gain compression is compared to LSHB over the CATV band: LSHB effects on distortion and chirp are found to be dominant in actual CATV lasers. Nonmonotonous behavior (dips) function of frequency and bias current is verified in second- and third-order distortions in agreement with recent results     

澄清关于有线电视放大器的几种模糊认识

目前有线电视技术人员对有线电视放大器的模糊认识主要有：放大器的增益可以调节；放大器的非线性失真只与输出电平有关，与输入电平无关；放大器也能放大模糊的电视信号；放大器倾斜输出能改善有线电视系统的CTB指标。对此，经过分析加以澄清，帮助从业人员正确做好放大器的调试、选用与更换工作，确保有线电视网络质量。     

A method for intermodulation noise calculations in a cabletelevision network with HD-MAC, PAL and FM radio signals

A statistical method for calculating intermodulation noise in CATV systems whose traffic can be characterized as a sum of a large number of independent signals is presented. The method is demonstrated by calculating the signal-to-intermodulation-noise ratio in the various channels of a prototype cable network supporting HD-MAC, PAL, and FM radio signals. The spectra of these individual signals are simplified in order to perform part of the calculation analytically. It is shown that the signal-to-intermodulation-noise ratio decreases when the total signal power is increased. This method can be used to calculate the necessary back-off of a cable network for a given frequency plan and to determine suitable plans for loading and controlling CATV networks     

Performance comparison between DCF and RDF dispersion compensation in fiber optical CATV systems

An architecture of an externally modulated AM-VSB CATV 77-channel erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA)-repeated system which use the combination of a single-mode fiber (SMF) and reverse dispersion fiber (RDF) as a dispersion compensation device is proposed and demonstrated. Compared to the conventional externally modulated fiber optical CATV systems with or without a dispersion compensation fiber (DCF), excellent performance of composite second order (CSO) /spl ges/ 78 dB accompanied by satisfied carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) /spl ges/ 50 dB and composite triple beat (CTB) /spl ges/ 65 dB was obtained in the proposed system.     

工作点偏移对光纤AMCATV外调制传输性能的影响

对于光纤ＡＭＣＡＴＶ外调制传输，调制器的偏置工作点设置是非常重要的。通过理论分析得出：当工作点偏离最佳偏置点时，主要对系统的组合二次失真ＣＳＯ（ＣｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｅＳｅｃｏｎｄＯｒｄｅｒｄｉｓ－ｔｏｒｔｉｏｎ）产生影响，并导出相应的公式。对于ＰＡＬ／Ｄ制５５０ＭＨｚＣＡＴＶ系统，要保证ＣＳＯ小于－７０ｄＢｃ，工作点的偏移不能大于１０ｍＶ；实验结果和理论分析一致。